pezhman motamedi

Changes in corticospinal excitability will cause a change in the neural output and finally the maximum force will be changed. Various training and non-training factors affect this neuromuscular response and it seems that the intensity of the intervention is one of the effective factors in this regard. Based on this, the present study sought to investigate the response of corticospinal excitability to different intensities of postactivation potentiation in young trained subjects.

Eight young men (24.8±2.70 year) performed the research protocol in three separate sessions with preparatory contractions during the handgrip movement with intensities of 20, 50 and 80% root mean square of maximal voluntary contraction. Several times after that, the amount of corticospinal excitability, the electrical activity of the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) and the maximum force in the hangrip were measured with a dynamometer. Then, the results were extracted by using the statistical method of repeated-measures analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05.

The amplitude of motor evoked potential increased after preparatory contraction with intensity of 20%, but it decreased significantly after intensity of 50% and 80%; so that, there was no significant difference between the intensity of 50% and 80%. On the other hand, the amount of voluntary force measured by the maximum voluntary contraction did not show any significant change as well as the electrical activity immediately and after 5 minutes of preparatory contraction.

None of the changes in corticospinal excitability were associated with changes in muscle strength and electrical activity. Therefore, there is a complex interaction between changes in supraspinal excitability following preparatory contractions and their effect on an individual’s ability to improve or maintain force output, and further investigations are needed in this area.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combined exercise on aortic atherosclerosis and FGF23 in male rats with chronic renal failure.

In this study, 20 male Wistar rats (mean weight 10 ± 250  g) were induced by NX5 / 6 method for chronic renal failure. After 2 weeks of recovery, they were randomly divided into two groups of control (n= 10) and combined training (n= 10) and performed a combined training protocol for 8 weeks. The combined training protocol consisted of two resistance training exercises on a ladder with 2 sets and 6 repetitions with percentages of body weight and aerobic exercise included 30 minutes of low-intensity treadmill activity.

The results showed that combined exercise reduced aortic atherosclerosis and decreased plaques, and FGF23 decreased significantly (p = 0.001). Parathoromon hormone also significantly decreased (p = 0.041) and calcium and phosphorus significantly decreased (p = 0.004 and p = 0.005, respectively).

Overall, the results showed that combined training could decrease FGF23, parathoromon hormone, calcium and phosphor on aortic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease indices in chronic renal failure patients.

The challenge for coaches is to quickly return to their initial state during soccer matches. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tDCS stimulation on the recovery of neuromuscular and skill performance of soccer players following a simulated soccer match.

Twelve young volunteer soccer players were randomly divided into two tDCS groups, anodal and Sham. tDCS stimulation with an intensity of 2 mA and for 20 minutes was applied in the left part of the posterolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in three time periods, immediately, 24 and 48 hours after simulated soccer. Recovery status, pressure perception, shooting skill, vertical jump height and electrical activity of the latissimus dorsi muscle during jumping were investigated in both sham and tDCS conditions

Variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that tDCS stimulation significantly increased the shooting score and significantly decreased the number of shooting errors. The recovery status and perceived pressure and electrical activity of lower body muscles were not affected by tDCS stimulation.

The findings indicate that recovery with tDCS stimulation can restore the technical performance of young soccer players after a soccer match, although it had no effect on increasing neuromuscular activity. Therefore, this method can be used as an effective method to reduce physical and psychological pressure after playing soccer.

Some cytokines, including asprosin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are metabotropic factors, which play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effect of aerobic interval training on the circulating levels of BDNF and asprosin in men with type 2 diabetes.

In this semi-experimental study, 20 men with type 2 diabetes were selected by random sampling and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Exercise training was performed for 12 weeks (three 60-90-min sessions of interval aerobic training). The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) through t-test and ANCOVA (P≤0.05).

The results showed that after the training intervention, a significant decrease was observed in serum asprosin level (F=7.670; P=0.013), followed by a significant increase in serum levels of BDNF (F=7.585; P=0.014) in the training group, compared to the baseline values and the control group.

