mohammad mahmoodikia

Given the pivotal significance of Imam Khomeini’s thoughts in the development of post-Revolution political order and his multifaceted scientific personality, in this research study we intend to review his mystical, ethical and philosophical works to find an appropriate answer to the following main question: What are the mystical, ethical and philosophical fundamentals in Imam Khomeini’s intellectual system? The findings of this paper obtained through Skinner's Methodology of Intentional Hermeneutics indicate that in his analysis of epistemology, Imam Khomeini considers it as a graded phenomenon. Since mankind’s scope of epistemology is restricted to natural science, he believes in the necessity of religion and the need for sending messengers. As a result of this attitude, he believes in a wide spectrum of sources for cognition such as rational sources, sacred text and intuitional sources. In terms of ontology, Imam Khomeini follows Mulla Sadra’s transcendental philosophy and a graded order in the universe. He considers all creatures as manifestations of God created in His name and based on Divine fitra (nature). As in terms of anthropology, Imam Khomeini addresses human being in his highest ever stage, i.e. most perfect creature, vicegerent of God on earth, and manifestation of a perfect human. Introducing a double-fitra theory in man’s self, i.e. spiritual fitra veiled in nature and unveiled spiritual fitra, he argues that the first is one of the armies of ignorance and the source of wickedness and the latter is an army of reason and a factor for human salvation. In methodology, too, Imam Khomeini believes in multiple methods and using each method of epistemology within its scope of applicability.

Considering the tremendous and accelerated changes in the field of communication technologies and the consequent change in the methods, tools and methods of communication between people on the one hand, as well as the continuous onslaught of the western media stream and their ceaseless efforts to create a distorted image of the nature and also The goals of the internal and external policy of the Islamic system, this research seeks to provide a way of thinking through which the possibility of reorganizing the official media of the Islamic Republic - with the aim of improving the level of the effectiveness of its media and propaganda action - will be provided. For this purpose, the researcher tries to answer the question of how to overcome the challenges facing the media action of the official media of the Islamic Republic of Iran by using the method of thematic analysis and its application to expert interviews. Naturally, providing an answer to this question requires knowing the weak points, drawing the situation of an ideal media action and providing operational solutions for this purpose. The elite community consists of 8 professors in the field of communication, who were selected with the logic of theoretical saturation. The upcoming research includes 20 themes in the dimension of recognizing the problematic aspect of the challenge in official media action, 79 themes in the formation of the challenge situation, 14 themes in the drawing of the ideal situation and 47 operational solutions to improve the quality level of official media action in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The dynamic nature of the developments in the Southwest Asia region, as well as the formation of new security polarizations in it, adds to the complexities of the future order and patterns of cooperation and conflict in this strategic region. The dual formation of the rival axis of resistance and the axis of compromise is one of the most prominent manifestations of the order-making trends in this region. The outcome of which can lead to the formation of a new geopolitical order with different rules of action. This research seeks to investigate the effects of these new patterns of relations between regional actors (problem statement). Using a combined method of elite interviews and thematic analysis (research method), the researcher seeks to provide an answer to the main question of the research: What are the strengths and weaknesses of the rival dualism of resistance and compromise in the reconstruction of the regional order? A detailed understanding of how the said bipolar affects, requires knowing how the power is distributed in the region, the depressing features, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of each of the mentioned axes (research question). In this research, 58 themes in understanding the changes in the components that shape the action environment, 78 themes in explaining the challenges of resistance and 114 themes in explaining the challenges of compromise have been counted (research findings).

Given the pivotal significance of Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi in the aftermath of the Arab revolutions in 2011, his prominent status among Muslim Brotherhood supporters, and his interactions with the Syrian government during this time, we have devised a research approach that combines comparative research methodology for analysis with library and documentary studies to gather information and address the research questions. The results of this study suggest that his political stance on the Syrian crisis contradicts the epistemological, ontological, anthropological, and methodological underpinnings that govern his Islamist discourse. This demonstrated that he has strayed from the primary frameworks of his political Islam discourse, despite his moderate stance prior to the aforementioned developments. Overall, it appears that Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi is swayed by political movements and groups, the absence of an accurate political vision, and the inflammatory atmosphere that followed the Arab Spring. Additionally, the historical experience of the Brotherhood in Syria, the opportunity presented by the Arab Spring, and the protests in Syria all play a role in shaping his perspective. He regarded it as an appropriate venue for overthrowing the governing authority in that country and instituting a system of governance based on the Brotherhood's discourse.

