فهرست مطالب mohammad javad mahdavi

In the present study, identity has been examined in two Arabic and Persian young adult novels based on Erik Erikson''s theory of psychosocial development. According to this theory, adolescence is the fifth stage of development, and the primary challenge of this stage is the identity crisis, although not in its critical sense. The two novels studied are "Faten" by Lebanese writer Fatima Sharafeddin and "Hasti" by Iranian writer Farhad Hassanzadeh. "Faten" is set during the Lebanese civil war, while "Hasti" takes place at the beginning of the Iran-Iraq war, with young girls as the main characters in both stories. Sharafeddin''s young adult novels primarily focus on analyzing and critiquing the social situation in Lebanon, while Hassanzadeh''s approach in young adult novels is to empower and inform girls. This study highlights the significance of the adolescent stage and stresses the importance of establishing a successful identity during this period, pointing out literary researchers'' neglect of this stage. Therefore, this study aims to explore these two literary works using Erikson''s theory, a descriptive-analytical method, and a comparative literature approach.The research findings indicate that characteristics of adolescence in both novels can be categorized into three groups based on Erikson''s theory: Identity crisis; Identity-seeking, which includes identification, societal support, adolescents'' resistance to adult value systems, and love during adolescence; and Fidelity. By examining the role of identity and challenges faced by adolescents in these novels, it can be concluded that their main objective is to encourage young readers to develop a successful identity through education, learning, and interacting with knowledgeable individuals.

In most developing countries soil georeferenced data is not yet available. The FAO prepared the global map through the Coordinated Global Soil Database. The aim of this study was to evaluate the required details of the regional map in comparison with the soil global map of Talar watershed using the SWAT model. In this model, climatic data of 2004-2017 were used to simulate runoff. The first two years were used as model warm-up period, 2005-2015 for calibration and 2016-2017 for model validation. Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, was done in SWAT-CUP software with the help of SUFI-2 algorithm. The evaluation of the model was done using the coefficients of explanation (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) statistics. The available soil water capacity (SOL_AWC) parameter was determined as a sensitive parameter. Before calibration, 32.7% (global) and 29.3% (regional) precipitation was simulated as daily flow. After recalibration based on the regional soil map (NSE=0.56 and R2=0.74) and global (NSE=0.56 and R2=0.64) and in the verification stage according to the regional soil map (NSE=0.59 and R2=0.76) and global (NSE=0.62) and R2=0.75) was estimated. The results showed the acceptable performance of the model in flow simulation. Sub-basin 9 (deciduous forest) and 14 (summer pasture) had the lowest and highest share in runoff production, respectively. The regional map provided more reliable results. Although the additional information provided by the regional map, while changing the optimized parameters in the model, has no effect on the outflow of the basin, the results indicated that the regional soil map has no significant effect on the flow prediction, and if it is not available, the global soil map information can be used.

The novel has been considered by various researchers as a social work (influenced by and affecting the community). Based on this preliminary assumption, this study engages in a case study of four war novels in order to show the difference between formal narrative of war in different media, including literature, and what is narrated in these works. The research method is based on a combination of theoretical foundations existing in sociology criticism, specifically the Lukach-Goldman model, Leventhal social criticism, and Pierre Bourdieu's viewpoint on institutions of power. The four selected novels include The Scorched Earth, Pilgrimage Customs, Winter 62, and Crystal Garden. These works were all written during the wartime period and are all considered outstanding and popular works. To achieve the research purpose, each novel was interpreted based on the sociological criticism model, and attempting to avoid any bias. The characteristics of each of the four novels were then highlighted in contrast to the formal war narrative, and how features such as personality, narrative style, tone, point of view, and even the content of the work served to reflect the minority discourse. Minority discourse is a multiplied voice that is completely distinct from the formal war narrative, and its manifestation is evident in the war novel as opposed to poetry and other literary forms related to war literature (such as memoir writing and oral narratives).

