mohammadreza ahmadi

Motor control disorder in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (NSCLBP) can change the plantar pressure distribution, increase the spine loading, and lead to the development of NSCLBP. The present study aimed to determine the effect of adding pain neuroscience education to motor control exercises in water and dry environments on plantar pressure distribution symmetry in women with NSCLBP.

This clinical trial was conducted in 2024 at Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan. Sixty women with NSCLBP were conveniently selected and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (n=30). The experimental group received motor control exercises in water and land environments along with neuroscience education for 4 weeks, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Pain intensity, kinesiophobia, and plantar pressure distribution were assessed in the pre-test and post-test stages. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to analyze the data.

Comparison of the results between the groups showed that there was a significant difference in pain reduction (p<0.001), kinesiophobia (p<0.001), and improvement in plantar pressure distribution symmetry in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Combination of neuroscience education and motor control exercises over a 4-week period significantly reduced pain intensity and kinesiophobia with a medium effect size and improved the plantar pressure distribution symmetry. Therefore, it is suggested that physiotherapists consider the mentioned exercises for the rehabilitation of patients with NSCLBP Keywords: Chronic non-specific low back pain, Plantar pressure distribution, Motor control, Pain neuroscience training, Hydrotherapy

Funding: This study did not have any funds.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
Ethical considerations: The Ethics committee of Bu-Ali Sina University approved the study (IR.BASU.REC.1402.095).
Authors’ contributions:- Conceptualization: Ali Yalfani, Fatemeh Sori
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Ali Yalfani, Fatemeh Sori
- Data collection: Fatemeh Sori, Mohammadreza Ahmadi, Azadeh Asgarpoor
- Formal analysis: Fatemeh Sori, Mohammadreza Ahmadi, Azadeh Asgarpoor
- Supervision: Ali Yalfani
- Project administration: Ali Yalfani
- Writing – original draft: Ali Yalfani
- Writing – review & editing: Fatemeh Sori, Mohammadreza Ahmadi, Azadeh Asgarpoor





Citation: Sori F, Yalfani A, Ahmadi MR, Asgarpoor A. The Effect of Adding Pain Neuroscience Education to Motor Control Exercises in Water and Dry Environments on Plantar Pressure Distribution Symmetry in Women with Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Trial.  J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2025; 23 (12): 1076-92. [Farsi]

Vertical ground reaction force (Vertical ground reaction force; VGRF) is a kinetic variable that plays an important role in developing patellofemoral pain (Patellofemoral pain; PFP). This clinical trial aimed to determine the effect of hip and knee strengthening exercises along with gait retraining on VGRF and loading rate in women with PFP while walking.

In this clinical trial, 40 women with PFP were enrolled and randomly assigned to experimental (n=20) and control groups (n=20). In the experimental group, the patients received the relevant intervention for 8 weeks. The patients in the control group did not receive any intervention. Pain intensity, fear of movement, quadriceps muscle strength, hip abductor, hip extensor, VGRF components, and loading rate were the variables of this research which were evaluated in pre-test and post-test. Data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

The results showed that there was a significant effect in the experimental group compared to the control group in pain intensity, fear of movement, quadriceps muscle strength, hip abductor muscle strength, hip extensor muscle strength, first force peak, valley, second force peak, and loading rate (p<0.001).

It appears that 8 weeks of hip and knee muscle strengthening exercises along with gait retraining can decrease pain intensity and fear of movement and increase muscle strength, and subsequently the first and second peak forces increase and the loading rate and valley decrease. It is recommended to combine strengthening exercises with movement pattern retraining to obtain better clinical results in the rehabilitation of women with PFP.

The present study was developed to provide a model for the role of family in nurturing children's social lifestyle from the perspective of Islamic sources (Qur'an and Hadith) with an individual psychology approach. This qualitative study has focused on extracting components and drawing the mentioned model by gathering information in a documentary way, non-random and purposeful sampling, and data analysis using the grounded theory method with open, axial, and selective coding and finally specifying core category. According to the individual psychology approach, which presents human beings as social and useful type for society as having a healthy lifestyle and by referring to the Quran and Islamic hadiths and by purposive sampling based on the principle of saturation,  145primary open codes,  28 axial codes and finally, according to the dimensions of the creating conditions, strategies and consequences,  5 selective codes explaining the components of the family role model in nurturing children's social lifestyle with an individual psychology approach and centered on one core category, titled “Social education on the path to being useful to others” was extracted from Islamic sources. These components were evaluated by 11 humanities and psychology experts and analyzed using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Experts assessed the validity of the components as favorable (CVI= 0/92). Finally, according to the obtained components, model of the role of family in nurturing children's social lifestyle from the perspective of Islamic sources with an individual psychology approach and the core category of social education on the path to being useful to others was designed.