The political and social developments in the past decades in the Middle East developments have created considerable challenges for Iran's foreign policy developments have created considerable challenges for Iran’s foreign policy. This paper intends to find an appropriate answer to the following main question: “What has been the nature of Iran’s foreign policy challenges during the past decade due to the emergence of a new order in the Middle East?” This study’s approach is based on the tradition of critical-intellectual causal layered analysis (CLA) of Sohail Inayatullah and its methodology is synthetic, i.e. we have used meta-analysis method (content analysis) and deductive approach for clarification of causes of challenges in various layers. The findings of this research indicate that in the Middle East new order, the challenges in Iran’s foreign policy are of multi-construct and multilayer nature and each layer consists a wide spectrum of key factors and components. As such, in the topmost layer, change in patterns of cooperation and regional conflict, security issues, conflict of interest between major players, particularly the United States and Iran plus a bunch of other issues have their roots in the country’s internal system’s layer that plays a key role in formation of the said challenges. At the discursive level, the conflict between combatant political Islam discourse and normalization discourse, and, at mythical level such components as international peace, chaos creation, and technological threat play a crucial role in creation of challenges. Such multilayered insight into the political phenomenon can prepare the grounds for creation of a strategic and systematic thought in the country’s foreign policy acts.

Given that Qatar, as one of the richest countries in the Arab world, with the support of the Muslim Brotherhood and under the influence of Brotherhood ideas, is an active and influential activist in security processes in the Middle East, on the one hand, also the influence of foreign policy orientations. On the security and national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran, this study uses the process tracking method to provide an answer to the question of how the Brotherhood's Islamist model has affected Qatar's foreign policy action and what consequences this impact has on the cooperation model. Or is there a conflict in the Persian Gulf region?The findings of this study indicate that the Qatari Brotherhood's Islamist discourse in the field of foreign policy, in addition to providing financial support, through media support through the Al Jazeera media group and the pursuit of the Qatari renaissance project, has been most prominent and this has led to There have been various consequences for regional order and security, such as the restriction and Arab siege of the country, the resurgence of Salafi jihadist Islamist groups, and the intensification of regional conflict patterns and trends.

A proper recognition and permanent understanding (ijtihad) in the foundations of Imam Khomeini's political thought as a software for politics and government in post-revolutionary Iran is considered essential for the continuation of the growth path of the Islamic Revolution, and any negligence towards it can lead to a deviation in the order of thought, to the corruption of the inner nature. The political system will also be dragged. Therefore, the identification of the factors that can somehow be effective on the non-recognition of near to reality of Imam Khomeini's thoughts has been chosen as the goal of this research.

This research, using the qualitative method of "research after the event", seeks to identify those mental factors that can be effective in recognizing the incorrectness of Imam Khomeini's political thought. By accepting the precondition that it is possible to obtain frameworks for understanding the goals and intentions of the author from the text, the author tries to identify those mental concepts that are effective in understanding the Imam's political thought by using the theory of hermeneutics.

The findings of this research indicate that at least 10 mental factors can be effective in shaping these incorrect ideas in understanding Imam Khomeini's political thought, which include: ideological writing of political thought, imposition of theory on thought, sainthood, one-dimensional view of thought, Lack of differentiation between political thought and political opinions, modernism, lack of theoretical development of thought, epistemological view of power and politics, lack of attention to the context and situation in the processing of thought and lack of attention to the external reality of each thought.

Epistemic challenges and mental concepts have a significant role in shaping the interpreter's understanding space and can act as a prior and default factor and study and re-read the phenomenon based on it.

Human rights violations in the Islamic Republic of Iran are one of Iran's main challenges to the international system, and a wide range of human rights issues have been raised in the form of Special Rapporteurs' reports, UN Secretary-General's reports, and UN General Assembly resolutions. Therefore, considering the dominance of neoliberal institutionalism logic over the existing world order, and the central position of the United Nations in the established order, this study uses the method of documentary review, examines human rights claims against the Islamic Republic of Iran and proposes possible scenarios and operational strategies. To overcome the challenge situation, it deals with three levels: short-term, medium-term and long-term. The findings of this study indicate that although some aspects and contexts of the challenge are rooted in discourse elements as well as different metaphorical language of Iranian human rights discourse and the international system, however, there are several ways to minimize human rights tensions between Iran. And there is an international system and while preserving Islamic and Iranian values in the field of human rights, it is possible to prevent human rights claims and create international challenges for the country