Interlinear translation has been a popular method of translating religious texts, including the Bible and the Qur’an. Since religious books are considered to be sacred, translators mostly translate them word by word and they provide readers with the exact original word under the translated text. However, early translations of the Qur’an were not completely word by word and contained numerous language initiatives. The aim of this study is to examine these initiatives. This descriptive-analytic study compares four ancient interlinear translations of the Qur’an dating back to the 4th and the mid-6th Century AH. The translations include the famous commentary on the Qur’an by Al-Tabar, Tafsīr Abū al-Futūḥ in verses, Qods translation of the Qur’an and Rey translation. The translations are analyzed in terms of lexical items and syntax. The findings suggest that the translators were loyal to the syntax and lexical items of the Qur’an albeit in varying degrees. In other words, although all the translations turned out to be word by word, they contained some specific features which made them valuable texts. For example, Tafsir al-Tabari and Qods translation contained many Persian equivalents or Qods translation included a Sistani dialect. In addition, the Rey translation and Tafsīr Abū al-Futūḥ were under the influence of the original language, especially when it comes to lexical items. Indeed, these two translations followed the syntactic conventions and standards of Persian.

To shed light on the real belief of Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali about political rulers, authors of this paper study the presence of political rulers as the Other in Al-Ghazali's letters. After appointing those parts of the text in which he encounters with political rulers as the Other, we introduce Al-Ghazali's tools for giving a negative presentation of them. Considering his way of using these tools, we enlight that Al-Ghazali's view of political rulers as the Other is oriented to the feature of "being misguided" and indicates his pity. So, instead of squashing and combating the Other, Al-Ghazali uses most of his strategies to encourage the Other to change. Among the two groups of "kings" and "ministers", Al-Ghazali usually engages in ministers and his caution and consideration causes the use of the techniques that increase the text's interpretability. The influence of Al-Ghazali's philosophical studies is apparent in his considering about the chance of change for the Other, using irritation adverbs and the text's high unambiguity.

Joseph Campbell has studied the world's stories, showing that there is a single and universal pattern titled "The Hero's Journey" for all the stories, even lifes. Choosing the lifestyle and character of the heroes can deepen the adolescent's view of the purpose of life and it is important to emphasize the hero as one of the elements of the adolescent story. The mythical-herotic novel series of Ashvazdangheh and its main character, with its immortal trait and meaningful purpose, was a good choice for examining the heroic journey pattern.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to illustrate and critique the hero's journey and to examine the differences between Ashvazdangheh's story with Campbell's heroic journey pattern. So, the seventeen stages of Campbell's model were explored in the journey of the teen's hero of the story. It is identified in this study that the hero of this story triumphs in his inner battle and against the evil (Ahriman)'s wizards, he becomes the master of the two worlds. The researcher also considered displacements and repetitions in stages "Belly of the Whale, Supernatural Aid, Woman as the Temptress and The Road of Trials" compared to Campbell's pattern. According to the reviews, it can be said that the hero's journey pattern is based on stories from the world, cannot entirely match fictional events. Of course, the story of Ashvazdangheh, in spite of the differences, coincides with the overall pattern of the Campbell hero's journey.

The study of literary genres of children's and teenagers' magazines during 1941 to 1961 – which is, in fact, the first experiences of Iran in publishing such magazines- can provide a basis for becoming more familiar with the national, social, and cultural beliefs of the period, its impact on the world of children, and understanding the discourse of such magazines in addition to clarifying the language and literature used for children of the mentioned period. Our question is formed at this point. In the four magazines reviewed, we found literary genres in the form of stories (short stories, legends, fables, comic strips, and ghost stories). We identified the elements of the stories for better understanding. Poems are composed with traditional meter and rhythmic structure. Our study is based on three systems: musical, imaginative, and visual. The riddle genre is also seen in both visual and written forms.

Social stories in 1980s have been the most frequent story structure in the field of children’s  literature.’’ Social realistic stories’’ and ‘’ social idealistic stories’’ reflect the social difficulties and ideals of Iran during 1980s. The ‘’social realistic stories’’ have scored 181 items (59. 54%) from the whole reviewed stories. The most important subjects of realistic stories include:’’ family relationships with 93, ‘’ economic-cultural issues’’ with 46and ‘’ war and Islamic revolution’’ with 42 ones ‘’. ‘’ The social idealistic stories’’ have devoted 123 items (40.46%) of the whole reviewed stories. These stories mainly consider subjects such as:’’ standing against cruelty’’ with 86 and ‘’unity and sympathy’’ with 37 ones. Studies indicated that writers of the social stories of the 1980s. Studies indicate that the writers of social stories in 1980s mostly considered the age group of 9 to 11 as much as 94 items (30.92%) and the least group was the age group of 4 to 6 with 14 items (4.60%). The age group of 9 to 11 a 12-17 with 69 items (22.69%), the age group of 7-8 an 9 to 11 with 56 items (18.54%), the age group of 4 to 6 and 7-8 with 39 items (12.82%) and the age group of 7-8 with 32 items (10.52) were have been counted as the most common groups of these stories.

