فهرست مطالب mohammad karimi zadeh ardakani

Assessment of spasticity and wheelchair skills performance is important in both clinical practice and research. The present study aimed to systematically review the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of outcome measures used to assess spasticity and wheelchair skill tests in people with spinal cord injury. A search was conducted using terms through PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Related articles included measures of spinal cord injury patients published in English from 2010 to 2021.To determine the publication quality of studies COSMIN checklist was used. A total of 2150 potentially eligible studies were retrieved from four databases. The remaining 20 full-text studies were retrieved for complete review. Finally, 12 studies involving a total of 658 participants were included in the systematic review. Ethical, safety, and psychological issues were considered during the test for people with disabilities. According to previous studies, the Spasticity Evaluation Tool has been suggested as a reliable tool for assessing spasticity in SCI subjects. However, due to the variety of tests and the elimination of selected tools, wheelchair skills tests cannot be recommended.

This research compares the effectiveness of weight-bearing exercise on a rebounder, as well as ankle exercise therapy on biomechanics and quality of life (QoL) in patients with diabetic neuropathic feet.

The present investigation is a clinical trial study with two experimental groups and one control group. A total of 48 women were selected in this study who had diabetes mellitus type 2 with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Data was collected using the Michigan neuropathy screening instrument, foot health questionnaire, fall efficacy scale international, and QoL questionnaire. The first experimental group (n=16) engaged in rebound exercises for eight weeks, while the second experimental group (n=16) engaged in at-home ankle treatment exercises. The control group (n=16) was not given any particular treatment other than standard care, which consisted of medication, therapy prescribed by the medical team, and instructions for self-care included in a training manual. The data were analyzed using a correlated t-test and an analysis of covariance.

The results showed that applying rebound exercises and exercise therapy in exercise groups had a significant effect on the two components of the peak pressure of the medial forefoot area and the peak pressure of the lateral forefoot area of the right and left feet (P=0.05), the risk of falling (P=0.05), dynamic balance (P=0.05), and QoL (P=0.05), but not in the control group after 8 weeks (P<0.05).

To prevent foot problems in diabetic peripheral neuropathy populations and improve their independence for daily routines, the exercise programs presented in this research as a non-pharmacological intervention can be a promising approach. Specifically, the weight-bearing training program on a rebounder and the ankle exercise therapy program was effective in improving plantar pressure, fall risk, dynamic balance, and quality of life.

Most athletes retire young and severe sports injuries can be considered one of the most important reasons for psychological problems in sports retirees. This study aimed to investigate the impact of early retirement due to sports injuries on the physical condition, quality of life, health, self-esteem, and body-esteem of both active and inactive Iranian elite athletes.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on forty elite retired Iranian athletes, primarily from skiing, wrestling, and mountaineering, with an average age of 66.62 ± 4.65 years, height of 166.70 ± 3.66 cm, and weight of 66.15 ± 4.88 kg. The participants were divided into two groups, active (n = 20) and inactive (n = 20), based on their current level of sports activity. The Nordic, SF-36, Rosenberg, and Mendelson questionnaires were utilized to determine musculoskeletal pain, quality of life, self-esteem, and body image.
The results indicated that participants in the active group reported a higher quality of life score than those in the inactive group (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the active group scored significantly higher in terms of body image (P = 0.001) and self-esteem (P = 0.001) than the inactive group.
Based on the study's results, it is recommended that sports health and psychology experts pay increased attention to the post-exercise period of elite athletes. Furthermore, it is suggested that elite sports retirees continue to engage in light sports activities even after retiring from professional sports.

The visual system plays a crucial role in controlling the posture of individuals by updating information on the positions and movements that different parts of the body perform. This study aimed to investigate and compare the role of vision in balance recovery strategies between healthy, prone to injury, Coper, and chronic ankle instability (CAI).

The current research was of an applied and comparative type, which was conducted on male athletes in the age group of 18 to 30 years. Subjects were divided purposefully into four groups including CAI (n=15), Coper (n=15), prone to ankle injury (n=15), and healthy group (n=15). In this study, treadmills were used to create disturbance in the subjects’ postures in both anterior and posterior directions, and Kinovea software to record kinematic information about subjects during sudden disturbances. Paired t-test was used to compare the scores of the subjects in open and closed eyes.