Trying to implement an efficient model of governance based on Iranian Islamic political culture and indigenous values has always been one of the concerns of thinkers and planners of the Islamic system. Accordingly, many theoretical efforts have been made to achieve this goal, which has been published in the form of writing dozens of articles, books, and academic research. However, we are not yet witnessing the realization of an efficient local model of good governance, and institutional and structural dysfunctions are still the Achilles' heel of this realization. Accordingly, using the background of research literature and the application of meta-combined method, this article seeks to answer the question of what conceptual foundations the Iranian Islamic model of good governance is based on and what categories its explanatory theory is based on?The findings of this study indicate that the Iranian Islamic model of good governance based on categories such as "ensuring worldly and otherworldly happiness of society", "one-sided view of the good governance model of the Western paradigm to man and weakness and inadequacy in domestic political culture." "The rule of reading modern jurisprudential Islam" and "realization of the model of religious democracy" is firm; Also, the higher central category that can be abstracted from the mentioned categories can be explained in the form of "realization of the ideal reference model of governance in the light of modern reading, based on modern requirements, and comprehensive of jurisprudential Islam

Due to the slow and fruitless process of Turkey's accession negotiations with the European Union and the withdrawal of this issue from the priority of Turkish foreign policy and the efforts of the Turkish Islamist government to increase its regional power and activity in the Middle East, has led to government actions. Turkey's domestic issues, particularly those of opposition groups, as well as domestic reform movements such as the Fethullah Gulen movement, have led to the formation of various human rights claims against the country in the European Council's human rights forums.The aim of this study is to examine the role of human rights norms in the relations between Turkey and the Council of Europe. Therefore, the researcher has used the thinking method of Soheil Enayatullah to study the human rights challenges between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Turkey during the rule of Islamists. The findings of this study indicate that human rights conflicts between us are rooted at different levels. It has causes, and the more we move to the inner level of the challenge, the fewer possible alternatives to resolve conflicts, and the more fundamental the level of challenge becomes.

Considering that history has always been a battleground between the two fronts of infidelity and faith, therefore, both fronts have tried to increase their social power through mobilization of forces and staffing among their believers, and to achieve this, the method They have also pursued different ones for this purpose. Using the method of content analysis, this article seeks to provide an answer to the question of what methods have been used for staffing in the Front of Infidelity according to the verses of the Holy Qur'an, and what strategies can be used to overcome these methods can be presented? The findings of this study indicate that considering the diversity of believers in the infidel front, this movement has used various methods such as intimidation, bribery, fraud, skepticism and distortion for this purpose; The methods that each of them has been effective in attracting a part of the society to the current of infidelity. Based on the findings of this study, the proposed strategies to influence the empowering power of the infidel front are as follows: increasing the persuasive power of monotheistic thought, increasing the defense and deterrent power of society, increasing awareness of belief principles, increasing society's adherence to moral principles.

Considering the efforts made among Muslim thinkers to provide an indigenous and religious model of progress in Islamic societies and the need to preserve and protect the cultural and civilizational heritage of Islam, on the one hand and the consequences of each of these theoretical efforts in modeling In the field of action, on the other hand, in this research, we seek to provide an answer to the question that the model of progress in the thought of contemporary neo-Salafis ruling in the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf and mainly Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi is based on? This research, which was conducted using the Thomas Springs research method, while identifying five main factors in the problematic aspect of the idea of progress and also identifying the causes of its occurrence, discusses the drawing of an alternative utopia and the ways to achieve it. Overall, the findings of this study are based on the claim that contemporary Sufism, and in particular Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, seeks to provide a tolerant, interactive and dynamic reading of Islam that has the maximum capacity to adapt to the modern bio-model.In general, it seems that Qaradawi, as a Muslim thinker, tries to reconcile Islam with biomodern requirements and tries to present an interactive and tolerant image of Islam as well as redefine some Islamic concepts, the ground for the convergence and connection between Islam and Provided the contemporary world. Therefore, another feature of Qaradawi's reading of Islam that is influential in his reading of the issue of development is the field of expediency in the extent and permeability of Shari'a. He points out that the interest of the Shari'a scholars is different from the interest of the Westerners, which is based on profiteering and power-seeking. In his view, the expediency that Islamic law seeks to establish and maintain is far more pervasive and far-reaching than the narrow definition offered by Westerners. According to Qaradawi, the interest of Islam is not just an individual interest. Also, it is not only a social interest, but also the interest of individuals. He states that the interest on which the generalities and details of the Shari'a are based and the rules of which are observed, is the interest that encompasses the world and the hereafter and matter and spirit, and between the individual and society and the different classes of people and national interests and human interests.

