mohsen masoudian

The Voshmgir dam with a height of 21 meters, is one of the oldest dams in the country and is located in Golestan Province. The Voshmgir Dam is built with one main reservoir and three sub-reservoirs with a total initial volume of 96 MCM. But in the current situation, with the end of the useful life of the dam and the filling of the dam reservoir due to the influx of sediments from numerous floods, it has decreased to 45 MCM. The available topographic maps show that it is not possible to increase the height of the main body of the dam and its side walls, and all the potential of the area has been used for the construction of the dam. Therefore, the only available solution to increase the volume is to increase the overflow’s height. In order to increase the dam height, according to the calculations, one- meter increase in height of the dam’s spillway, dam has been done. The purpose of this research is to investigate the hydraulics of the flow on the Voshmgir dam spillway with a rubber valve and compare it with sharp-edged, wide-edged and cylindrical spillways using physical modeling.

In this research, Anwar's mathematical model, which is the modeling of the upstream part of rubber dams, was tested on a flexible object. Then, the rubber dam with 4 different internal pressures (the ratio of internal pressure to the height of the rubber dam) was made with a rigid body and installed on the main spillway model of the dam. Experiments were conducted in 7 different flow rates between 12.69 and 30.45 liters per second in a concrete channel with a width of one meter and a length of 6 meters in non-submerged and clear water conditions in the water and sediment laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Finally, to take advantage of these studies in the design of rubber dams, various linear and non-linear equations were extracted and presented to estimate the discharge coefficient using SPSS software.

The results showed that the hydraulic behavior of the rubber dam is more similar to the broad-crested weir than to the sharp-crested and cylindrical weirs. In all models, the flow coefficient increases with the increase of the hs/P ratio. Additionally, when the internal pressure of the dam increases from 0.5 to 1.3 at a constant hs/p, the discharge coefficient shows an average increase of 19%. Moreover, it has been observed that at a constant Froud number, the discharge coefficient experiences a 13.7% increase as the ratio of internal pressure to the height of the rubber valve increases.

Based on the obtained results, Anwar's mathematical model can model the geometry of rubber dams well. The geometry of the rubber valve is a function of its internal pressure and the flow rate changes with the change of the geometry. It can also be concluded that the flow rate, the height of the rubber valve and its internal pressure, the height of the flow relative to the crest of the dam and the height of the upstream water are among the factors affecting the flow hydraulics, including the flow coefficient.

Untreated effluent in most trout culture farms in Mazandaran province is discharged into the environment. Characteristics of effluents from seven flow-through trout farms in the plain of Amol city are investigated. Water samples were taken from both inlet and outlet of fish farms. Thirteen physical and chemical parameters of effluent that were analyzed indicated that the concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Nitrate (NO3-), Chloride (CL-), Iron (Fe), sulfate (SO4-2), phosphate (PO4-3), Ammonium (NH₄⁺) and (pH) satisfied the wastewater standard of Environment Organization of Iran and effluent discharging to surface waters was characterized by high quality on the Water Quality Index (WQI). As the result of the principal component analysis, TH, Fe, TSS, and DO, were the most influential parameters in the first component and SO4-2 in the second component, in measuring the wastewater quality variation. A significant increase from inlets to outlets was observed for (pH), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphate (PO4-3), and total hardness (TH) (p<0.05) due to no effluent treatment processes and intense culture at the fish farms and implies a Wastewater treatment system for removing suspended solids, pH control, and reducing TH and TDS.

Rivers are complex systems in which all kinds of chemical, biological, and physical processes take place and change under the influence of various factors and variables in terms of dimensions, shape, direction, and pattern. The changes that occur in the conditions of rivers have many effects on the river ecosystem. Carrying out any activity in rivers requires knowing the rules governing the river and predicting the river's reaction to it to avoid the related harmful consequences. It is usually difficult to understand the processes of rivers by measuring hydraulic parameters on a real scale. On the other hand, sediment transport modeling is also a very complex and difficult matter because the information that is used to predict bed changes is basically uncertain and the theories used are experimental and highly sensitive to a wide range of physical variables. The high costs of laboratory equipment and the limitation of using measuring devices are among the other reasons that limit the use of physical methods and lead experts to mathematical and numerical modeling to simulate the flow inside water channels. Continuous change is one of the governing principles of every river, and a change in flow conditions also causes changes and displacement in other geometric characteristics of the river. Because rivers are often moving in their alluvial beds, different types of bed forms have been formed in the river bed due to the shear stress in the bed. The formed shapes cause a part of the surface water flow in the river to enter the porous environment below it and return to the surface water flow after oxygenating and feeding benthic organisms. This type of currents that arise from the mixing of surface current and subsurface current in the porous environment under and around the river is called hyperic current. The surface, subsurface, and underground water systems and exchanges between them are in three levels: point, interval, and watershed. Fallen tree trunks are common structures in rivers. One of the factors in creating hyperic exchange is the presence of a pressure gradient at the border of surface flow and the porous medium. The pressure gradient is caused by various factors such as obstacles in the flow path or bed forms. Depending on the magnitude of these factors, they will affect the amount of exchange and the depth of the hyperic expansion. The first step in understanding the hyperic phenomenon and its application is to examine changes in the characteristics of this area, including the amount of current exchange, depth, and retention time. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to investigate the effect of natural obstacles created by tree trunks on hyperic characteristics and the effect of the arrangement of natural obstacles created by tree trunks on hyperic characteristics.