The results of the paired t-test showed that in the variables of ankle oscillations, hip oscillations, and the ratio of the hip to ankle oscillations in both anterior and posterior disturbances in the groups of CAI, Coper, prone to injury, and healthy, there was a significant difference between open eyes (P=0.001) and closed eyes (P=0.001). The order of most fluctuations in all variables was from CAI group to Coper, prone to injury, and healthy, indicating the greater effectiveness of balance recovery strategies by eliminating visual feedback in the CAI group.

To summarize the research findings, compared with uninjured and Coper participants, those with CAI had less balance and more functional limitations. Therefore, in training programs for ankle sprain rehabilitation, special attention should be paid to balance recovery strategies and the role of visual feedback to control posture.

The aim of this systematic review was to examine the correlation between fear of falling and dual task gait parameters in older adults.

Method and Materials:

 The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. An English search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted in January 2022, using the four main concepts, namely “Elderly, Fear of falling, Gait, and Dual task”. Modified Downs and Black checklist was utilized to assess the quality of the included studies.

Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 articles out of 2368 were included in the review. All the articles were of acceptable quality. On account of the quorum of meta- analysis, it could only be conducted in the velocity parameter (4 studies were included). An analysis of the correlation between the fear of falling and dual task gait velocity based on 95% confidence intervals found a significant difference between dual task gait velocity with and without the fear of falling (P=0.06, I2=50%, 95% CI: 0.31-0.51).

This study demonstrated that the fear of falling deteriorates some of the dual task gait characteristics in healthy and cognitively intact older adults, and that this reduction can be varied by the difficulty of the dual task (cognitive or manual).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of corrective exercise application and its follow-up on forward head and shoulder angle of smartphone users. So 36 patients with forward head and shoulder posture were selected and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in 24 training sessions, head and shoulder angle were measured using photogrammetry method before and after the exercise period in both groups. Analysis of covariance, bonferroni test and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. Performing eight weeks of corrective exercise application made a significant difference in the head and shoulder angle of the experimental group (P < 0.05). While in the control group, no significant difference was observed. Moreover, the effect of corrective exercise could be seen after follow up period (4 weeks) in both untrained group and educated group. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that this corrective exercise by application will be effective in head and shoulder alignment of smartphone users. Also, this kind of training can have good durability.

 Weakness in receptors involved in proprioception can limit the range of motion of the ankle and knee, as one of the most important causes of lower limb movement disorder and the risk of falling. People with sensory disorders such as visual impairment, have limitations in performing daily activities, and their physical activity, muscle strength, cardiovascular endurance, balance, and athletic performance decrease. This study aims to compare the effects of three foot massage techniques on movement performance, risk of falling, and quality of life of visually impaired men, and assess the persistence of their effects.

 This is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest/posttest/follow-up design. Thirty men with blindness were randomly divided into three intervention groups including foot massage with a ball (n=10), foot massage with a brush (n=10), and foot massage with hands(n=10). They received foot massage for 21 days, massage day for 10 minutes (5 minutes for each foot). The Tinetti test was used to assess movement performance. The timed up & go test was used to measure the risk of falling, and the 36-item short form survey (SF-36) was used for evaluating the quality of life in the pretest, posttest, and follow-up (Short-term persistence) phases. One-way analysis of variance was used for between-group comparisons and repeated measures analysis of variance was used for within-group comparisons.

There was no significant difference among groups in the quality of life and the risk of falling. There was a significant difference among them only in movement performance, where the group received foot massage with hands had higher performance. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance for the factor of time showed that the three methods improved movement performance, quality of life and reduced the risk of falling. All three methods had a significant effect on the study variables (P<0.05).

 Three methods of foot massage have a significant effect on movement performance, risk of falling, and quality of life of men with blindness, by strengthening their proprioception receptors.

Upper cross syndrome is a type of muscle-skeletal disorder that leads to shortening of the anterior muscles and weakness of the posterior muscles at the neck and thorax. One of the common methods of correcting these malalignments is corrective exercises. So far, different approaches have been used to correct this malalignment. Given the physical distance during epidemics and the lack of participation in correctional programs, it is not known whether distance training approaches can be as effective as face-to-face training.