In the present study, attempts have been made to decode Nader Ebrahimi's ideological and political stance on contemporary political history In Smokeless Fire based on the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis. Nader Ebrahimi, as a result of historical developments between the publication of the first three volumes (1980) and the other four volumes (1992) of his work, i.e. the arrest and eradication of opposition groups in Iran and the attenuation of communist slogans worldwide, embarks on fabricating history in the last four volumes of the novel Smokeless Fire, and by creating a new discourse in the story, he seeks to direct and control harmonized ideologies and beliefs among the people. He demonstrates contemporary left-wing guerrillas and communists as protagonists and heroes in the story, while portraying all the political movements and partisan wars of the 60s and 70s with emphasis on the role of these groups. To justify and inculcate this bias, he resorts to the generation of semantic contradictions and deliberate eradication of actions undertaken by opposition groups. He also underscores his advocacy for political groups by making the Islamist and nationalist political groups, “the others”. Theoretical Framework and Review of Literature In this paper, the text of The Smokeless Fire novel was analyzed based on three levels of critical discourse analysis theory of Fairclough. At the first level (description), we examined the vocabulary level, the grammatical level (syntactic structure) and finally the textual structure level. At the next level (interpretation level), we examined the contextual context, the contextual and historical context, the assumptions and the types of discourses involved. At the last level (the level of explanation), we answered questions about the social factors and social power relations in which the author lives and the novel is formed. We also examined the ideologies, types of struggles, the impact of author and his impressionability. Articles that have examined contemporary Persian fictional literature according to the theory of critical discourse of Fairclough – except this novel- are very poor in the commentary and explanation levels as: Ghobadi & others (2009), Ghasemzadeh & Gorji (2011); Ghobadi & Aghagolzadeh (2011); Haddadi & others (2012); Gorji (2012); Behbahani & others. (2013); Javadi Yeganeh & Sohofi (2013); Ahmadi & others (2014); Ghorbani (2015). The researches about this novel hitherto have not directly used the model and theory of critical discourse analysis of Fairclough. These articles focus more on the first three volumes of the novel and have not paid attention to the politics and historicalization of the next four volumes. These researches are: Rezvanian & Nouri (2009); Alavi Moghadam & pourshahram (2011).

The method of this research is descriptive and analytical and we categorized the data gathered from the text reading of the novel, along with the historical information of the 1350s and 60s, according to the three-level model of Fairclough and linguistic cues in the action and speech of the novel's characters, to interpret and explain the kind of ideology behind the layers of text. The present study seeks to demonstrate by using critical discourse analysis that Ebrahimi has made history in this novel to justify his ideological outlook. The main purpose of this historicization was primarily to influence the thoughts and beliefs of the next generation, to acknowledge the central role of leftist guerrilla discourse in public awareness and to guide them in confronting Pahlavi's Westward government.