The current field research was carried out in the Garambadesht River of Gorgan in the summer and winter of 2021 to investigate the effect of fallen tree trunks on the river path as a natural flow barrier in different tree trunk thicknesses (30, 60, and 90 cm). As one of the most important sources of drinking water for the city of Gorgan, the Garmabadesht River, originates from the slopes of Yazdaki Mountain at a point 27 km southeast of Gorgan and continues to flow northward. Then, it passes through the high and complex heights and enters the eastern plains of Gorgan. To carry out the present research, piezometers were installed in the upstream and downstream of the tree trunks and then evaluated using a numerical model in the Comsol software environment, compared to the simulation of the hyperic flow to estimate the amount of exchange flow.

This study obtained convincing findings regarding the correlation between piezometer observational data and numerical simulation results. A 91% correlation was obtained between piezometer observation data and simulation results, which was used as a basis to investigate the computational exchange flows from the numerical model. The findings showed that the amount of exchanged flow in blocked conditions was higher than in non-blocked conditions. This issue shows that tree trunks can have a significant impact on the dynamics of hyperic flow, an important consequence of which is the direct impact on river ecosystems, especially in relation to the preservation of coastal vegetation and aquatic habitats. The investigation of the retention time of the flow lines in three obstacle states shows that the increase of the obstacle in the flow path has increased the retention time because the flow lines have become deeper and their length has increased with the increase in the height of the obstacle, thereby increasing the retention time.

The results indicate that the maximum amount of equilibrium discharge occurs in the case where the thickness of the tree trunk is 30 cm in winter. The amount of exchange flow with obstruction is higher than that without obstruction. The equilibrium flow rate in winter is higher than the exchange flow rate in summer. The investigation of the penetration of flow lines shows that the penetration rate of flow lines has increased with the increase in the thickness of the barrier. Considering the vastness of the research field, it is appropriate to conduct more research to discover more understanding of its mechanism.

The use of modern methods of recycling effluent with high treatment efficiency in compare to the traditional methods (the use of sedimentation ponds) is of great importance. One of the modern methods of treating these effluents is the use of filtering presses. A newer method is using hydro cyclones as a result of centrifugal hydrodynamic forces for separating solid particles from the effluent, e.g., stone powder in the current research, (Naderi et al.2019). In this regards, many researches have been done in the field of separation of two different phases of fluid using hydro cyclone in different hydraulic conditions and geometric parameters.

Materials used in research
The materials used in this research were solid particles in the wastewater of the stone cutting factory of Mahmoudabad industrial town of Isfahan. The resulting slurry was collected in the factory and after drying and separation was used for the experiments. In this study, Granite and Marble stone powder with a density of 2750 and 3020 kgm-3 and a particle diameter distribution less than 600µm was used. Also, the effect of hydraulic parameters such as flow division ratio (under flow discharge to inlet flow discharge), wastewater weight concentration and inlet pressure on hydro cyclone performance with a cyclone diameter of 140 mm in the separation of Granite and Marble powder stone from wastewater was investigated.Design of experiments Experiments were designed by Design Expert.10 software with response level method (RSM). In conducting experiments, first, a solution of Granite and Marble powder stone with the desired concentrations (0.64 to 7.36% by weight) in a volume of 20 liters was prepared in a tank, and then this solution was circulated to the hydro cyclone by pressure with a centrifugal pump.In each experiment, inlet perssure and overflow pressure were recorded using pressure guages and the volumetric flow rate from overflow and underflow was measured. Samples of overflow and underflow were taken with a specified volume and then stored and dried in an oven at 105ºC for 24 hours. The residual dry mattter mass was measured from the overflow and underflow samples, and the solid particle separation efficiency was computed from Eq. (1):E=M_u/M×100 (1) In this Equation, Mu is mass per unit volume of Granite and Marble stone powder inside the underflow (grl-1); M is total mass per unit volume of examined Granite and Marble stone powder in hydro cyclone inlet (total overflow and underflow; grl-1) and E is the efficiency of separation of solid particles from the feed.

Influence of operating parameters of weight concentration of the feed (Cw), inlet pressure of the hydro cyclone (Pi), and the Ratio of outlet flow) under flow) from the discharge to inlet flow to the hydro cyclone (Rf) on the efficiency of the examined hydro cyclone is given in the form of Eq. (2) for Granite powder stone and Eq. (3) for Marble powder stone.(2) Efficiency=93.16-1.01R_f-4.36C_w+10.01P_i+0.04R_f C_w-0.04R_f P_i+0.96 C_w P_i+8.12E-003*〖R^2〗_f -0.08*〖C^2〗_w-2.41* P_i ²(3) Efficiency=116.26-2.11R_f-9.13C_w+6.22 P_i+0.11R_f C_w+0.17R_f P_i+1.22 C_w P_i+5.54E-003*〖R^2〗_f+0.12*〖C^2〗_w-2.55* P_i ²In order to validate the obtained model, two normal probability diagram comparing the predicted data of the model with the real values were used. The results showed that with decreasing flow distribution ratio, particle separation efficiency increases, also separation efficiency decreased with increasing inlet pressure, and with increasing effluent concentration.