The present study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. In the present study, 60 female employees were selected and assigned to four groups randomly. The first experimental group performed corrective exercises, the second experimental group performed postural reeducation training at home during the same period of the training program, the third group performed combination exercises, and the fourth group was considered as control. Before and after the intervention of the forward head angle, the kyphosis and rounded shoulders of the individuals were measured. One-way analysis of variance and paired t-test were used to analyze the data.

All three experimental groups showed a significant difference before and after the intervention on the forward head angle, kyphosis, and rounded shoulder (P˂0.05). The results also showed that the rate of improvement in the combined training group was higher than that of the two training groups.

According to the test of research hypotheses on the effectiveness of corrective exercise and postural reeducation training on the upper cross syndrome, probably combined exercises are more effective than independent corrective and postural reeducation training. Therefore, it is recommended to trainers and corrective exercise specialists that correctional exercises not be limited to the clinical environment and they can be combined with postural reeducation training at home to get better results.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the efficacy of two training programs of weight-bearing on a mini-trampoline, and ankle exercise therapy on foot-ankle functionality in people with peripheral neuropathy.

The present research is a clinical trial study that has been conducted using two intervention groups and one control group. The statistical population of this study includes 48 women with type 2 diabetes and moderate or severe neuropathy living in Tehran. The Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) and Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ-BR) were used for collecting data. The first experimental group performed mini-trampoline exercises, while the second group performed ankle therapeutic exercises at home for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANOVA) and correlated t-test.

The findings showed that mini-trampoline exercise and ankle exercise therapy had a significant effect on relieving foot pain (P<0.05), as well as improving foot functionality (P<0.05) and overall foot health (P<0.05) in both intervention groups compared to the control group. Also, the results showed that ankle exercise therapy was more effective than mini-trampoline exercise in two variables of foot pain and foot functionality (p<0.05). Both training programs showed significant effects on the ankle range of motion (p<0.05), while, there was no significant difference between the two intervention groups with respect to the range of motion of the ankle (p<0.05). Moreover, Mini-trampoline exercise and ankle exercise therapy revealed a significant effect on the range of motion of the metatarsophalangeal joints compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the range of motion of dorsiflexion of the right foot, mini-trampoline exercises were more effective than therapeutic exercises, while regarding the variable of dorsiflexion of the left foot, the effectiveness of ankle training intervention was more than that of trampoline (p<0.05). Both trampoline exercise and ankle therapeutic exercise interventions had a significant effect on ankle strength, but there was no difference in plantar flexion strength of the right foot between the two intervention groups. However, the mini-trampoline intervention was more effective than the ankle exercise therapy intervention with respect to the three variables of the hallux dorsiflexion strength of the hallux and plantar flexion strength of the left foot (p<0.05). Both training interventions were effective on the variable of right and left hallux flexion strength (p<0.05). The efficacy of none of the two interventions on the right and left hallux extension strength was confirmed; the effectiveness of both interventions on the right and left hallux flexion strength was similar with no significant difference (P>0.05). No significant difference was found in the control group after 8 weeks with respect to the relevant variables (P>0.05).

Exercises on the mini-trampoline and ankle therapeutic exercises at home can be effective in improving patients' quality of life as a simple, affordable, low-risk and quick-improvement treatment program that focuses on the use of segmental exercises for foot functionality.

 Many researchers have reported changes in movement patterns after injury. In this regard, the aim of this study was to compare the performance test of FMS in professional Wushu athletes with and without injury.

 In this cross-sectional and causal-comparative study, 120 Wushu players in the age range of 23 to 30 years were purposefully selected based on inclusion criteria. The evaluation of functional movement patterns was assessed by FMS functional test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 through descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test was used to compare the difference between the groups with and without injury, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were used to compare the two groups.

 The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the performance test scores between the two groups. The non-injured group reported a higher overall score than those with a history of injury.

 It can be pointed out that injury can mainly lead to changes in movement patterns. Athletes with a history of previous injury may have faulty movement patterns; therefore, they may have problems when performing high-level sports activities.

Background and Aims :

Aging causes alterations in various body functions, such as motor, sensory, cognitive and psychosocial. The present study was performed to compare the effects of two types of gait-retraining approach on the balance and motor performance of elderly women at risk of falling.