According to the results of the present study, it can be said that interval aerobic training has an effective role in controlling blood glycemic levels and the treatment of type 2 diabetes by reducing asprosin and increasing BDNF as two metabotropic cytokines.

Fetuin B is one of the hepatokines associated with insulin resistance and liver function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pyramidal aerobic exercises on insulin resistance and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and fetuin B in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this semi-experimental research, 60 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected by random sampling and randomly divided into two groups of exercise and control.The training protocol consisted of eight weeks of training, three sessions per week, and each session included 40-55 minutes of pyramidal aerobic training. The exercise was performed with 35-50%, 50-65%, and 65-80% of the resting heart rate (RHR), respectively. Fasting blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the intervention. Dependent t-tests and covariance analysis were used for statistical analysis.

After the pyramid aerobic exercise period, a significant decrease was observed in the levels of insulin resistance, fetuin B, ALT, and AST compared to the control group (p<0.05).

Pyramidal aerobic exercises by reducing fetuin B have positive effects on reducing insulin resistance and improving liver disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Conducting exercises with various methods can have different effects on the body tissue. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of one session of resistance training with high and low intensities, while both restricting and not restricting the blood flow, on the levels of irisin and glycerol serum in trained male subjects.

This quasi-experimental study with a cross-group design and repeated measurements, was designed to determine the effects of one session of high and low-intensity exercise, with and without the blood flow restriction, on the levels of irisin and glycerol serum. For this purpose, 10 trained male participants with the age of 25±1.75 year, fat percentage of 15.7±4.7, and weight of 76.75 ± 7.95 kg were randomly selected from the available subjects. The subjects performed four resistance training protocols in 48 hours. Training protocols included: high-intensity resistance training (%75 1RM) with blood flow restriction. High-intensity resistance training (%75 1RM) without blood flow restriction. Low-intensity resistance training (%30 1RM) with blood flow restriction. And finally low intensity resistance training (%30 1RM) without blood flow restriction. Subsequently, after performing each protocol, levels of irisin and glycerol serum were examined using the ELISA method. Data were analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA.

Although the changes in irisin levels were incremental, these changes were not significant. The changes in the level of glycerol, as a lipolysis level index, had significant changes due to different resistance training protocols (P≤0.05). There was also no significant relationship between irisin and glycerol secretion.

It seems that resistance activities with high and low intensity, with and without blood flow restriction, have no significant effects on the regulatory mechanisms of white fat browning through irisin secretion in trained men, but it causes more lipolysis.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that is spreading rapidly around the world (1). Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes, with progressive destruction of the sensory and motor nerves of the lower extremities in these patients. Peripheral nerve problems in these patients also lead to functional deficits and muscle mobility (5, 6). In general, it is agreed that metabolic and vascular disorders caused by diabetes lead to peripheral neuropathy and nerve damage in these patients (8). Based on the hypotheses that cause diabetic neuropathy, it can be said that the use of exercise can be effective in improving diabetic neuropathy by improving vascular function (13, 14) and controlling blood sugar (13-15). The present study was to determine the effect of a period of functional training on blood sugar control and nerve conduction velocity in patients with diabetic neuropathic disorders. Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes, with progressive destruction of the sensory and motor nerves of the lower extremities in these patients. Peripheral nerve problems in these patients also lead to functional deficits and muscle mobility (5, 6). In general, it is agreed that metabolic and vascular disorders caused by diabetes lead to peripheral neuropathy and nerve damage in these patients (8). Based on the hypotheses that cause diabetic neuropathy, it can be said that the use of exercise can be effective on diabetic neuropathy by improving vascular function (13, 14) and controlling blood sugar (13-15). The present study was to determine the effect of a period of functional training on blood sugar control and nerve conduction velocity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In the present quasi-experimental study, 12 patients with type 2 diabetes living in Karaj (45-65 years old) were selected as the research sample and randomly divided into 2 groups of 6 exercise and control intervention. The training protocol in the present study was a researcher-made protocol that adjusted the volume and intensity of training based on exercise recommendations for patients with type 2 diabetes. The training program was performed for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. These exercises were designed as exercises at home. The exercises were designed to improve general endurance, endurance, strength, muscle flexibility and balance and with the approach of improving the function of the neuromuscular system and were designed as a station (20). In order to study blood variables 48 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention, fasting blood sampling was performed and electromyography devices were used to evaluate the nerve conduction velocity (21). Dependent t-test and independent t-test were used for statistical analysis; Statistical analysis was measured using SPSS software version 26 and the significance level was P <0.05.