In this study, the effect of hydraulic parameters including flow separation ratio, inlet pressure and feed concentration was investigated on the performance of a semi industrial hydro cyclone. The analysis of the results using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) showed the effectiveness of the statistical method for obtain the optimum operational condition of the examined hydro cyclone. Based on the RSM method, the highest separation efficiency was obtained 86 and 88%, for Granite and Marble powder stone respectively.

In rivers, the combination of surface flow and subsurface flow generates Hyporheic flow in the porous environment beneath and surrounding the river. To quantify exchange rate between surface and subsurface water, it is crucial to estimate hydraulic conductivity between the two sources of water. In this study, hydraulic slope and hydraulic conductivity of river bottom sediments were estimated using a mini-piezometer and manometer. Physical experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of natural obstacles on the river path, specifically tree trunks at varying heights (30-60-90 cm), in the year 2022 and Tuskestan River in Gorgan. Piezometers were placed upstream and downstream of the tree trunks, and the resulting hydraulic head difference was assessed through numerical modeling using COMSOL software to simulate hyporheic flow. The study found a 91% correlation between piezometer observation data and numerical solution results, which facilitated further investigation into computational exchange flows. Based on this, the computational exchange flows from the numerical model were also investigated. The results indicated that the highest amount of equilibrium flow occurs in the case where the height of the tree trunk is 30 cm (the exchange flow is 3.96 times without the tree trunk).

Mazandaran Plain has an acceptable position in terms of water resources. The existence of numerous fish breeding centers with significant consumption of groundwater in this industry, optimal and continuous monitoring of the quality of water used in this industry is considered a necessity. In this study, in 2019, water samples were taken from 150 observation wells in the Mazandaran plain, which were the closest wells to the cold water fish farms, and the samples were compared with the national cold water fish water quality standards of Iran and some foreign countries. Also, the amount of discharge consumed in the fish breeding centers of the region was checked. Total hardness, electrical conductivity and pH were within the national standard range, but nitrate and dissolved solids were outside the appropriate national standard range. Comparison of the RMSE of kriging, multidimensional linear gradient and IDW methods revealed that the IDW method is better than other methods for the quality of groundwater in the Mazandaran Plain. From the comparison of the recorded values ​​of the parameters with the standards, it was found that the quality of the parameters had an increasing trend from the west to the east of the Mazandaran plain, and a decreasing trend from the north to the south. In general, the water quality of Mazandaran plain is more suitable for the development of fish breeding centers in the central and western regions.

At the present, treatment and recycling of stone cutting industry wastewater is performed by old settling basin method and filter press method which need so much water, therefor, in this method a new method is proposed and investigated based on hydraulic centrifugal force by using a hydrocyclone. The effect of operational parameters such as pressure, concentration and type of particle samples have been studied on a hydrocyclone efficiency with a diameter of 24 mm. The experiments were designed by using Design Expert 7 software based on response surface method (RSM). Analysis of experimental data was conducted based on composite central design method (CCD). Experiments were conducted in 22 series with different conditions. In this study, stone powder particles were collected from wastewater of stone cutting plants. Two stone powders samples were achieved from Granite and Travertine stones with densities of 2720 and 2550 kg/m3 with particle sizes of less than 200 μm. Particles sizes were measured by Particles Size Analysis method and particles shape were determined by using (SEM). The results demonstrated that the separation efficiency for both of samples is proportional with pressure so that the more the input pressure, the more the separation efficiency. On the other hand, increasing the concentration causes a decrease in separation efficiency. Based on the results, the more the input pressure, the more the flow rate, however concentration in the investigated range has no significant effect on flow rate. The best separation efficiency was achieved in the pressure 2.63 bar and concentration 1.6 weight percent for Travertine sample with a value of 90.31 percent and for Granite sample in the pressure 3 bar and concentration 3 weight percent with a value of 91.45 percent.

Evaporation is one of the most effective and massive loss factors in water resources, and with its accurate calculation, effective solutions can be implemented to reduce the effects of drought and to protect and efficiently manage water resources. In this research, the common experimental relationships in estimating the daily and monthly evaporation rate for four stations of Suleiman Tange, Mohavvateh Edareh Sari, Farim Sahra and Telmadarreh were investigated and evaluated based on the observed data of the evaporation pan, and the best experimental relationships for estimating the daily and monthly evaporation values was introduced. For this purpose, the 10-year statistics of the measured values of evaporation from the pan with the values calculated from the experimental methods of Meyer, Marciano, Shahtin, Hefner, Ivanov, and the American civil engineering office, with two-time scales, daily and monthly, with the aim of estimating losses due to evaporation it was compared from the lake level of Shahid Rajaei Sari Dam. Then, the performance of empirical relationships was evaluated based on MSE, R2 and EF statistics. The results of the evaluation of the experimental relationships of evaporation calculation showed that Meyer's method is the best relationship for estimating daily evaporation in the studied stations. After Meyer's empirical relation, Ivanov's relation was introduced as the best relation. The values of MSE, R2 and EF statistics in the estimation of monthly evaporation using Meyer's relation at Suleiman Tangeh station, which is the closest station to Shahid Rajaei dam, were obtained as 436.9, 0.97, and 0.3, respectively. Also, among the experimental methods used in this study, the American Civil Engineering Bureau method was determined as the weakest equation for estimating monthly evaporation at Suleiman Tangeh station.