Methods:

 This study is a semi experimental research with pretest-posttest plan, in which 45 women elderly between 60 and 75 years were randomly divided into two experimental (n=30) and  one control groups (n=15). The experimental group (8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, each session 45 minutes). In order to assess on balance and motor performance of subject, Berg Balance Scale, and 10 meter walk test was used. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data, SPSS statistical package was used for all analyzes. In this study, significance level equal was considered to 95% and level of alpha was considered less than or equal to 0/05.

Results :

The findings of this study showed that both selected exercises had significance effect on balance and motor performance in non reactive elderly women. Conducting a between-group comparison also showed that the which was related to the training with ground balance ladder, respectively (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the control group for all three variables.

Conclusion:

 This study showed that exercise two kinds of tutorial gait approach reduce can improve postural control and decrease the risk of falls in the elderly. Therefore it can be used to reduce risk of falls.

Tightness of the hamstrings and hip flexors are two well-known disorders in people with Low Back Pain (LBP). According to the kinesiopathological model, these two disorders may have occurred before the onset of pain and may be predisposing factors for LBP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the tightness of these two muscles in men who were identified as prone to LBP through the Prolonged Standing Protocol (PSP).

Methods and Materials:

 This study was a descriptive comparative cross-sectional study in which the statistical population included men prone to LBP aged between 18 to 75 years. The criterion for identifying men prone to LBP was reporting at least 10 mm of pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Thomas test was used to assess hip flexors muscles length. Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test was used to assess hamstring length.

The results of this study showed that hamstring tightness rate among men prone to LBP was 63% and hip flexor muscle tightness in this group was 35%. According to these results, hamstring tightness can be considered as a common disorder in men prone to LBP, and its identification as well as its correction in men can be one of the ways to LBP improvement.

Based on these results, it can be explained that hamstring tightness is one of the most common disorders in men prone to LBP, and its identifying and correcting in time, can prevent and improve LBP.

Hyper-kyphosis anomalies are common disorders of spine. The aim of this study was to Establishment of dynamic postural assessment indicators in young girls with and without hyper-kyphosis.In the study, 200 girls were selected according to the angle of kyphosis they were divided into two groups comprising of with and without Hyper-kyphosis. Evaluate dynamic posture, the tests back flattening, wall angle position, bilateral forward reach, pelvic tail tuck, head hanging forward, shoulder mobility, shoulder range in internal rotation and external rotation were used. The results showed a significant difference between the partial and general scores of the dynamic body condition assessment test for girls, with and without Hyper-kyphosis. The normal kyphosis group had better dynamic posture than the Hyper-kyphosis group. Dynamic body posture assessment tests can be considered good tool to assess and identify the limitations and movement disorders of people with Hyper-kyphosis.

Aging is associated with reduced physiological and functional capacity that can lead to increased disability, loss of balance and falling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neuromuscular training on balance, strength and functional performance in elderly men with a history of falls.

this study was quasi-experimental and participants were healthy elderly men with history of falling (age: 65/64±6/95). The experiments were 21 men (10 training group, 11 control group) who met the criteria for research and were available for sampling. The training program was conducted for eight weeks with a frequency of three sessions per week. Static balance, upper and lower body muscle strength, neuromuscular function and aerobic endurance were measured before and after the research design. Data analysis was done using independent t-test and paired t-test (at a significance level of 0/005> P).

The results showed that neuromuscular training significantly improved static balance (p = 0.001), upper body muscle strength (p = 0.001), lower body muscle strength (p = 0.001), Neuromuscular function (p = 0.001) and aerobic endurance (p = 0.001) in the training group compared to the control group.

Due to the fact that the risk of falls is very common in the elderly, so it is recommended to use neuromuscular training programs with psychological interventions taking into account training features such as; Individual differences are used to improve balance, muscle strength, neuromuscular function and aerobic endurance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the inter- and intra-rater reliability of corrective exercise specialist raters assessing movement and postural impairments of transient Low Back Pain (LBP) developers during Prolonged Standing Protocol (PSP) which called Pain Developers (PDs).

Method and Materials:

Twenty-four subjects developing transient LBP during prolonged standing (9males, 15females) between 17-85 years of age, were examined by 2 corrective exercise specialists. In order to control the effect of repeated testing on intra-rater reliability, both raters assessed the subjects at the same time. To assess inter-rater reliability, one of the raters assessed the subjects one week later. Examination findings were recorded independently, without discussion. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were indexed by the percent of agreement and kappa coefficient.