The present study aims to achieve the components of Jihadi motivation in Islamic sources with emphasis on the ideas of the Supreme Leader, Grand Ayatollah Khamenei. The method used in this research was qualitative analysis of the content of religious texts which is used to understand and deduce psychological teachings from Islamic sources. For this purpose, first the verses and narrations related to the discussion of Jihadi motivation were extracted using the keywords Jihad and struggle and then using the Supreme Leader's statements and sayings related to Jihadi motivation (including the keywords such as Jihadi work, Jihadi spirit, Jihadi management, struggle, and other correlative areas) fifteen components for Jihadi motivation were identified, including lasting faith, sincerity, subservience to wilayah, religious zeal, readiness for sacrifice, trust, self-confidence, discipline, perseverance, risk-taking, creativity, hope, understanding the hostile challenge, rationality and prudence. Then, in the next step, these components were approved by experts and categorized in the form of three factors including insight (cognitive), tawalla and tabarra ,(tendency) and ambition (personality). According to this research, Jihadi motivation can be considered as a special type of intrinsic motivation that is focused on specific goals and is supported by a divine tendency.

Urbanization and air pollution, especially in megacities, are major issues today. Understanding the factors contributing to this problem is crucial, and reducing the associated risks is a top priority for city and country officials. Arak City in Iran is one of the most polluted cities in the country, with industrial activities being the main cause of pollution. This research aims to investigate the meteorological factors that contribute to the pollution potential of Arak City, including wind speed, temperature, pressure, precipitation, boundary layer height, vertical velocity of the atmosphere at the levels of 825, 700, and 500 mb, and air conditioning coefficient. The study ultimately confirms Arak City's reputation as one of the most polluted cities in Iran.

In this article, from the 20-year statistics of the Arak observation station (1380-1399) for the quantities of the earth's surface, including wind speed, temperature, pressure, and precipitation, as well as the 20-year data from 2001 to 2020, the reanalyzed data of Era5 from the database ECMWF has been used for upper-level quantities. To check other atmospheric quantities, including boundary layer height, wind speed in the upper atmosphere, and vertical wind at 825, 700, and 500 mb levels, Era5 reanalyzed data with a resolution of 0.25 degrees extracted from the ECMWF database were used.

The results indicated that low temperatures in the cold period of the year, as well as low night and morning temperatures in the cold months of the year, can cause temperature inversion and increase the retention potential of atmospheric pollutants. The average wind speed indicates the low and insignificant effect of the wind, especially in the cold days of the year and in the morning and night hours. Daily per capita rainfall of less than 1 mm did not have a significant effect in reducing pollutants. The investigation of meteorological quantities in the upper levels of the atmosphere showed that the height of the boundary layer fluctuates between 200 and 1400 m daily, which was less than 400 m from late November to January. Analysis of the vertical velocity at altitudes of 825 and 700 hPa revealed a downward movement during winter, autumn, and spring, while an upward trend was noted during daytime hours in the summer season. Furthermore, a descent was observed at the 500 hPa level throughout all seasons during nighttime hours, which is not as effective as the other two altitude levels. Examining the daily air ventilation coefficient also indicated its high fluctuations throughout the year from 800 to 7500 m2s-1. The number of hourly changes also indicated fluctuation in the range of 22000 to around zero. The maximum ventilation coefficient at 12 UTC was between 3000 and 20000 m2s-1. At 00:00, 03:00, and 21:00 UTC, the ventilation coefficient was less than 1500 m2s-1 on all days of the year. Also, according to the location of Arak and Shazand, there is a possibility of the transfer of atmospheric pollutants from Shazand to Arak, especially in spring, autumn, and winter.

Overall, the study of weather patterns at both ground level and in higher parts of the atmosphere highlights the risk of pollution buildup and low ventilation in Arak City, particularly during the colder months and during nighttime and early morning hours. As a result, it is important for policies to prioritize the establishment of low-pollution industries and the management of sources of pollution, especially during the aforementioned times.