Around the world, including in Iran, urban development has led to an increase in impenetrable areas and severe flood events. The purpose of this study was to simulate the surface runoff collection network in District 2 of Tehran Municipality (Ivanak) using the computer model SWMM. Considering the current state of the urban water network, low-impact development methods have been used to reduce peak flood discharge. In this research, rain barrels, infiltration trenches, and a combination of them were used as low-impact development methods. By implementing several low-impact development (LID) techniques, peak flood discharge in the return period of 10 years for the rain barrel method (first scenario), rain barrel method (second scenario), infiltration trench method, and combined method was reduced by 22, 31, 29, and 50 percent, respectively. Accordingly, each method's cost was estimated by its volume of water storage. Considering the 10-year return period, for storage of one million liters, the costs are 20.20 billion Rials in the rain barrel method, 11.68 billion Rials in the infiltration trench method, and 14.696 billion Rials in the combined method (infiltration trench and rain barrel). According to the results, the infiltration trench method was identified as the most economical method studied in the region.

Evaporation is one of the main components of the water cycle in nature, which plays a key role in agricultural studies, hydrology, meteorology, reservoir operation, irrigation and drainage systems design, irrigation scheduling and water resources management. In this study, eight types of meteorological parameters as inputs for estimating evaporation from the pan by artificial neural network for four meteorological stations around Shahid Rajaei Dam were investigated. Meteorological data were collected for ten years from 4 stations around Shahid Rajaei Dam. The results of statistical criteria of the models, distribution diagram and daily evaporation rate were estimated and observations showed that the neural network method was able to estimate the daily evaporation in the four stations with good accuracy. However, the best structure of neural network models for stations of Soleiman Tangeh, Sari Office, Frime Sahra and Telamadreh with seven input variables, one hidden layer and 12, 8, 10 and 12 neurons, respectively, were selected according to MSE and R2 criteria. MSE and R2 criteria were selected. The correlation coefficients for daily data in Soleiman tangeh, Sari, Sahra and Telmadreh stations were extracted 0.88, 0.91, 0.92 and 0.89, respectively. Also, the results of monthly evaporation simulation showed that the artificial neural network method was able to calculate the monthly evaporation with correlation coefficients of 0.98, 0.98, 0.99 and 0.99 with 95% confidence level for Soleiman Tangeh, Sari office, Frime Sahra and Telamadreh stations, respectively.

All around the world, surface waters are dramatically vulnerable to the Impacts of various human activities, as sustainable river systems and animal and plant habitats are widely endangered, and the land use and the quality of water has been changed. Structural-hydromorphological characteristics are of great importance in the ecological status of rivers, so that the study of their status as one of the basic components in the sustainable management of the river basin and the revitalization of river conditions Is going. In Europe, simultaneous with the introduction of the Water Framework Directive, the status of surface water has received much attention and the urgent need for an accurate monitoring system, as a first step towards achieving a minimum good ecological status, was introduced. The Literature review shows that, the focus of studies in Iran are mostly on the morphological status of rivers, but so far, the assessment of the hydromorphological status of rivers has not been studied. Hence, the present paper studies the structural-hydromorphological status of 12 km of Tajan River using the German river structural quality mapping method.

 The main focus of the German river structural quality mapping method is to identify the morphological pressures caused by human interventions, in order to determine appropriate measures for re-establishing natural and semi natural condition within the assessment and monitoring system. This method classifies the current condition of the structural-hydromorphological of the river based on a scoring system in four phase including, data collection, definition of river sections and remote sensing, field survey and status assessment based on scoring of 25 single parameters. The study area is divided into 100-meters reaches and each reach was evaluated in two phases of remote sensing using the catchment topographic, soil, vegetation, and land use maps, digital elevation model of the region, the Landsat 8 satellite image of 2019, and the field survey from April to June 2019.

 The results showed that 44% of reaches evaluated as structural quality class 4-Distinctly changed. While no Unchanged (completely natural) reaches were observed, but 4% strongly changed. In addition, the distribution percentage of each structural quality class of the single and main parameters were investigated, and the results showed that the riverbank protection of the study area has not a suitable condition in comparison to the other parameters. In order to have a more detailed investigation, Structural quality classes percentage of three subarea including, before city of Sari (BS), city of Sari (SS) and after city of Sari (AS) was examined. The results showed that the situation of Tajan River along Urban area, due to interventions such as change in bed structure, more than two km concrete bank protection and construction transverse structures like robber dam, Ramp structure, without fishway consideration, especially at Mellal park area, led to completely change of river bed and channel width.