In this paper, the text of The Smokeless Fire novel was analyzed based on the three levels of critical discourse analysis theory to examine the way in which the author has been making history. In the description section, it may be said that the author, with his political affiliations and partisan beliefs, chooses the names, attributes, and alignment to induce his political thinking and character. Also, by attribution of anti-human and immoral acts to the opposing discourse – which is religious or have religious names and titles - highlights the anti-religious characters of the story. In the novel all acts of this non-religious group are meant to soothe and promote the lower social classes and women. Confrontation of names, attributes, and actions of characters in the first three volumes Leads to the confrontation of three political groups in contemporary Iranian history in the next four volumes. In these four volumes, the left guerrilla movements are at the forefront of all political currents of this period and all fictional actions are dedicated to these groups. At the level of interpretation, it can be concluded that Ebrahimi attributes all the forest uprisings in the decade thirties and fifties to the main character of his story, who is an anti-religious and a trained guerrilla in the partisan Latin America wars, with the aim of popularizing the guerrilla group of the story. By introducing famous uprisings and bringing historical names alongside fictional characters, Ebrahimi divides these uprisings into religious and leftist groups. Islamist characters operate subtly in the story, with the support of leftist groups. Alain's career as a vanguard of leftist groups is near to historical figures of leftism such as Golsorkhi, Jazani, Ahmadzadeh and Ashraf. The type of author's relationship with the state and the preservation of personal beliefs and the type of transmission in the story are the main issues at the level of explanation. The events of the story are tied to the author's mental beliefs. In the first three volumes, all the events are in favor of hard-line communist and party slogans, and from the fourth volume, the author seeks to prove the left's prominent role in bringing society and popular opinion closer to the great popular movement of fifty-seven. Writing the last four volumes, he wants to have a portion of contemporary Iranian history. Ebrahimi-supported discourse is not just the struggling Tudeh Party and leftists of the twenties and fifties, but an influential revolutionary anti-Western and anti-religious belief which is more manifested in the ideals of the Fadaiyan-e khalq. Aleni is not a fictional character; he is a popular force and power that, at the author's request, in the last four volumes is a symbol of “The process of the warfare of leftist groups" who guides all the political and social events near the revolution.

The analysis of Nader Ebrahimi’s novel, Smokeless Fire, according to Fairclough’s model shows that Nader Ebrahimi is making history in his work. In the description level, it may be said that the author, with his political affiliations and partisan beliefs, chooses the names, attributes, etc. to induce his political thinking and character. At the level of interpretation, it can be concluded that Ebrahimi attributes all the forest uprisings in the decade thirties and fifties to the main character of his story with the aim of popularizing the guerrilla group of the story. The type of author's relationship with the state and the preservation of personal beliefs and the type of transmission in the story are the main issues at the level of explanation. In the first three volumes, all the events are in favor of hard-line communist and party slogans, and from the fourth volume, the author seeks to prove the left's prominent role in bringing society and popular opinion closer to the great popular movement of fifty-seven.

Compared with wired networks, wireless networks have more practical features. One of the main problems in wireless channels is fading, in which the channel changes randomly that results in degrading the performance of the wireless system. One solution to deal with this effect is using cooperative communication. Using relays increases the coverage and the capacity of the network and reduces the power consumption. Moreover, the efficient use of the radio spectrum has introduced another subject called cognitive communication in which the available spectrum is used more efficiently. Cooperative cognitive radio networks have cooperative and cognitive radio networks properties. Cooperation is used in the spectrum sensing and in helping to send the primary user data in cognitive radio networks which improves the network performance. Besides, the new generation of telecommunication and mobile systems require high capacity and lots of energy due to the large amount of information traffic. Therefore, one of the issues discussed in this field is how to supply the energy of the system. Supplying the consuming energy by charging or replacing the energy source has always been problematic and costly. Thus, the harvested energy from the environment and especially the radio frequency signal can resolve this problem in communication systems. Using cooperative systems and cognitive radio networks with energy harvesting capability can improve the system performance. In this paper, a system model for cooperative cognitive radio networks with energy harvesting capability is proposed. In the proposed system model, one of the secondary users is selected as a relay to send the primary user information and all the secondary users harvest energy from the radio frequency signal. Mathematical analysis and simulation of the outage probability of the primary and secondary users are investigated. Moreover, the available parameters and their impact on the proposed model are discussed. Impact of relay selection methods, cognitive radio multi-user systems on the proposed model have been investigated.

The knowledge of livestock grazing behavior is one of the effective factors in rangeland management. This research was carried out in order to recognize the sheep grazing behavior in the rangelands of Cheshmeh Anjir, Fars province, during the years 2007-2010.The indicators assessed in this research included the daily distance traveled by livestock, average livestock movement, speed, and the time spent grazing. To determine these parameters, a GPS device was used and attached on the back of a 4- year old ewe using a special belt. Thus, after the start of grazing in the rangeland, the GPS was activated and then its data were extracted using mode track in ILWIS software at the end of the day. Data analysis was done in a completely randomized block design method using SAS software. The results of the study years showed that the average livestock movement speed and the daily distance traveled by livestock were significant at 1% and 5% levels, respectively; however, the time spent grazing did not show significant differences. Also, the results of study months showed that the average livestock movement speed was significant at 5% level and the daily distance traveled by livestock and the time spent grazing were not significant. According to the results, August 2008 with the mean value of 4 m/s and June 2009 with the mean value of 29 m/s had the lowest and highest average livestock movement speed, respectively; however, June 2009 with the mean value of 4.2 m/s and August 2008 with the mean value of 15.4 m/s had the lowest and highest distance traveled by livestock, respectively. The knowledge of mentioned factors will help rangeland management to determine the appropriate time for livestock moving and will increase livestock performance.