This study investigates the effects of seed priming and micronutrient treatments on the growth and yield of maize, focusing on the single cross 704 cultivar in nutrient-deficient soils. A factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design was employed, with treatments including hydroprimed and non-hydroprimed seeds coated with various combinations of micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, FeZn, FeCu, ZnCu, and FeZnCu). Hydropriming involved soaking seeds in distilled water for 6 h, followed by air-drying, while seed coating used kaolinite clay and sugar beet molasses to apply micronutrients. Results revealed that hydroprimed seeds generally performed better across most measured traits, including fresh and dry weights of stem and leaves, number of leaves, and plant height, particularly when treated P-Zn. The combination of P-FeZnCu yielded the highest dry weights for stem and leaves, indicating a synergistic effect of these micronutrients. Non-primed seeds also showed positive responses, especially to NP-Fe, but overall performance was lower compared to primed seeds. Regression analysis highlighted the complex interactions between different micronutrient treatments. While some combinations, like Fe and Zn, exhibited significant positive effects, others, such as ZnCu and FeZnCu, demonstrated significant negative impacts, suggesting potential antagonistic interactions. These findings underscore the potential of seed priming and targeted micronutrient treatments to enhance maize growth and yield, particularly in soils with nutrient deficiencies. The study provides insights for optimizing agronomic practices and suggests that future research should focus on refining micronutrient combinations and concentrations to improve maize productivity in similar soil conditions.

The increasing development of tools producing data in different services and the need to store the results of large-scale processing results produced from various activities in the national information network services and also the data produced by the private sector and social networks, has made the migration to new databases solutions with appropriate features inevitable. With the expansion and change in the size and composition of data and the formation of big data, traditional practices and patterns do not meet new requirements. Therefore, the necessity of using information storage systems in new and scalable formats and models has become necessary. In this paper, the basic structural dimensions and different functions of both traditional databases and modern storage systems are reviewed and a new technical solution for migrating from traditional databases to modern databases is presented. Also, the basic features regarding the connection of traditional and modern databases for storing and processing data obtained from the comprehensive services of the national information network are presented and the parameters and capabilities of databases in the standard and Hadoop context are examined. In addition, as a practical example, a solution for combining traditional and modern databases has been presented, evaluated and compared using the BSC method. Moreover, it is shown that in different data sets with different data volumes, a combined use of both traditional and modern databases can be the most efficient solution.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a disorder in which a person is confronted with a host of stubborn thoughts and has to do certain things over and over again. The manifestation of washing in Islamic societies is often related to purity and impurity. In Islam, some substances are considered impure. Being a teacher is a religious rule that a Muslim must be free from impurities in order to perform certain acts of worship. Ignorance of the subtleties of this religious belief predisposes some people to this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the signs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on purity and impurity based on Islamic sources. For this purpose, this study was performed by descriptive-analytical method and the symptoms of this disorder were extracted. Findings showed that according to Islamic sources, this disorder has two specific criteria of excess in carrying out the commands of Sharia in the field of purity and impurity and extreme bias in understanding and comprehending the rules of Sharia and also has 4 common criteria

Supportive behavior is one of the basic branches in social psychology that affects other dimensions. This research aims to identify the components of supportive behavior in Islamic sources.

The current research involved content analysis. The study examined the concepts, principles, perspectives, beliefs, and all the mentioned elements within the framework of a text. In the first stage, the relevant concepts were collected, and in the second stage, the meanings and definitions of each of these concepts were identified through dictionaries, terminological books, and Islamic sources. The authors reported no conflict of interests in the present study.

The findings show that among the words related to supportive behavior in religious sources, there are some equivalents. Also, components such as having self-worth, not being afraid of poverty, believing in the return of actions to oneself and non-attachment on the material world can be considered for supportive behavior with a religious approach in improving life satisfaction.

The more supportive behavior a person has, the higher the degree of realization of the components in them. Therefore, you should try to decorate the mentioned components as much as possible in human society.

 Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is defined by a decrease in the internal diameter of one or both of the renal arteries. This can lead to renal insufficiency. RAS mostly occurs due to atherosclerosis; however, other conditions can cause this complication.