According to the results of paired sample t-test  after the training period, a significant decrease where founded in fasting blood sugar (P = 0.046), fasting insulin (P = 0.033) and insulin resistance (P = 0.028) and a significant increase There was founded in median sensory nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.037) and a median motor nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.001) in the exercise group compared to baseline values, but no significant difference was observed in the measured variables in the control group ( P < 0.05). In comparison between the changes, the results of independent t-test showed that there were significant differences in fasting blood sugar (P = 0.007), fasting insulin (P = 0.019), insulin resistance (P = 0.005), Median sensory nerve conduction velocity (P = 0.005) and median motor nerve conduction velocity (P <0.001) compared to the control group.

The results of the present study showed that after the training period, a significant decrease in levels of fasting blood sugar, fasting insulin and insulin resistance was observed compared to the control group without exercise. Due to the pathology of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in insulin-sensitive tissues such as muscle tissue and adipose tissue, blood glucose levels increase in these people, and due to increased hyperglycemia, diabetic patients develop complications of diabetes, including neuropathy (7). Even a session of physical activity has been reported to stimulate glucose uptake by upregulating GLUT4 levels in sarcoma. This effect is independent of the effect of insulin and glucose uptake continues for several hours after the end of physical activity. Physical activity also increases insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle; this effect lasts for several hours after the end of physical activity and is clearly dependent on insulin and insulin function in target tissues (22). Regarding the chronic effect of regular exercise on blood sugar control in patients with diabetes, it can be said that regular exercise helps control blood sugar and thus reduces hyperglycemia in these people due to increased cell sensitivity to insulin-dependent molecular pathways. Which improve insulin signaling (ACC and MAPKs PI3-kinase) as well as insulin-independent pathways (Akt and mTOR AMP-kinase), control glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and prevent the complications of diabetes (1, 13, 23). In investigating the effect of exercise on nerve conduction velocity, the results of our study showed that after the training period, a significant increase in sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity was observed compared to the pretest and control group; The results of our study showed the effect of almost twice the effect of exercise on increasing the conduction velocity of the median motor nerve compared to the conduction velocity of the median sensory nerve. The conduction of a shock in the human nerve depends on the electrochemical activity of single nerve fibers within the nerve (26). In their study, Galliro et al. (2021) reported that the rate of nerve conduction decreases in diabetic neuropathy, especially in the sensory fields in the lower extremities (18). It has been shown that metabolic abnormalities seen in impaired glucose tolerance may lead to changes in neural conduction (27). Given that diabetic neuropathy is associated with poor glycemic control, and in our study, increased nerve rate was negatively associated with insulin resistance, an increase in nerve conduction velocity can be justified; Research on laboratory animals has shown that exercise improves nerve function through adaptations in the presynaptic and postsynaptic sections (29). It has also been reported that impaired neural conduction in diabetic patients with mild to moderate peripheral neuropathy may be improved by drug doses of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin E (30). Although in the present study, factors related to free radicals, inflammatory factors or total antioxidant levels were not measured and were one of the limitations of the present study, but according to previous research results that show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise in diabetes (31), it can be said that exercise, like antioxidant vitamins, can improve nerve function. Overall, the results of the present study showed the positive effects of functional exercises on metabolic indicators and also increased nerve conduction velocity, which indicates the positive effects of functional exercises on preventing the complications of diabetic neuropathy.

Parkinson's disease is the second age-related neurodegenerative disease that is clinically characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of circuit resistance training on motor neuromuscular function in patients with Parkinson's disease.