In this paper, attempts have tried to study Fairclough’s theory of “inequality of power in the dialogue" by analyzing the dialogues between identical and opposing characters in the novel Fire without smoke by Nader Ebrahimi to identify powerful or passive characters, and decode the novel from the ideological perspective of the author.
To more regulate, this theoretical framework, the questions raised in the Shorter’s model (1996), were used to analyze power relations in the dialogues of characters with the aim of determining the type of relationship and the dominance of the personality poles of the story: Galan - the hero that relies on his physical strength - and Alani - the hero who relies on the power of thought and mind.
The analysis of data suggested that the way the two main characters of the novel interacted with others in their discourse was directly related to the up and downs of their lives. Galan's interaction was limited to an esoteric group of people around them, and as this circle of friends was limited down, his power diminished too, so that with his death, the coercive hegemony and compulsory domination associated with his behavior came to end.
In contrast, Alani not only struck a conversation with people from all aspects of life, especially women and the lower classes of the community, but also urged them to play a key role in the dialogue with the people around them. This contributed to the recognition of his intellectual and political authority and conduct, and even after his death, his thoughts continued to touch the speech and practice of the next generations.

Metafiction is the tendency of postmodernist fiction to refer to works that do not adhere to the structure and rules of the novel and speaks about these rules and techniques during the novel. There is such a postmodernist style of writing in Persian fiction as in western fiction. Despite of existing a vast variety of devices in postmodernist fiction, there are only a few dominant devices in Persian metafictions. The collapse of the temporal order of the narratives and the multiplicity of narratives are the most important of these dominant features. This study aimed at examining the relationship between the "overcoming" of these two features in Persian metafiction with pluralism in Iranian society. It is true that these features are scattered in Western works as well, but it is remarkable that they are predominant in Persian metafiction.

To explain the relationship between pluralism and the two dominant features of Persian metafiction, we have used Bourdieu’s theory. This theory goes beyond the objectivist/subjectivist and structure/action dichotomies. These dichotomies have been relatively constant poles of social sciences: while structural analysis of social life looks at it as something purely objective and external, the sociology of action looks at the social life as an objective experience. According to Bourdieu, sociologists not only should pay attention to both sides of the problem, but also understand how these two dimensions are inextricably linked.  On the one hand, this relationship is not a direct, mechanical one that can be examined by structural analysis, but on the other hand it is far from the sociology of action. Hence, Bourdieu's eclectic theory can well analyze this relationship.Bourdieu argues that the best way to empirically examine the dynamic relationship between structure and action is the "relational" analysis of the attitudes and actions. This relational analysis is based on three central concepts: position, habitus, and position-taking. In our study, the society of the seventies and eighties facing pluralism in Iran is the position and two features of the multiplicity of narratives and the collapse of the temporal order of narratives in Persian metafiction are position-taking. Habitus is actually a socialization of activists in the field of religion and, depending on the social conditions and characteristics of the situation, 'relativism' can be regarded as a habitus. The presence of such a habitus in the activists of the seventies, as a result of the position of that period and the emergence of pluralism, led to an action in Persian metafiction that manifested itself in the multiplicity of narratives and the collapse of temporal order.

This study uses grounded theory. The main purpose of grounded theory is to search for social processes and themes which have a fluid nature. Therefore, the aims and basic questions of such a research should also be open and flexible. We have used this method for our study, because it is based on analytical interpretations and grounded theory. It also has an interpretive-constructive approach. On the other hand, the evaluation of this approach is based on purposive sampling. Purposive sampling, unlike quantitative probabilistic sampling, is based on purposeful and criterion-based selection of study items or units. Therefore, we only extract those examples which are consistent with our claim - the relationship of metafiction with the discursive signifiers in the situation under consideration - and we describe aspects of the situation that are relevant to the multiplicity of narratives and the collapse of time order in Persian metafiction.