The Kingdom of Qatar is one of the leading Islamic countries in the field of development, which has so far drafted two national development strategy documents for the period 2011-2016 and 2018-2022. On the other hand, given the growing influence of the Muslim Brotherhood on the structure of politics and power in this country, the purpose of this article is to provide an analytical answer to the question of how the Brotherhood's Islamist model played a role in shaping Qatar's national development model.

Given that the Muslim Brotherhood in Qatar has refused to publish many of its strategic documents and the Brotherhood in Qatar is in a position like a black box, therefore, the exploratory aspect of the article will be prominent. The article uses an analytical-descriptive method to provide a detailed description of how the Brotherhood's Islamist reading influences the construction of a local model of development in Qatar.

The findings of the study indicate that the Brotherhood thought in five areas: "approach to religion", "approach to progress", "religious foundations of progress", "examples of religion in the pattern of progress", and "the role of ecology on the pattern of development" is influential in building a model of development in this country and is trying to provide a model of bio-faith compatible with bio-modern requirements to other Islamic societies.

It seems that the Brotherhood leaders in Qatar are trying to introduce Qatar as a model in the field of Islamist reading and thus help it to spread to other parts of the Islamic world.

National resilience is one of the issues that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years; One of the research concerns of political scientists has been the extent to which international systems can withstand international pressures and based on what indicators they can withstand and how they can return to their systemic equilibrium. Considering the application of a complex system of international sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran, this article seeks to examine the factors influencing the country's national resilience in the international arena.For this purpose, using the thematic analysis method, the existing literature was examined and all existing works in the field of research, including books, articles and doctoral thesis, were examined, which according to three indicators: The scientific validity of the place of publication, 17 research works were selected and studied.The findings of this study indicate that the basic components of Iran's resilience to the International Sanctions Organization are the three areas of discourse, Iran's actions and the environmental characteristics of the international system. The main claim of this study is that each of these components has strong and constructive aspects, as well as reducing and destructively affecting national resilience. Economic, strengthening good governance, strengthening military deterrence, strengthening social capital, strengthening resistance discourse, making maximum use of multilateralist capacities in the international system, and weakening aspects of national resilience such as the spread of corruption in the national economy, and Western coalition power against Iran Find.

The dramatic developments of recent decades and the ever-increasing technological revolution, have made the world more than ever a network of transnational interactions with a dynamic and interactive nature, the waves of which have permeated all aspects of human individual and social life. A trait that moves with unbelievable power towards homogenization, assimilation, and integration, and reproduces a global and Western culture. On the other hand, Islamic societies have experienced various crises such as identity crisis, legitimacy crisis, class conflict and cultural crisis due to direct and passive contact with the powerful waves of globalization. However, not all of these ideologies have succeeded in providing an effective and acceptable response and consensus to the consequences of the post-globalization crises; Religious democracy as a model of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, despite its short life, due to its connection to the long-standing tradition of religious rationalism, can be an effective alternative to overcome these crises, of course, also enjoys flexibility, repairability and localization to other aspects of Islamic societies.The findings of this study indicate that in contrast to this kind of homogenizing and integrative arrangements of globalization, the model of religious democracy as a religious model and in accordance with the normative system of Islamic societies, a model with high capacities to protect indigenous and Islamic values of these societies.