In this semi-experimental research, 20 patients with Parkinson's disease were randomly divided into two groups: resistance training (eight weeks of resistance training, 3 sessions per week) and control (without training). Maximum strength of upper and lower body muscles was calculated using the O'Connor method. The muscle Power of the subjects was measured by ramp power test and the VO2max was measured by the Astrand-Rimming sub-maximal test. T-test and analysis of covariance were run for statistical analysis.

After the training period, a significant increase was observed in the strength levels of upper and lower torso muscles (p<0.001), muscle strength (p<0.001) and VO2max (p<0.01) in the training group compared to the control group; however no significant difference was observed in their weight and body mass index (p>0.05).

According to the results, it can be concluded that eight weeks of circuit resistance training improves muscle function and also increases cardiorespiratory endurance in patients with Parkinson.

Menstrual cycle may affect the training of strength and muscle size. The aim ofthe present study was to determine the effect of exercise volume distribution in the 2 follicular and lutealphases of the menstrual cycle on serum Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and muscle mass in women.

in this semi experimental study’ 20 amenorrheic women with a mean age of 22±5 years, withoutcontraceptive use and a history of eight weeks of resistance training were selected. Each subject had8 training sessions on one leg in the first 14 days of menstruation and 2 training sessions on the second14 days of menstruation (training in the follicular period) and the other leg had 2 training sessions on thefirst 14 days of menstruation and 8 training sessions on the second 14 days of menstruation (training inthe luteal period). The training protocol was consist of unilateral leg extension.

the quadriceps Muscle diameter (according to pretest size) in follicular training (FT) (0.67±0.34(cm)) was higher than luteal training(LT) (0.46, 0.41 cm) (P=0.012). Also, insulin-like growth factor increasedin both groups (13%) regardless of the type of exercise schedule (P> 0.001).

According to this study it is recommended that follicular based training may cause more musclehypertrophy and maximum strength than luteal based training in young amenorrheic women whodo not take birth control pills.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive and irreversibleloss of renal function. One of the complications of this disease is muscle wasting and atrophy. The aimof this study was to determine the effect of exercise training on CKD-induced muscle apoptosis in rats.

In the present developmental study, 30 rats were selected and divided into 3groups: disease training, disease control and healthy controls. Induction of CKD was through primaryand final 1.3 resection of one kidney and complete resection of the other kidney. The training programconsisted of eight weeks of continuous running training with an intensity of 45-55% VO2max. After removalof EDL muscle, protein level and Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression were measured by immunohistochemistryand real-time PCR, respectively.

Induction of CKD caused a significant increase in protein level and gene expression of Bax andBax/Bcl-2 and a significant decrease in Bcl-2 compared to the healthy control group (P<0.001). Also significantdecrease was funded in the expression of genes and proteins Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 (P<0.001) anda significant increase was funded in protein Bcl-2 (P<0.001), without significant changes in the geneexpression of Bcl-2 (P=0.935) in disease training compared to the disease control.