In the year 1370, with the publication of kian Magazine, new topics in theology began in Iran. By studying Kian Magazine as an example, one can better follow these issues. In this magazine, various articles discussed the different dimensions of pluralism and the multiplicity of identities, religions and cultures. It also specifically addressed the issues of pluralism and the evolution of religious epistemology. The magazine also published interviews with western theorists about pluralism. As a result, these issues gradually became more accessible to the public. Eventually, this situation led to the publication of the book Fatter than Ideology. In the following years, there were also lectures on tradition, modernity and postmodernity, and the contents of these lectures published in Kian Magazine. This continued until Shayegan published his book The New charm: An  Identity with forty pieces and moving thinking. In this book, he explores the broader dimensions of pluralism, multiculturalism, and postmodernism. The most important outcome of pluralism in Iran in seventies was relativism (habitus, according on Bourdieu), and the product of this relativism in Persian metafiction was the multiplicity of narratives and the collapse of temporal order (position-taking).

The most important product of pluralism is relativism. To Bourdieu, the situation of the issue of pluralism in society can be taken as a “position” and relativism as a kind of “habitus”. Despite the wide variety of features in Western metafiction, there are only a few dominant features in Persian metafiction, among which the collapse of temporal order and the multiplicity of narratives are the most important. These two features can be seen as the action arising from the situation which is associated with relativism. this conclusion can be deduced from reading the works of Persian metafiction.

The present study attempts to evaluate the grammar content in teaching Persian to speakers of other languages materials by introducing the principles of pedagogical grammar, which is considered as a new approach for teaching grammar to learners of a second language. To this end, the pedagogical grammar principles have been first introduced, which are the theoretical frameworks of the present study. A checklist has been then developed and after measuring its content validity, two hundred and six(1334-1396) the TPSOL materials have been evaluated based on the checklist, which they have introduced in the authentic bibliographies, and teaching grammar is expected to be a part of these material's content. Results indicate that there is still no definite and specific approach for teaching Persian language grammar to speakers of other languages after more than sixty years of writing the early works in this field as well as the subject of grammar has been studied based on the style and experience of the author in more than thirty-two percent of such works and no attention have been paid to teaching grammar in thirty percent of them.
Extended Abstract: The current study attempted to evaluate the content of grammar in Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers’ materials by introducing the principles of pedagogical grammar which is considered as a new approach in teaching grammar to second language learners. This article is composed of a basic theoretical section and an applied section. In the theoretical section, the attempt is made to introduce one of the best and most effective methods in teaching grammar in second language by providing a particular approach to teaching grammar and stating the principles of this approach which is called pedagogical grammar. Then, in the main part of the article with an applied aspect, the answer to the following question is examined: Which educational approach to grammar is superior in the existing texts for teaching Persian language to non-Persian speakers? Based on the study of reliable resources, the main features of pedagogical grammar include: 1- simultaneous teaching of vocabulary and grammar; 2- being corpus-based; 3- the need to provide feedback; 4- simultaneity of explicit and implicit instruction; 5- considering processing considerations and learning capability; 6- compliance of form, meaning and function; 7- teaching grammar based on tasks and communication exercises; 8- combination of extensive and intensive methods in teaching grammar; 9- filling the gap of attention and eliminating the gap between declarative and applied knowledge. The sources of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers used in this research consisted of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers books published from 1955 to 2017. To prepare a reliable list of these books, second edition of Descriptive Bibliography of Persian Language Teaching to Non-Persian Speakers (Dabir Moqaddam, Qare Gazi, Asgharpour, 2017) was used. To analyze the books, a checklist consisting of 49 items was designed which evaluated the compliance and non-compliance of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers’ materials with the principles of pedagogical grammar (these items had a score between -24 and 168).The checklist used in this study was a researcher-made one. Thus, it is necessary to provide explanations about it. This checklist was developed based on the study of over 40 different checklists and various evaluation models and textbooks and its validity and reliability were examined based on valid models. By examining the text and exercises of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers books, these books were divided into five main categories based on the designed checklist: 1. First group: Relatively desirable books which have paid attention to the principles of pedagogical grammar. 2. Second group: Average books (these books have received a score of 40 to 79 in quantitative terms.) 3. Third group: Books based on the author’s experience and styles (these books have received a score between 10 and 39.) 4. Fourth group: Books with no attention to grammar (these books were recognized by a score between 0 and 9.) 5. Fifth group: Books that teach grammar through a traditional approach and thegrammar translation approach (this group was recognized by a score between -1 and -24.) In the first cluster, we had relatively desirable books with a score of 80 to 130. In this cluster, The Book of Mina (Sahraei, 2017) achieved the first rank by obtaining 130 points. From a total of “two hundred and six” titles of books reviewed, “twenty three” titles of books (11.1%) were placed in this group. “Twenty four” titles of books (11.6%) were put in the second cluster, which partly complied with the principles of pedagogical grammar. The third cluster included the books of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers with a score ranging from 10 to 39 and amounted to 66 books. Books of this cluster expressed grammatical points based on the author’s experience and styles and made up 32% of all books. Although this category of books was in a better condition in terms of scoring and rating compared to the fifth cluster books, it was even weaker than the books in the fifth cluster in qualitative terms since the fifth cluster books were mainly based on long-standing teaching traditions such as grammar translation and hence obtained numerous negative scores from the first part but at least followed a specific method and model in second language teaching. The fifth cluster, which covered the range from -1 to -24, was dedicated to books in which teaching grammar followed traditional patterns and grammatical points were taught from beginning to end regardless of Persian language learners’ need and the practical and actual form of Persian language. This cluster comprised of 31 titles of books and totally covered 16% of all books. With regard to the evaluation of Persian language teaching books and the overall findings of this article, it can be concluded that although many efforts have been made in the compilation of basic texts in Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers, there is still a long way until the achievement of applied and ideal texts in the field of Persian language teaching to non-Persian speakers_ especially teaching grammar. To achieve this goal, a graded list of required and widely used grammatical structures should first be developed, whose realization involves the enjoyment of a rich and reliable corpus of today’s spoken and written Persian language. In addition to this list, the meaning and function of these target grammatical structures should also be developed and various examples and exercises tailored to each level should be designed. Further, practical guides and suggestions should be prepared to make teaching more applicable. Original texts should also be provided for teachers so that they can experience more successful teaching using these guides.