 We present a 66-year-old man who was initially presented with abrupt bilateral lower limbs and scrotal edema in Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Qom. The patient had been regularly visiting the nephrology clinic for mild CKD. Due to the increased levels of creatinine (Cr) and urea in serum, he underwent angiography with suspicion of RAS, and 99% stenosis was confirmed in the left renal artery. Immediately after the diagnosis, we subjected the patient to angioplasty. After removing the arterial stenosis, the patient passed 8 liters of urine during one day, and his symptoms, including generalized edema, weight gain, and dyspnea, were improved gradually. The patient was discharged after 8 days of hospitalization with dramatically improved kidney function and relatively good general conditions.

 This patient had an uncommon presentation for a unilateral RAS and significant narrowing in the healthy renal artery. Angioplasty and stenting yielded a satisfactory result as a definite and effective treatment, and the patient enjoyed a relatively normal life with preserved kidney function during 4 years of follow-up.

Low back pain is one of the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders, and it is the main cause of reduced performance and disability worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the effect of twelve weeks of yoga rehabilitation on selected subjective variables and the flexibility of the muscles in the lower back and hamstrings of women suffering from non-specific chronic back pain.

Twenty-eight women suffering from non-specific chronic back pain were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. Pain intensity, disability, stress level, depression, anxiety, and quality of life were measured using the Quebec, Oswestry, 21-question scale, and SF-36, respectively. The flexibility of the back and hamstring muscles was assessed using the flexibility box in the pre- and post-tests. The covariance test was used to analyze the data.

There were significant decreases in pain (p=0.001), disability (p=0.004), stress, anxiety, and depression (p=0.002), and a significant increase in some scales of quality of life, including physical performance (p=0.025), general health (p=0.043), and health change (p=0.003). There was also a significant increase in the flexibility of the muscles in the lower back and hamstrings (p=0.001).

Performing yoga exercises has a positive effect on the physical and psychological factors of individuals with non-specific chronic back pain. It seems that coaches, specialists, physiotherapists, and even individuals can use the yoga exercise protocol as an effective intervention method to improve and treat non-specific chronic back pain during the rehabilitation phase.

In this paper,, we study a new kind of exotic options called geometric Asian rainbow option on the Iranian stock market. At first, we choose two stocks from the Iranian stock market. Next, we present the price for the two-asset geometric Asian rainbow option under the fractional Brownian motion. Then, our sensitivity analysis of the model parameters such as the risk-free rate and Hurst exponent will be investigated. In addition, we study the effect of these parameters on the price of geometric Asian rainbow option and the results confirm the accuracy of our pricing model. Finally, we compare the price of the geometric Asian rainbow option with those of European, American and Asian analogs. The outcomes show that this new option has a cheaper price in comparison to the mentioned traditional options and also could work better in risk management. Therefore, it can be highly noticed by investors and financial agents.

This research has been done with the aim of developing a conceptual model of death awareness, based on religious texts and checking its validity. At first, with a qualitative approach with the strategy of "lexical search" by means of 39 related words, religious propositions were collected using targeted sampling and based on the principle of saturation in Islamic sources, and were analyzed using the method of qualitative analysis of the content of religious texts. Then, in order to ensure their compatibility with the content of religious texts on the one hand and its application in the field of psychology on the other hand, the validity of the findings was evaluated using the opinions of experts by 10 experts by calculating the content validity index (CVI) and the content validity ratio ( CVR) was investigated. The findings showed that the death  awareness is psychological construct, based on continuous attention to the truth of death in the framework of Islamic thought, which, as an all-encompassing, definitive, and mysterious phenomenon, gives divine meaning human life and causes peace and effective effort and provides for ultimate happiness. Also, by inferring from Islamic verses and narrations, the components of death  awareness, reached ten components: comprehensiveness,  certainty,  ambiguity,  peacefulness, meaning making, superiority of other world,  belief in resurrection day, accepting the death, thinking about death and continuous intention to it

Couples are the founders of the family and the family is the main pillar of the society, therefore the health and dynamics of the society depend on the health of the family and the couple. Since the purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and positive and negative emotions with attitudes toward extramarital relationships, considering the mediating role of religious orientation in couples on the verge of divorce, it is descriptive-correlational in terms of the type of research. The statistical population of the research was all the couples on the verge of divorce in Lar city of Fars province, and 200 people were selected as a sample using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. In this research, to measure the studied variables from the questionnaire of attitude towards infidelity (extramarital relations); Questionnaire of religious orientation, questionnaire of ineffective attitudes and questionnaire of positive and negative emotions were used.The findings show that there is a positive relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and negative emotions with extramarital relationships. The relationship between religious attitudes and extramarital relationships is negative, and there is no significant relationship between positive emotions and extramarital relationships.