Overall, the kappa values for intra- and inter-rater reliability of the items ranged from 0.12 - 0.86 and 62.5 - 1.00, respectively.

The results of the present study indicate these clinical test items as a reliable tool for corrective exercise specialists. They can reliably utilize these test items for identification of movement and alignment impairments that need to be modified in order to prevent the onset of LBP in in healthy-back PDs.

Identifying risk factors and determining their role in sports injuries is one of the most important preventive measures. The aim of this study was to compare the predictability of static and dynamic balance with functional movement screening test score in lower extremity injuries among college male handball players.

The present study was a predictive study. The statistical population of the study included male university handball players in the age range of 18 to 25 years and 50 athletes were purposefully selected. We used stork leg standing test to assess static balance, Y balance test for dynamic balance and functional movement screening test for movement performance. Injury reporting form was also used to record the injury. Research samples were followed up during one season. ROC diagram and Regression test were used to analyze the data.

According to the research findings, the variables of static balance, dynamic balance and functional movement screening test had a significant difference between the two groups of injured and uninjured handball players and together there was a statistically significant contribution in the classification of injured and uninjured handball players. (p <0.001) Also, examining the coefficients of predictor variables shows that the Wald test is statistically significant for the functional movement screening test variable and has a significant contribution to the ability to predict the model and the occurrence of damage (p = 0.045).

According to the results of the present study, sports assistants as well as handball coaches could use static and dynamic balance with functional movement screening test score to prevent injuries in this sport.

Thoracic hyper-kyphosis is one of the most common posturaldisorders of the spinal column. Decreased strength of spinal extensor musclesand range of motion of joints such as the shoulder is associated with hyperkyphosis,which can affect the physical function and life of an individual. The fpresent study aimed to investigate the effect of thoracic hyper-kyphosis on upperextremity function among female students. The current cross-sectional study included a population consistingof 226 female students aged 13-18 years old divided into two groups: 113participants with normal and 113 with abnormal thoracic hyper-kyphosis. Thekyphosis angle was measured using a flexible ruler, and the Y test, Davis test, anddisabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) questionnaire were used tomeasure upper extremity function. Independent t-test and Pearson’s correlationwere employed for data analysis. The Davis, Y, and DASH test results showed a significant differencein upper extremity function between subjects with and those without thoracichyper-kyphosis (P<0.05), with the abnormal thoracic hyper-kyphosis groupshowing poorer function than the normal group. The results also demonstrateda significant relationship between the kyphosis angle and the Davis, Y, andDASH tests (P<0.05). Overall, kyphosis abnormality was found to lead to weak upperextremity function, and an inverse relationship was observed between thekyphosis angle and the Davis test and Y balance test. Moreover, a directrelationship was found between the kyphosis angle and DASH test.

 Weakness in the sensory-deep receptors of the sole is one of the essential factors in lower limb movement disorders and balance in blindness. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect and durability of foot massage techniques on the balance of the blindness

 The present study was a one-way blind with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical sample consisted of 30 blind boys aged 20-30 years randomly divided into three groups of 10 people. The protocol of massage methods was performed on the samples for 21 days. Biodex balance system was used to evaluate the balance. The normality of the data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the differences within the group. The ANOVA test was used to examine the differences between the groups at the significance level of 0.05.

 The results of the intra-group test showed that all three methods of foot massage improved static and dynamic balance in the blind (P<0.001). The results of the ANOVA test for comparison between groups showed no significant difference between the three methods of foot massage on static balance and posterior-anterior index of dynamic surface and internal-external index of dynamic surface (P>0.05) only on the general surface index. There is a significant difference in the dynamics of hand massage compared to the other two massages (P<0.001).

 Due to the significant effect of foot massage methods on the balance of the blind, foot massage can be used as an effective factor in strengthening the sensory receptors of the foot and ultimately improving the balance of the blind.