in Iran present article has evaluated the last three volumes of Tarikh-e Adabiat-e Koodakan-e Iran (The History of Children’s Literature of Iran) in two general areas: 1. the Generalities and the theoretical grounds, including: 1.1. Not explaining the complete literature of the subject, 1.2. not having a clear theoretical base and an explicit approach toward writing the history of literature as a whole and writing the history of children’s literature in particular; 2. The structural-content problems including: 2.1. Not having a coherent structure, 2.2. Not having a clear terminology, 2.3. Not referring to authentic resources and raising unproven claims, 2.4. Covering a very vast historical domain, 2.5. Not having a clear base for the historical periodization, 2.6. Having deficiencies pertaining to the format and the appearance of the book, 2.7. Having writing and editing errors.
As a whole, in spite of the theoretical, structural and content deficiencies, the real importance of this collection is that it has gathered the source materials and documents (specially the scare documents) relating to Persian children’s literature and one can introduce it as an important reference book in this field.

The narrator is a fundamental concept in analyse of the narrative texts and Focalization as an interstitial element, from one side connecte to the story and the characters and from other sid connecte to the narrator's speech. Pari Saberis leili o majnoon in dramatic persian Literature and Ahmed Shoghis majnoon leili in Dramatic Arabic Literature Dramatic as other dramatic text consists of dialogue and scene descriptions. Saberi and Shoghi in the dialogue, hide themselves behind his personality that creates and contrast in a scene description directly speak to their readers and give them different information to better understand the interaction and to better visualize . Thus we can say that found both the External and Internal focalization in leili o majnoon and majnoon leili. in the description of the scene, the author does external focalization and in dialogue by the plays characters Internal focalization is done. However, the considerable differences in the model of internal focalization and focalized phrase of these two works connect to the modern and classic plays and playwriters ideology and gender.