Wild oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) belonging to the Labiate family is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran and the world. It is widely used in the medicinal, food, and health industries. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro culture of Iranian native oregano. Two experiments were designed to investigate the proliferation and rooting of this species. In the proliferation stage, benzyl adenine (BA) was used at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/l) along with 0.25 mg/l indole butyric acid (IBA). For the rooting stage, IBA at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/l) in combination with 0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was used. The results showed that BA caused a significant effect on the leaf number, the number of shoots, the shoot length, chlorophyll index, and the leaf dry weight. The highest number of leaves and shoots and the highest value of chlorophyll index were seen in the medium containing 1.5 mg/l. The longest shoot and the highest leaf dry weight were related to 1 mg/l BA. In addition, the results related to the rooting stage showed that the root length, root diameter, and total dry weight of plantlets were significantly affected by IBA, while the number of roots was not influenced by IBA. The highest root diameter and total dry weight of plantlets were obtained in the medium containing 0.5 mg/l IBA, and the maximum root length was obtained in the MS medium without IBA.

The present study sought to achieve the two goals of developing a conceptual model of will based on Islamic sources and examining its validity using the method of linguistic semantics, qualitative content analysis and descriptive contextualization methodsBy forming the semantic field of will, 36 basic concepts of will are identified in Islamic sources.The results of the "content validity check" at this stage led to the elimination of 20 concepts and the remaining 16 concepts.The results of the search for explanatory descriptive sentences related to the sixteen concepts amounted to 52146 data based on the principle of saturation. They were screened in two stages, the weakness of the book and the lack of conceptual connection.The result of the screening was the removal of 51081 data and the remaining 1074 data, which were analyzed by coding them in three stages: primary open coding, central open coding, and selective open coding.The result of this process was 265 open codes,19 core codes and 4 selective codes.This process showed that, according to Islamic sources, the will consists of 19 components in the form of 4 dimensions.These components are: intellect and air of the soul (as a super-organizer),belief patterns, desires and needs, mood, environment. Socio-cultural (antecedent dimension), environmental events, attention, personal reflections, arousal, evaluation, intention, active effort, action (process dimension), psychological-spiritual collapse, worldly-hereafter confusion, psychological-spiritual growth, action organization and resilience (consequence dimension).These components were evaluated by 9 humanities and psychology experts and were evaluated as favorable using"Content Validity Index (CVI).This modelwillhavetheability tobe convertedinto psychologicalmeasures andeducational-psychological protocols.

MapReduce algorithm inspired by the map and reduces functions commonly used in functional programming. The use of this model is more beneficial when optimization of the distributed mappers in the MapReduce framework comes into the account. In standard mappers, each mapper operates independently and has no collaborative function or content relationship with other mappers. We propose a new technique to improve performance of the inter-processing tasks in MapReduce functions. In the proposed method, the mappers are connected and collaborated through a shared coordinator with a distributed metadata store called DMDS. In this new structure, a parallel and co-evolutionary genetic algorithm has been used to optimize and match the matrix processes simultaneously. The proposed method uses a genetic algorithm with a parallel and evolutionary executive structure in the mapping process of the mappers program to allocate resources, transfer and store data. The co-evolutionary MapReduce mappers can simplify and optimize relational data processing in the large clusters. MapReduce using a co-evolutionary mapper, provide successful convergence and better performance. Our experimental evaluation shows that collaborative techniques improves performance especially in the big size computations, and dramatically improves processing time across the MapReduce process. Even though the execution time in MapReduce varies with data volume, in the proposed method the overhead processing in low volume data is considerable where in high volume data shows more competitive advantage. In fact, with increasing the data volume, advantage of the proposed method becomes more considerable.