Football as a sport may result in various injuries of the upper and lower limbs, which impose considerable time and money to rehabilitate and cure. Identifying people at risk is possible through evaluating the movement patterns and individual performance. The Frohm functional test is one of the most comprehensive screening tools. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to compare the results of Frohm functional tests in injured and uninjured elite soccer players. 148 elite young soccer players participated in the present study in four groups of “without injury”, “upper limb”, “ankle”, and “knee” injury. The injuries were confirmed through Fuller's questionnaire and with the approval from the team's doctor and coach. Nine performance tests were taken from them. Then, in order to compare test scores between football players with and without injury, Kruskal-Wallis statistical method was used and logistic regression was used to predict the injury report from the test. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that injury caused a significant decrease in deep squat test, one-legged squat test, in-line lunge test, active hip flexion test, seated rotation test, functional shoulder mobility test, total score (P = 0.001), and push-up test (P = 0.004) in elite soccer players with and without injuries. Besides, the results of multivariable regression in soccer players with and without history of injury showed that one-legged squat test [odds ratio (OR) = 11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.66-32.99] and deep squat test (OR = 13.751, 95% CI = 5.186-36.462) could predict injury report in soccer players. Frohm nine-test screening battery can predict injury reports and these tests can be effective for pre-season screening to predict injury, eliminate possible injuries, and increase sports performance of athletes.

The effects of injuries and stress from coronavirus on people in the community may affect various dimensions, including lifestyle, quality of life, mental and physical health. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of static and dynamic balance, quality of life, and the rate of musculoskeletal pain between healthy and COVID-19 disease individuals.

The present study was descriptive and comparative causal. The statistical population of the present study was people with a history of coronavirus and healthy people aged 20-30 years. The subjects were selected from Qom, Tehran, and Mashhad, each of which included 40 people with coronavirus (20 males and 20 females), 40 healthy individuals (20 males and 20 females). They were divided into two groups: patient and healthy. In this study, modified stork and Y balance tests were used to evaluate the performance of static and dynamic balance, respectively. The Nordic questionnaire was used to assess the rate of musculoskeletal pain, and the SF-36 questionnaire was used to evaluate the quality of life.

The independent t-test showed a significant difference between static and dynamic balance variables and quality of life between the two groups (P<0.05), and healthy individuals showed higher scores in balance tests and better performance in the quality of life. The results of the Mann–Whitney U test showed that in the values ​​related to musculoskeletal pain in the neck, shoulders, upper back, elbows, wrist, lower back, thighs, knees, ankles in the last seven days between the two groups, there was a significant difference between men and women (P<0.05) so that people with coronavirus recorded more pain. Also, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the rate of musculoskeletal pain in the last twelve months (P<0.05).

It is suggested that the present study results be used to increase the general information of the community. People with coronavirus and even healthy people during quarantine and exposure to this disease should pay special attention to physical fitness and the amount of musculoskeletal pain in different parts of the body to keep their physical and mental fitness and quality of life at the optimal level.

Kinesio-Taping (KT) is a new therapeutic approach for Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (SIS), which is common in swimmers. This study was performed to investigate the short- and long-term effects of KT on shoulder pain and functional stability in swimmers with SIS.

In this quasi-experimental study (randomized control trial), 28 swimmers with SIS were randomly allocated to the taping and control group. We used the Davis test and Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (UQYBT) to assess the functional stability of the shoulder girdle and also the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) to assess pain. The data were gathered in three time points: pre-test, 20 minutes, and 72 hours after the procedure. For statistical analysis, we used repeated-measures analyses of variance with a significance level of α<0.05. The analyses were done in SPSS.

The results showed that the taping group had a significantly improved in Davis test and UQYBT in the follow-up and the post-test and also significantly improved in VAS in the post-test compared to the control group. Also, the mean scores of pain, UQYBT, and Davis tests in the follow-up were significantly improved. The mean scores of the UQYBT and Davis test in the post-test were significantly better than those in the pre-test in the taping group (P=0.001). However, there was no significant difference between any of the time points in the control group (P<0.05).

Given the results, KT can provide a basis for reducing pain and improving the functional stability of the shoulder girdle of swimmers with SIS. KT can be used as a complementary treatment technique in people with shoulder impingement syndrome and prevent possible injuries in the area.