In the German river structural quality mapping method, geographical condition has a strong relation to the landscape units and defined river types, the form of the river valley, bed structure and vegetation. Which is to a large extent compatible with the geographical condition of northern Iran, especially with Tajan River that has three mountain, plain and coastal landscape units. Besides, Structural quality classes percentage of two single parameters, 2-5 bank protection with 49% and  3-5 special bank features with 67%, are in completely changed situation (class 7), and plays the role of status decreasing parameters for Tajan river at the studied area, which is identified as the priority in restoration measurements of Tajan River.

Over the last two decades, the need to restore rivers to the natural and near-natural state has become noticeable. One of the most important tools to achieve this goal, is to assess the hydromorphological changes of the river due to human intervention. In the present study, in order to evaluate the hydromorphological conditions of the Tajan River along the middle to lower parts (city of Sari) the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) and Hydromorphological Quality Index (HMQI) has been used. Seven reaches in 50 m riparian buffer width were selected and three quality main indicators including geomorphological, artificial, and channel adjustment were studied using satellite images of Landsat 4 in 1975 and Landsat 8 in 2019, aerial photos in 1960 and 2006, hydrological data, and data collected during the field surveys. The results showed that the studied reaches of Tajan River mainly classified as the moderate-quality class for the MQI, while it is classified as one quality class lower for HMQI, mainly as the poor-quality class. The main reason is that all the studied reaches (except reaches 1 and 7), located downstream of the Shahid Rajaee Dam, within the 30 km, which change considerably the river discharge and sediment transfer, also the extreme human impact and anthropogenic stresses in the catchment, such as land-use change. The results also showed that the method, which was used in this study, is effective, in general, index-based assessment, diagnosis of the hydromorphological problems, and an exact comprehensive realization of the response to the mentioned stresses.

The city of AqQala has been constantly exposed to floods in the Gorganrood River in the past, which is determined by examining the general characteristics of water structures, especially the historic bridge in the city center. The flood of March 2019 was one of the most destructive floods in this region, which left very bitter memories for our compatriots. In the management of this flood, a series of previous studies using different flow simulation models, past experiences to deal with floods and using the experiences of previous floods should increase accuracy, speed and reduce costs. At the time of the flood and the entry into the city of AqQala, in order to drain the water, those involved in the ring road and the railway line that was located in the flood route were considered to be the main reason for the large flood in the northern part of AqQala and the persistence of floods in the city. Destroyed in several places. Therefore, in this study, the effect of the ring road and railway line on the flooding rate of AqQala city has been investigated.

This research was conducted using HEC-RAS, GIS software and HEC-GeoRAS add-on. In order to investigate the effect of the ring road and railway line on the flood rate of AqQala city, this effect in three scenarios (absence of ring road and railway line, existence of ring road and railway line with coils installed in the route and existence of ring road and railway line It was discussed along with the embedded culverts and the cracks created in the path during the flood) was discussed.

Examining the three scenarios discussed in this study, it was found that in the first scenario, we see flooding of a large area of the city of AqQala, so that 1.38 square kilometers of the city has been flooded. The second scenario shows an increase in flooding and intensification of floods in the city compared to the first scenario, which causes flooding of 2.53 square kilometers of residential land, and the third scenario shows the positive effect of cracks created during floods to reduce flooding in the city Which has reduced the amount of flooding to 1.98 square kilometers.

Although the low level of ground level in some areas of AqQala city such as Eidgah, Moallemabad and Hakimabad, the flooding of these areas is obvious, a comparison of the first and second scenarios showed that the location of the ring road and rail line Railway in the direction of flood movement has increased the extent of flooding and submergence of some other areas and neighborhoods and the persistence of flood flow in the city of AqQala. On the other hand, by comparing the second and third scenarios, it can be concluded that the lack of procrastination and rapid decision-making regarding the gap on the ring road and railway line, could have reduced the relative flooding of the city and the persistence of floods and submerged some Avoid areas.

The use of retarding reservoirs is one of the methods of urban flood management structures to reduce the volume or intensity of floods as well as repulsed of flooding flows. In this research, the effect of intercity retarding reservoirs on flood peak discharge and the dimensions of conduits was analyzed in one of the subcatchment of Sari (Gozarkhan) for this purpose, after determine the designing rainfall with 5 years return period based on SCSIIchr('39')s method and the concentration time of subcatchments was calculated by using the experimental methods of Kerby and Kirpich, the simulation of the network without reservoirs was performed by using SWMM software and the flood peak discharge and the dimensions of conduits were determined then, with flood retarding reservoirs, re-simulation and the effect of reservoirs on peak of output discharge and the dimensions of conduits were determined. In order to determine the volume of flood retarding reservoirs, first by considering several quantity for volume and drawing output discharge and  variations graphs in relation to the volume of the reservoir, for each reservoir, the volume with the lowest rate of variation of the discharge was considered as the optimal amount. The results show that the retarding reservoirs reduce the flood rate in output node 3266, 86% and in output node 4004, 89%, as well as the dimensions of the conduits (average cross-section of conduits) reduce 57% in study area.