With the end of World War II and the considerable amount of human suffering left, human rights became one of the most important common norms of the contemporary international system, and all international actors sought to establish institutions at the regional level in addition to creating common global norms. Through it, they can also legislate to uphold local human rights norms. In the meantime, European countries, in the form of their fledgling institutionalisms, sought to institutionalize them extensively and chose human rights as the cornerstone of their foreign policy. The Islamic world, in the form of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, has established the normative system of Islamic human rights.However, due to differences in epistemological and ontological foundations in the formulation of these human rights systems, we are witnessing normative conflicts between the West and the Islamic world, and the West is trying to use human rights as a tool to put pressure on Islamic countries.This study seeks to investigate the commonalities and differences in Islamic and European normative systems by using a comparative method. Accordingly, in addition to enumerating the human rights norms emphasized by the parties, the researcher examines the shaping causes of these conflicts. Finally, it offers solutions to the human rights challenge

The outbreak of the coronavirus has raised the question of whether it is possible to transfer power from the West to the East and form a new world order based on China-centric Eastern values.Using the power cycle theory in response to this question, this article argues that given the current trends in the relative decline of US regulatory and hegemonic power in the international arena, as well as China's rise as an emerging power in the international arena. , The international system seems to be witnessing a period of transition and transfer of power from west to east; However, this transfer of power is a gradual process, and China does not currently have all the resources and capabilities to become a hegemonic power. Issues such as the yuan's influence and parity against the dollar in the international economy, the attractiveness and universality of Chinese values, human rights, civil liberties, and China's controlling system are among the most important issues influencing the speed of the power cycle.

During the last decade, various works have been published in the field of humanities regarding the Iranian Islamic model of progress. This article has tried to present the findings of these researches using the meta-synthesis method, coherent and comprehensive theories on what and why this model offer. And to answer the question that using the composition of the findings of the works written about the Iranian Islamic Model of Progress (IIMP), what theory can be presented to explain the IIMP?The findings of this study indicate that this model was formed in response to solving the problems of the political system of the IR.Iran and the root of the problem is the lack of theoretical coherence regarding the role of Iranian Islamic components in the development of Islamic anthropology. And accept the emphasis on the relationship between religion and development, in which "strengthening the Islamic political-jurisprudential reading", "efficient provincial jurisprudential democracy", "economic power", strengthening religious and national identity and "alignment with science and technology" are the main categories extracted from the findings. The abstract concept of these meta-categories can be considered as "coherent and theoretical plans for the promotion of national and international power of the Islamic Republic of Iran." In fact, the model is a roadmap to move towards the promotion of national and international power of Islamic Iran, and although it does not seek to change the goals, ideals and an important part of the existing structures, but has a reformist approach and seeks to eliminate weaknesses and theoretical gaps.

With the coming of the fifth generation of Chinese leaders following the eighteenth congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, we are witnessing the adoption of new strategies for China's foreign policy orientation. The idea of ​​one road one belt by Chinese President Xi Jin Ping, as well as the country's decision to grant facilities and financial assistance for the economic revival of the Arab countries, shows a shift in China's foreign policy strategies in the new era.The Islamic Republic of Iran, as one of the most powerful actors in the Middle East region, plays a strategic role in China's foreign policy. This article seeks to answer the question of which model of foreign policy of the fifth generation of the Chinese leadership toward the Middle East, and in particular the Islamic Republic of Iran? The findings of the study indicate that China's foreign policy action model toward Iran, is mediation policy, and it is trying to avoid confronting other powers in the region, especially the United States, to ensure the stability of the flow of energy exports Iran to China, to maximize its economic interests and increase its political and economic security in the region through Iran

The issue of thinking about the pattern of development in Islamic countries has always been one of the intellectual concerns of Muslim thinkers and politicians, and each of them, in accordance with their ecological characteristics as well as the way of looking at progress and religion, have reproduced a local pattern of progress. The construction of various models of progress has led to the Islamic world. This research with a descriptive-comparative method and with the aim of examining the differences and differentiation of development-oriented thinking patterns in leading Islamic countries, tries to compare these patterns based on 5 components: "Attitude toward progress", "Attitude towards religion", "Fundamentals" Religious Pattern of Progress "," Examples of Religion in the Field of Progress "and" The role of atmosphere on the Pattern of Progress "in Iran, Turkey and Malaysia and answer the question that the approach to progress and its relationship with religion in thought-oriented progress What are the differences and similarities between the three countries?The findings of this study indicate that, first, the patterns of thinking about progress under the influence of indigenous religions and traditions have introduced a range of patterns of indigenous Islamic progress among the thinkers of those countries, and second, despite some fundamental differences, these patterns Approaches to religion and progress are approaching each other and all are seeking a selective benefit from the manifestations of progress and Western civilization and modernity focused on their native conditions and are repeating common experiences in various political, economic and social fields.