Recently, supercomputers and high-performance computing (HPC) have caused significant progress in many fields, including industrial and research fields of artificial intelligence, data science, big data, Internet of Things, as well as large scale web applications. Regarding this characteristic, the supercomputer field becomes one of the strategic issues in developed and developing countries. Successful HPC development requires a robust infrastructure that effectively depends on a multidimensional policy and roadmap, covering all aspects of HPC services. In this regard, a comprehensive roadmap is necessary to design and achieve high-performance computing services. This paper proposes a comprehensive roadmap focusing on several strategic areas, including research activities, infrastructure and platforms, data processing, standard regulations, applied services, and business development. The roadmap follows an evolutionary strategy where strategic regions evolve in parallel. Also, in this paper, the Supercomputing Development Readiness Indicators (SDRI) inspired by the "Network Readiness Indicators" (NRI) are presented and the proposed roadmap uses them. The proposed roadmap is then compared with two other hypothetical roadmaps with the timing and priority of different strategic areas in terms of progress and completion time. Evaluation of the proposed roadmap based on the SDRI specification shows the effectiveness of the proposed method in creating and developing the services of a petaflops scale supercomputer.

Caffeine is a widely used physiological stimulant worldwide that athletes use to increase strength and delay fatigue, which is currently available in the form of energy drinks and dietary supplements. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fatigue and caffeine supplementation on balance and some physical and skill fitness characteristics of young football players in Sarayan city.

In this way, 24 football players with an age range of 18 to 25 years, at least four to five years of continuous activity were purposefully selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. All participants firstly performed the dynamic balance, explosive power (Sargent jump test), agility (Illinois test), and Moore–Christian shooting & passing performance test. Further, the experimental group received caffeine capsules (six mg/kg/day) and the control group received starch capsules (six mg/kg/day). Moreover, the Bangsbo protocol was performed with 42 of two-minute cycles to create simulated fatigue in football players. After the implementation of the fatigue protocol and similar to the pre-test, all the tests were repeated. The results were extracted using independent and dependent t-test at the significant level of p≤0.05.

Muscle fatigue significantly decreasing effect on dynamic balance (p=0.001), vertical jump (p=0.001), shooting skill (p=0.001), but no significantly changes were observed on agility (p=0.39) and passing skill (p=0.11), while caffeine had no effect on these changes.

Consumption of six mg per kg of body weight caffeine may not have been effective and therefore, it seems that football players can improve their physical fitness characteristics from higher doses of caffeine instead of lower doses to be more effective. Further studies are needed to reach a definitive conclusion.

This study aimed to develop a preliminary questionnaire for the success of the Congregational Imam of the mosque based on Islamic sources. So, the research method was content analysis and survey method so that 50 successful imams were randomly selected by cluster sampling method. To evaluate the validity of the content, components, and items of the questionnaire the views of six experts in psychology and prayer were taken. The result of Kendall coefficient indicates the agreement degree of experts on items with Islamic data and the way of their implies. To evaluate the validity of this questionnaire, the correlation of each item with the total score was calculated and items with a high correlation of 0.3 with the total score were confirmed. Also, to check the validity of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0.83 and the correlation between the two sides of the questionnaire was calculated; the results show the high reliability of the questionnaire.

Rain simulation is a method widely used in detecting hydrological and erosional processes. Most portable samples are inconvenient and challenging to transport, have high water consumption and energy demand. The objective of this study was to design and test a rainfall simulator characterized by the following innovative features: 1) Easily transported and assembled in the field, thereby allowing the necessary experimental replicates, and 2) Applicability on different slopes. The first calibration step was related to the spatial distribution of rainfall, the stability of the rainfall intensity, and the reproducibility of the rainfall intensities over time (among successive experiments). Next, the drop size distribution (DSD) and the related rainfall characteristics (median volumetric drop diameter D50 and mean kinetic energy per unit area and unit depth) were evaluated by the flour pellet method. A fluorescent tracer method was used to measure the velocity of falling drops. According to the findings, the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (Cu) of the developed rainfall simulator varies from 77-87% for rainfall intensities of 35-75 mmh-1 . The best rainfall distribution was achieved for rainfall intensities of 55 and 75 mmh-1 , with rain droplet sizes ranging from 0.6 to 3.8 mm. The raindrop velocity was also measured by photo-shooting and revealed a velocity rate of 2.7-5.7 ms-1 . The system allows rainfall simulation on the fields and under laboratory conditions. Moreover, using the simulator, erosion, runoff, and sediment production under natural and intact soil conditions can also be examined with the highest possible accuracy.