Some problems exist regarding this industry such as high water consumption, wastewater treatment and recycling. In this study, stone-cutting industry recycling and reuse by using hydrocyclone in different operational conditions have been investigated. The effect of operational parameters such as pressure drop and suspension concentration on separation efficiency of two kinds of hydrocyclone with different geometries in experimental conditions has been investigated. Experiments were designed with response surface methodology (RSM), CCD model using Design Expert software. Travertine powder particles with particle size less than 200 μm were used and particles size was measured by Particle Size Analysis machine, and particle shapes were imaged by SEM analysis. By increasing input pressure, the passing flow rate of hydrocyclone increased and the maximum flow rate for hydrocyclones type 1 and 2 were 203 and 268 ml/s, respectively. The results showed that the separation efficiency increases by increasing of input pressure. Analysis of results demonstrated that the best separation efficiency for hydrocyclones type 1 and type 2 were 90% and 90.4%, respectively. According to a comparison between hydrocyclone method and the traditional method of water recycling, it is concluded that hydrocyclone method reduces the water and energy consumption in stone cutting industries and is an economical and optimum method for wastewater recycling and water reuse in stone cutting industry.

In social citizenship, the ideal approach is a combination of social right and social duty. A subject that has caused much controversy among various schools of thought and has not yet reached the desired path. In this paper, through the method of inductive qualitative content analysis, we attempt to understand the relation of Quranic teachings to social citizenship as a conceptual concept in order to identify and examine the social tasks derived from it. The unit of analysis in this study is the verse and all the verses of Quran have been comprehensively studied in several rounds. The theoretical sensitivities of the researchers are borrowed from the views of two groups of Western and Muslim scholars on the concept of social citizenship and its related concepts and components. Thus, through the coding process, the Qur'anic verses have been explored and extracted related concepts and themes, and after different categories, have been divided into two main categories and several minor and sub-categories that represent comprehensive Qur'anic programs on basic needs and Human societies are governed by the social duties and social duties of individuals in society. The social assignments obtained are from the educational verses of Qur'an which illustrate the place of social duties in the educational structure of Qur'an.

Building rubber dams in the northern provinces of Iran are emerging, though the function of such dams in the critical situations especially in great floods is still not given much investigations. In this paper, the function of the rubber dam constructed in Sari (the center of Mazandaran Province) is studied in the flood event of March 2019 with the peak of 880 m3/s which was exceptional in the past 100 years. As a recent structure, investigating the function of the rubber dam in this floods is very important. Investigating different parts of the dam showed some deficiencies such as failing of the automatic discharge system, lack of operating plans for flood events, lack of suitable sealing for installations which resulted in the intrusion of water into the control room. In this paper suggestions are presented for design and using the rubber dams.

Drought is a natural, repeatedly and temporary event, that is caused by decreasing in rainfall amount than in long term average whether it can happen in every climate, and is one of the disturbing events in nature that causes the most damage to water resources. In this study was used modified Indexes Standardized Precipitation (SPImod) and streamflow drought index (SDImod) for purposes of temporal assessment and analysis of droughts occurrence, monthly data of 15 rain gauge and 4 hydrometric stations in Tajan basin were used and indices in six timeframes short-term (one-month and three-month) intermediate term (six -month and nine -month periods) and long-term (12 months and 24 months were calculated in MATLAB software. In part of the research, Pearson correlation coefficient between precipitation and flow with different time delays was calculated to determine the delay of currents' delay to precipitation in real mode. Then the modified Streamflow drought index (SDImod) with modified Standardized Precipitation Indexe (SPImod) time series at various temporal interval using Pearson correlation was studied in the whole of basin and sub basins also compared separately. The results showed that temporal relationship between hydrological and meteorological drought occurrence is significant at 99 % level with together and this correlation is maximum in the 9 months' time step in Tajan basin. Also Drought occurrence in case study area showed its effect with a delay of 1 to 7 months on surface water resources.

In this paper, subsurface flow profiles through coarse porous media have been simulated using a 3-D numerical model with and without surface discharge and their results have been compared with experimental data as well as with analytical solutions. SEEP/3D model, which is based on the finite element method, was used to simulate subsurface flow. The experimental model was consisted of coarse porous media with 6.4 m in length, 0.8 m in width and 1 m in height. The experiments were performed for different boundary conditions with two bed slopes of 4 and 20.3 %. The simulated data of watertableprofiles and seepage discharges were compared with those corresponding experimental data. In no recharge conditions with 4% slope, the numerical data were compared with both experimental and analytical dataindicating that the numerical results underestimated the watertable profilesas compared to the experimental ones. The results was better for the 20.3%-slope. In surface recharge condition, the numerical results only compared with analytical solution of Bear (1972), and the results indicated underestimation as compared to the experimental data.