Aggression is one of the most common problems among children who struggle with this behavioral problem during COVID-19 quarantine and negatively affects their quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of regular exercise on aggression and quality of life of students during coronavirus quarantine.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design that was conducted in the academic year 2020-2021. The present study population consisted of girl students aged 10-12 years in Mahmoud Abad city of Mazandaran, of which 40 people were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (20 people) and control (20 people). Before and after the training sessions (12 sessions, three sessions per week for 45 minutes), the subjects completed the Aggression and Quality of Life Questionnaires. Independent-Samples T-Test and Paired-Samples T-Test statistical methods were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in research variables between the two groups after four weeks of regular training (P<0.05). Regular exercise in children caused a significant decrease in aggression score and a significant increase in quality of life score after exercise in the experimental group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the control group (P>0.05).

The results showed the positive effect of online regular sports activity during the coronavirus quarantine, on increasing the quality of life and reducing the level of aggression of girl students. It is suggested that appropriate and attractive sports activities in all schools of the country be performed virtually in all educational levels on a regular basis.

This study aimed to examine Musculoskeletal Pains (MPs) among newly admitted university students and investigate the effect of gender differences on the prevalence of MPs.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 2641 university students (1303 men, 1338 women). The study data were collected from the Health Center of the University of Tehran in the fall of 2019. Musculoskeletal pains in students were examined using the Nordic questionnaire. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the Chi-squared test.

The highest prevalence rates of MPs in the past 12 months, past 7 days, and problems that inhibited routine activities in the past 12 months were reported in the neck area (13.4%, 5.8%, and 10.5%, respectively), and the lowest rates in the elbow (1.5%, 0.6%, and 1%, respectively). Findings also indicated a significant difference between men and women regarding MPs in the neck and shoulders in all three items of the Nordic questionnaire (P<0.05).

Based on these results, it is necessary to prevent musculoskeletal pains, especially in the neck and back, among the newly admitted students to the university.

Perturbation training is a type of exercise in which participants frequently experience loss of balance to practice and improve control of balance reactions. Due to postural control impairment in blind people, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 4-week perturbation-based balance training on risk of falling, movement function, and balance in people with visual impairment.

In the current, 30 men with absolute visual impairment were randomly divided into control (n=15) and experimental (n=15) groups. The experimental group performed perturbation exercises for four weeks and three sessions per week for 60 minutes. To evaluate the static balance of the modified stork test, the dynamic balance of the Berg balance tests, the movement function of the Tinetti test, and the fall risk of the functional reach test before and after the training intervention were used. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance at the level of α=0.05.

The results showed that the experimental group had an increase in the mean scores of static balance (P=0.001), dynamic balance (P=0.001), movement function (P=0.001), and decreased risk of falling (P=0.001) and is significantly better than the control group. Also, in the post-test, the findings of intragroup changes showed that the experimental group had a more significant effect on increasing balance, increasing movement function, and decreasing the rate of falling than the control group (P<0.05).

According to the results of the present study, the use of perturbation exercises improves balance, increases the level of movement function, and reduces the risk of falling in blind people. Due to the positive effects of exercises and the benefits of this type of rehabilitation, it is recommended that this rehabilitation program be performed on the blind and visually impaired. Sports instructors are advised to use the balance-based perturbation exercises in this study and other exercises for people with visual impairment to increase their fitness.

Nowadays, knowing the kinematic changes of lower limb joint angles in jump-landing tasks can provide useful information to prevent lower limb injuries in people with flat foot. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the kinematics of landing of athletes with flat and natural soles using landing error scoring system.

In the present study, 26 male athletes with flat foot and 26 male athletes with normal arch of the foot participated. The arch of the foot was measured by using the staheli index. Based on this index, values of 0.89> SI > 0.53 as normal foot and SI > 0.89 as flatfoot were evaluated and quantified. Kinematic data were recorded using motion capture cameras. The test used in the present study was landing error scoring system. Independent t-test was used to evaluate the mean difference in dependent variables between the two groups of healthy and flat-footed anomalies and Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the distribution of variables. All statistical tests were performed by SPSS software version 20 at 95% confidence interval with P value less than or equal to 0.05.

The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the research groups in the jump-landing test (LESS) in that the flat-bottomed group showed higher scores (poorer performance) than the normal arch of the foot group(P> 0.05).

Based on the results of the jump-landing test (LESS), it can be concluded that changes in the position of the arch of the foot and therefore in the alignment of the body, probably affect the angles of the lower limb joints during daily activities and sports, which can change the pattern of damage.