In this study, we have investigated Sam battles; the hero of Sam Nameh; applying structural research methodology. To this goal, at first , the collection of battles have been categorized in five agents such as subject , battle’s motif , battle adversary, adjuvants , and the results of battle. Then, by summarizing table data, we reached nine total conclusions related to the battle’s structure of this poems. At the next step, by reducing these nine conclusions, we obtained three general formula. The main function of Sam nameh hero’s battles is to highlight an exaggerated hero who is always victorious. In a non-linear study and regarding sender / motif pairs, the progress of battles is separable. The first class includes hero’s battles from beginning of the story till his departure to the land of Shadad A’d and then his battles with the king of china and his army by the motif of love.
Second class has been devoted to the collection of hero’s battles with regard to religious motifs and other marginal factors. Also, Sam Nameh hero’s is an independent actant who do not obey any king. Considering this fact and absence of no national motif , it is possible to say that Sam Nameh is not an epic work , rather this is a love story whose poet intervention in order to shape a an affected discourse has made it an exclusive work with special structures.

Nezami’s narratives-in-verse are of high importance for their monumental and eminent characters. This study intends to analyze the methods applied by Nezami while characterization. Accordingly، three of his fictional characters are chosen to be studied، including: Khosrow، Bahram and Alexander who are all alike in the case of being kings. According to this study which has applied descriptive and statistical methods، it is shown that Nezami، unlike the many classic story-tellers، has utilized the indirect presentation much more than the direct definition and his own methods of characterization has a direct correlation with the temper and moods of his characters. Nezami had a constant progress in the field of characterization and his most perfect characterization can be found in Sharafname.

In this article، the metaphors of growth in Baha-e Valad’s Ma’arif have been، based on the model of conceptual metaphor، analyzed. M etaphors of growth، here، include vegetative terms for onceptualization of abstract concepts. The center of these metaphors can be explained with the statement ''existence is vegetation،'' for the main concepts— God، universe، and human— in Baha-e Valad’s text have been demonstrated through vegetative metaphors. Since metaphors is at the service of human understanding in contemporary theory، the article interprets Baha-e Valad’s important ideology about theological and mystical issues such as pantheism، free will and determinism، manifestation and vision، by explaining and analyzing Ma،arif،s metaphors which are reflections of his personal beliefs and contextual ideology of his society.

This article studies the metaphors in Sanā''ī’s ghazals with the pivotal theme of love. The theoretical basis of the article is the theory of conceptual metaphor which has elevated metaphor from a mere rhetorical technique to a device of cogitation and cognition. At first، we present the principles of the theory considering the key words and terms coined by cognitive linguists and then give a detailed account of love metaphors in Sanā''ī’s poems. Next، based on the thematic type، we categorize the metaphors into three groups: the metaphors which express a positive view of love، the ones which designate love as having negative characteristics and features and the double-edged metaphors. Subsequently، we analyze each group cognitively. The next entry is the aesthetic and rhetorical study of the metaphors under which we elucidate the main techniques as employed by Sanā''ī، the innovator of the rhetoric of mystical ghazal.

According to many Arab critics Nizar Qabani is a phenomenon in the area of modern poem both in style and poetic content. He relates to pure love lyrics and women's issues. This way she has been able to express what is believed to be earthly love. She is therefore, named the 'poet of women and love'. Apart from lyric poems like other committed poets, she has discussed political, topical, ethnic and national issues. This paper investigates the politic and social aspects of this Arab poetess with a descriptive-analytical approach. In conclusion, studying Nizar's life and poems shows that in addition to other his titles, she should be considered a 'National committed poetess'.

Muhtasham-e Kāshani (935-996/ 1528-1588) is called Khāqāni-e sāni because of his well-made and strong odes which resemble Anvari’s and Khāqāni’s, and also Hassān-e al-ajam because of his enthusiastic elegy on Imam Hussein. But the innovative dimension of his style, which is rarely recognized by the stylisticians and literary historians, is mostly manifested in his rasāyel (Jalālieh and Naql-e oshāq) not in his sonnets and odes. These two essays or rasāyel, which are unique because of their lyrical-narrative structure and their explanation of realistic and vāsookhti experiments, are not even referred to in the studies of Voqu' and Vāsookht schools. Muhtasham has combined a prose narration of realistic love with extemporaneous sonnets (and sometimes with other poetic forms) and has created a different literary genre. The present article tries to introduce this unknown genre and to explain the structural and stylistic features of this kind of lyrical narration in Muhtasham’s rasāyel.