The injection or extraction of gas can change the pore pressure within the reservoir, which in turn results in redistribution of the stress field. Consequently, the induced deformations within the reservoir and the sealing caprock can potentially prompt a damage zone in the caprock.The main objective of this paper is to develop a model to estimate the growth and extension of cracks in the caprock. In order to achieve this aim, the smeared crack approach is used to model the process of cracking in the caprock. To do this, we will employ smeared crack approach to study the initiation and propagation of cracks in caprock of subsurface reservoir. There are generally three approaches in solid mechanics when modelling cracks: discrete crack, interface elements and smeared crack. Although, discrete crack approach reflects the fracture development phenomenon most closely, it does not fit the nature of numerical methods and it can computationally expensive with development of cracks, each node is replaced by more nodes, which entails re-definition of finite element mesh and hence more computational resources are needed. On the other hand, smeared crack approach assumes that the cracked solid is a continuum and permits the description of the medium in terms of conventional stress-strain equations. Within the smeared crack framework, small cracks are formed in the band are gradually connected to each other and one or more cracks may be defined for each gauss point of each element. As one of the important innovations of this paper, the study of the effect of fluid pressure on the smeared crack propagation, has been done, which is based on coding in FORTRAN programming environment. Due to the results obtained by the flow of fluid into the crack, the crack opening increased significantly.

Flow control and measurement structures such as gates and weirs are important components in irrigation and drainage networks. With regard to the problem of sedimentation in weirs and the accumulation of floating materials behind the gates, a combined weir- gate structure to facilitate draining of materials through the gate and suspended materials through weir. One of its types is half-cylindrical weir–gate which, due to the curvature of the flow lines and adhesion on body of the structure, it has advantages including ease of passage of floating objects, ease of design, higher flow discharge coefficient compared with other combined structures (sharp-crested and broad-crested, etc.). This research was aimed to analyze the hydraulic of passing flow from half-cylindrical weir–gate structure by rotating around the center and edges half-cylindrical from 0° to 180° with fixed gate opening height. Experiments were done in a rectangular and horizontal flume with 11 meter length and 30cm width under three models of half-cylindrical weir–gate with 70, 120 and 160 mm diameters. The minimum discharge coefficient occurred at 90° and its maximum happened at 45° and 30° angles, respectively. For diameters of 70, 120 and 160 mm, the minimum back water was observed at 0°, 45° and 30°, respectively, and the largest one was observed at 90° for all three diameters. Moreover, in relation to the depth of upstream water to the opening of the fixed valve, for the angles, by increasing diameter, the discharge coefficient of the combined structure decreased. The results showed that, in addition to the angle of the half-cylindrical curvature relative to horizon line, the diameter of the structure is effective on the discharge coefficient and back water of the combined structure.

The combination of weir and gate creates a new structure, resolve some the defects of using them separately, such as the simultaneous flow pass of deposits under gate and suspended material over the weir, also benefits the ability of vertically movement and making different gate openings according to the changes of the discharge, control the water level more accurate and adjust constant head of water for the side channel. Likewise, the cylindrical weir-gate, as one the weir-gate’s type, has various advantages like higher discharge coefficient and lower energy loss. Researchers have been conducted on the hydraulic aspects of this structure state that the discharge coefficient of combined model of cylindrical weir-gate (discharge coefficient is the most important hydraulic parameter of designing the weir-gates), decreases in each parts of weir and gate, regarding to their separated function. On the other hand, in addition to effective hydraulic parameters on discharge coefficient, extensively have been studied by previous researchers, hydrodynamic phenomena such as flow separation, vortex shedding, the convergence point of shear layer passing through the both sides of the structure and etc., resulting from the assumption of hydrostatic pressure on the structure body, play a crucial role in discharge coefficient, discharge rate and other flow characteristics. Therefore, in order to investigate the changes of separation points under and above the structure, the convergence point of boundary layer of the both sides, velocity distribution above and at the downstream of the structure, as well as the size of the wake with gate opening, a series of runs using the technique of particle imaging velocimeter (PIV) were carried out, and the results were analyzed.
The experiments were conducted at the hydrodynamics laboratory of mechanical engineering department of Çukurova University using the PIV technique on a cylinder with a diameter of 50 mm for five different relative gate opening between 0.1-0.5 (ratios of the gate opening to the cylinder diameter). Besides, for all the tests, the upstream water depth and entrance velocity were constant:150 (mm) and 0.58 (m/s) respectively.
Results and The results show for all ratios of the diameter to gate opening, the separation point of flow from the body of the structure was different in function as gate and weir parts and the separation occurs earlier as gate, so that, at the test range, the maximum and minimum of the separation angle’s deviation of the weir and gate were40 and 3 degrees. As the gate opening increases from 0.1D to 0.4D, The horizontal distance between the convergence point of two separated boundary layer to structure would be less. As well, the gate opening increasing cause fluctuations in vertical direction of the convergence point, the convergence point (S), in the opening range of the current study, had the vertical deviation between 0.1 to 0.15 D to horizontal axis crossing the cylinder center and locates under the axel in all cases. The velocity profile along the X-axis (u/Uo) and (v/U0) Y for all the gate openings to a distance equal to the diameter of the structure behind of it, is strongly affected by hydrodynamic factors. Above the weir-gate while the angel increase from 0 to 90 degrees, the ratio of maximum velocity to the entrance velocity rises, so that, at the crest level and increasing about 27 percent compared to the zero point could be observed, but in the higher levels, exhibits fluctuation and this fluctuations in the gate opening equal to 0.5D causes the dimensionless value of maximum velocity to entrance velocity near the separation point is about 17 percent compared to values obtained the crest level.