Human Rights Challenges One of the most marginal challenges of the last two decades between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the poles of power in the contemporary international system, which has led to many restrictions on Iran's action power in the international system. Focusing on Iran's human rights challenges with the European Union, the study seeks to identify the main themes of the challenge, as well as the European Union's human rights claims against the human rights situation in Iran, as well as the application of thematic analysis.The findings of the study indicate that three factors: "the dominance of Islamic values in Iran", "Iran's efforts to challenge the human rights values of the liberal order", and "Iran's efforts to strengthen the internal structure of power" caused challenges. From this perspective, Iran seeks to consolidate its religious and Islamic identity, and the emergence of challenges in issues such as the implementation of sharia law, as well as the refusal to criminalize homosexuality, is rooted in this issue. On the other hand, Iran seeks to provide an alternative model of human life in the contemporary world based on spiritualism and theism, one of the tools of which is to challenge and discredit the values and norms of contemporary liberal order. And, Iran's efforts to strengthen the nation-building and state-building processes at home are backed up, each of which leads to friction with some Western human rights norms.

Although one of the components of Iran’s foreign policy conduct is making efforts to strengthen regional convergence, it is faced with many challenges due to the security constraints in the region. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question of whether it is possible to realize the idea of regionalism in the Persian Gulf region. The hypothesis of the research indicates that as a result of such factors as the existence of sustained patterns of hostility, structural dependence of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf on trans-regional powers especially the United States, the undemocratic nature of the Arab state of the Persian Gulf, the way in which religion and politics interacts, the existence of ideological, strategic and geopolitical rivalries between the regional countries, there is no prospect of achieving a pattern of sustainable cooperation and integration. The continuation of this process will deepen the existing divergence in the region and will lead to an escalation of the security bottleneck and, as a result, to further militarization of the Persian Gulf region.

This research attempts to answer this questions that what is the ratio between ideology and pragmatism in the Iran's Foreign Policy? And, which of this is more authentic in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The result showed that although in many countries values and ideologies are influential in some way in the practice of foreign policy, these values and ideologies ​​have a significant contribution to the policy and implementation of the foreign policy of Iran. In fact, despite the prevailing view that Iran's foreign policy is a pragmatic policy, the main hypothesis of this study is that the essence of Iran's foreign policy is ideological and the pragmatic approach to foreign policy -is based on the existence of conflicting interests in the international system and the constraints in national power sources- can be comprehend based on a tactical approach rather than strategic approach. This research with using a descriptive analytical method and library resources seek to examine the ratio of ideology and pragmatism in Iran's foreign policy behavior in the framework of a triple interactive model including national interests, ideological preferences, and the nature and structure of the international system.

Human rights challenges have always been a source of pressure on Iran over the past four decades. This article, with using a causal layered analysis and in a hybrid way, explores the causes of these challenges in four levels of Litany, empirical, Discourse and Mythological analysis, as well as offering suggested strategies to deal with them in each layer. According to the findings of the research, in the first layer of the causes, Litany, we see a media controversy as well as an advertising magnification, the most identified in the first layer on issues such as executions, women's rights and their coverage, minority rights, journalists, and political activists Returns. In the second layer, based on the study of academic work and research, various causes such as political, legal, technological causes, cultural causes were identified. In the third layer, the role of the West-based discourse in the global system as well as the West-backed discourse was raised in the surrounding countries, and in the fourth layer, it was pointed out to factors such as the myth of humanism, liberalism, and pluralism. Finally, short-term, medium-term and long-term strategies were identified in order to identify the causes in each layer.

Using analytical-descriptive method, this research seeks to answer the following questions: What is the social and institutional context of political Islam, and how did the emergence of this phenomenon in world politics affect international relations? In response to these questions, the parameters such as modernity, the nature of the political system, and the political, social and economic characteristics governing Muslim countries as well as the advent of the Islamic Revolution are viewed among the most important social and institutional roots of the rise of political Islam. Also about its effects on the international system this research emphasized the distinction between the behavior of the national governments and the subnational groups in pursuit of Islamist ideals and principles. It is argued that the more interactive approach is seen in the behavior of the Islamist national governments, and more confrontational behavior were manifested in the actions of the subnational groups. It is indicated that the Islamist demands and moves as long as they are susceptible to be pursued through the channels of the official actors of the international system tend to be more interactive. Conversely, due to incompatibility with the values and rules of the international system, the subnational groups struggle to challenge the international system that could lead to further international instability.