This study was contacted to evaluate the effects of replacement of inorganic zinc with organic zinc on the growth performance, immune system, antioxidant status, morphology of jejunum, and tissue zinc retention in broilers. The number of 150 Ross 308 broilers were used in a completely randomized design with Duncan's test at the statistical signification level of 0.05, in 3 treatments and 5 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate. The treatments wear: 1) basal diet based on corn and soybean without zinc 2) basal diet + 22 mg/kg organic zinc + 88 mg/kg zinc sulfate 3) basal diet + 33 mg/kg organic zinc + 77 mg/kg zinc sulfate. At day 42 of the experiment, one bird from each replicate was sacrificed and used for analysis. The results showed that replacement of inorganic zinc with organic zinc had no significant effect on the growth, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of broilers. Also, it did not have any significant effect on the amounts of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM and IgA). However, the antioxidant evaluation showed that the usage of organic zinc can respectively increase and decrease the amounts of superoxide dismutase and Malondialdehyde in the liver. Besides, morphological evaluation of intestine indicated that the organic zinc improved the villi height and width. In general, it seems that the usage of organic minerals, such as zinc, in the diet of boilers improves their immune system and antioxidant status.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the educational package to promote couples' emotional relationships based on the verse of friendship and mercy on improving marital satisfaction. The research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test methods and control group. The statistical population consisted of couples referring to the counseling center of Hamadan city who were selected according to the entry and exit criteria of 14 couples in the range of 21 to 44 and the marriage record, with at least a two-time marriage and a maximum of 16 years were selected and placed in the experimental and control groups. The research instrument was a serious marital satisfaction questionnaire and a researcher-made educational package. The training sessions were held 7 times and once a week. Post-test was taken from both groups after the training sessions. After analyzing the data, the results showed that the training package to promote the couple's emotional relationship based on the verse of kindness and mercy, significantly increased the marital satisfaction of the experimental group compared to the control group. Also, the effect of this treatment on marital satisfaction of men and women has been the same.

Due to growing demand of human communities for livestock products, livestock farms have trended towards industrialization.Therefore, with increasing livestock production, the use of highly fermentable carbohydrates has increased in livestock diets. On the other hand, the incompatibility of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants with this feeding method causes the occurrence of various metabolic diseases and reduces the herd's economic longevity. Research has also shown that adding antibiotics to cow diet increases growth, reduces feed conversion ratio, and improves production and reproduction. But the use of antibiotics for long-term increases antibiotic resistance in livestock and consumers of livestock products. Therefore, it seems necessary to find a suitable alternative to antibiotics such as probiotics. The use of yeast in ruminant nutrition improve to establish and maintain the balance of beneficial bacterial populations, increase fiber digestion, improve ruminal function, ruminal pH and reduce the occurrence of various metabolic diseases. Yeast diets have also to improve milk production performance, persistence in dairy cattle, and milk quality. Probiotics can reduce the risk of intestinal infections and inflammation by competing for food, producing antimicrobial compounds, neutralizing toxins produced by these microorganisms. Also, the presence of effective compounds such as beta-glucans and mannas in the yeast cell wall reduces poisoning by fungal toxins, especially in ruminants, and by stimulating the immune system and the production of digestive enzymes, plays an important role in the growth performance, production, reproduction and the immune system in ruminants.

In the current context of the technological revolution, market dynamics, interactions, customer demand, and specialized institutions to evaluate and manage intangible assets are a challenge for all organizations. One of the factors affecting the financial performance of organizations is intellectual capital; therefore, the role of financial strategies in the impact of intellectual capital on the financial performance of the organization has received less attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of intellectual capital and financial strategies on financial performance in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. In order to answer the research questions, two main hypotheses and seven sub- hypotheses have been developed. To verify the hypotheses, information from the statistical population of the research target, which includes annual financial statements and explanatory notes with them, related to 79 companies listed on the stock exchange, over a period of 5 years (2012 to 2016), with The use of new Rahavard software was collected and analyzed using 9eviews software and unit root tests, co-integration, F-Limmer and Hausman. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance with the moderating role of financial strategies in listed companies. And in the relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance, investment strategy and profit sharing strategy have a negative (reducing) moderating role and financing strategy has a positive (increasing) moderating role