Paddy Fields Development and Renovation Project changes infrastructures of the rice farm management and converts traditional plot the plot irrigation system to water delivery management, which provides access to irrigation canals and drainage for each paddy plot. Even though many years have passed from the start of implementation of the project in northern provinces and several researchers have pointed fundamental problems out in the water distribution system of the project, but most previous studies have qualitative basis and the analysis is mainly based on the satisfaction of farmers or empirical judgments of experts in different parts of the project and until now less quantitative analysis has been provided on the basis of key performance indicators such as reliability indicating that ensure the delivery of agricultural water on time, to the extent necessary and for the time required and criteria such as dependability, steadiness, timeliness and predictability of the delivery of water provided by the researchers for its evaluation. Such indicators can measure the effectiveness of the system and finally it possible to provide planning, redesign and implementation of the corrective operation.
In this study, reliability indices including the variability and predictability of water delivery system were calculated and compared for two concrete and earthen irrigation canals and the plots that are covered by them in renovated paddy fields of Esmaelkola village in Joybar city of Mazandaran province.
The results of the quantitative indicators evaluation shows that although concrete lining of canal has made noticeable effect on the promotion of variability indicators in earthen channel, as Concrete channels have shown better results than earthen channel in the values of these parameters: Adequacy and dependability indices, respectively, 18 and 5 percent, fifty percent level of delivery reliability as 0.14, timeliness of water delivery as much as 4 days and delivery steadiness index as 0.27, but structural and managerial problems in intake and control system leading to inadequate and inequitable distribution of water between plots of lined channel according to the coefficient of variation 0.33 for adequacy and 0.46 for reliability and timely variations of water delivery to downstream plots show a major difference with defined standards considering steadiness lower than 0.5, timeliness index that was mostly more than 10 days and low amount of fifty percent level of delivery reliability. Both earthen and concrete channels linear correlation was mostly reversed between the delivered and required volume of water that indicates the lack of water delivery management based on demand. The inverse correlation coefficient between the variables of water delivery is -0.97 for concrete lined channel, so, it is correctly predicted improper management of water delivery in the final decades, and in the earthen channel, the value of 0.30 shows there is no correlation between the volume of delivered and required water and consequently low predictability of the system.
Generally, even with the concrete canal lining, indicators of reliable water delivery are not favorable in comparison with standards of these criteria. On the one hand, traditional, experience-oriented, and non-technical management system that governs water delivery in renovated farms has no appropriate scheduling for the use of supplied water during the planting season and on the other hand improving the existing system need to reform plot's intakes and flow control methods in the canal and complimentary water delivery schedule based on the irrigation demand.

Paddy fields development and renovation as the most important project to improve infrastructures of the rice sustainable production in North of Iran have had very slow Implementation pace due to various reasons and so that the project has been executed in less than 60000 hectares out of total paddy fields in Mazandaran province. Therefore, identification and prioritization of design, execution and operational problems is the basic requirements to change the existing situation. this research consider comparative comparison method between the design and as-built drawings, field monitoring of operating difficulties as well discussion and interview with experts. Then finalized list of problems, which used to develop a questionnaire with seven inquiries based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). It contains four main indicators employers’ arrangements, design, execution and finally, operation and maintenance. So, 35 experts of paddy fields Development and Renovation were selected (from Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization, consulting engineers and the contractors) to fill out the questionnaire. The results indicate the fundamental limitations in order of priority are: failure to provide the timely required credits, the lack of integrated viewpoint on irrigation and drainage studies, the lack of f operational organizations same as agricultural NGOs, deficiencies in farmers training which needs for proper operation and maintenance of the projects and legal problems especially when private property is incompatible with the public profits. Therefore, serious offers of this research are change in the financing method of the projects, for example e use of combination of native and foreign countries finance, build of all layout components of project and use of other constructing project procedures such as EPC (Engineering Procurement Construction).

Abstract: The present research investigate experimental the head loss of flow energy throw the semi cylindrical wire-gates. The effective parameters on the studied system in forms of dimensionless parameters obtained by using Buckingham’s theory. The experiments were conducted in a rectangular flume with the length of 8m, width of 0.282m and height of 0.3m in Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, using physical models with diameters 70, 120 and 160 mm in height of the opening between 0 until radius and differently discharging. The ratio of cylindrical structure diameter to channel width (D/B) was in the range of 0.25 to 0.57 and the Froude number was in range of 0.08 to 0.55. The results shows that in all angles which structure sets, dimension less parameter Hf/H cases curvature upstream and downstream with increasing Froude number and dimensionless parameter H/P increases, so that coefficient in both cases curvature upstream and downstream with increasing water depth upstream and dimension less parameter H/P Linearly decreases. Constant a (H/P) and Froude number, a dimensionless parameter Hf / H when the curvature is upstream semi cylindrical wire-gate due to the gradual contraction of flow lines and thus decrease the input is less than the curvature is downstream structure. Moreover, the result shows that in addition to the angle of semi cylindrical curvature to horizon line, structure diameter was affected on head loss amount.