The results of the present study support the anti-apoptotic effect of exercise on muscle tissueof CKD patients; therefore, it is recommended that clinical research be conducted in this regard forexercise recommendations for these patients.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of three models of high intensity interval exercise with synchronize, consecutive and alternate upper and lower body activity on plasma Irisin and BDNF among obese women. To this aim, 11 untrained obese women (30/5±5/8yrs; body fat: %39/9±4/0) completed three protocols on the Elliptical ergometer in cross design method. Regarding consecutive protocols, the arm and then leg pedaling was done consecutively, each 10 repeats with 90% wmax for 40minutes. In synchronize protocols, 10 repetitions of arm and leg pedaling were simultaneously performed with 90% wmax for 29minutes. As for alternate protocol, arm and leg pedaling was alternately done, each 14 repeats with 90% wmax for 26.6 minutes. Then, each bout of activity was separated by one-minute active rest with 30% wmax. In addition, the blood samples were taken before the first protocol and one hour after completing each protocol. Results of repeated measure ANOVA and LSD post hoc test reported no significant difference (p≤0/05) in Irisin or BDNF changes between protocols. However, 28/24% (p=0/02), 21/86% and 17/18% (p=0/03) increase occurred at the synchronize, consecutive and alternate protocols in Irisin levels, respectively while 0/01%, 10/08%, 10/76% reduction occurred in BDNF levels, respectively, compared to baseline values. In spite of spent less time on synchronize and alternate models than consecutive model and lower perceived exertion in alternate model than synchronize model, it seems that Irisin and BDNF secretion is mainly affected from energy expenditure during exercise than activity intensity, duration or order of muscle activity.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of plyometric training pre and post maturation period with soccer training on electromyographical index and soccer players performance. 30 students of soccer playerchr('39')s pre maturation period (weight 32.38±6.59 kg, age 10.35±0.59 years, and height 141±0.06cm) and post maturation period (weight 43.79±10.96 kg, age 15.43±0.72 years, and height 156.84±0.09 cm) were selected. Subjects in the experimental group were 15 students before and after maturity period. To evaluate the age of the indices such as height, age, dental and bone age (radiographic method) was used. Then, for homogeneous groups of index of biological age radiography was used by radiologists. Before and after 4 weeks of training,, functional tests of two 20 meter speed, agility, vertical jump and also Amplitude  for vastus lateralis muscle Were taken. The result by using  Paired t-test showed that in pre maturation group in the vertical jump, agility and 20 meters there was a significant difference (P=0.002,P=0.006,P=0.001) and the other variables there was no significant difference. In variations between the groups, independent t-test showed that only significant differences was found in the test 20 meter speed (P = 0.007) and in the other variables not significantly different. The results showed that plyometric training in the Pre maturation group compared to post maturation group were more effect and these results can help in the design training for premature age groups

Neuromuscular junction is a synaptic junction in which motor neurons are connected to muscle fibers. Neuromuscular junction is a complex structure that changes under the influence of various stages of development as well as environmental changes such as pathological conditions and genetic and non-genetic diseases and physiological conditions such as physical activity and exercise training. During about a first third of life, the growth of the nervous system naturally promotes an increase in strength and muscle mass. However, with age, the function of the nervous system also slowly decreases. Neuromuscular junction is one of the structures that are damaged due to aging processes. Neuromuscular junction are important for understanding the basic concepts, diagnosis and treatment of atrophy and reduction of muscle mass. An active lifestyle is particularly important for understanding the function of neuromuscular junctions in changes in muscle mass and their application in clinical settings. Exercise training and physical activity as a metabolic and neuromotor stress can improve the overall function of the neuromuscular junction by improving neuromuscular signaling, and improving muscle function, a factor known to aid growth. Exercise training leads to impressive changes in the neuromuscular junction of young and old animals. However, large studies aimed at investigating these effects have introduced methodological variables that show effects on the results under study. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically investigate the effects of exercise training on neuromuscular junction and related diseases in the lives of young, adult and old animals.

In this systematic review article, the results of articles presented on the effect of exercise on neuromuscular junction in Google Scholar, Web of science, PubMed databases, which included five thousand article titles, were reviewed and analyzed. In this study, two independent evaluators, WKN and EFG, reviewed all titles during the analysis. Then, the abstracts of the articles were evaluated using PRISMA. Of the articles reviewed, 109 articles were used for the initial analysis of chicks. The selection criteria were such that the abstract of the article should have sufficient data on the parameters of the neuromuscular junction components, the animals studied as well as the therapies, and the measures used in these studies. Among the articles, 26 full-text articles were analyzed and among these 26 articles, 11 articles were used for systematic review. The results of the study showed that the breeds of animals used in the selected articles were rodents including SD (Sprague Dawley) rats, Fisher rats, Vistar rats and C57BL / 6NNia rats. In terms of age and gender, all articles provided information on the effects of exercise on the neuromuscular components of both young and adult animals. Among these articles, four articles examined the effects of exercise on the parameters of neuromuscular connection and in all studies, male animals were used. Most of the exercises used in the research were endurance exercises. Only two articles were done on strength training. The duration of the training intervention in the research varied from 6 weeks to 15 weeks. The number of training sessions was 5 times a week. None of the articles examined seasonal exercise to prescribe exercise intensity.

Regarding the effect of training on the presynaptic part, the results showed that endurance training caused hypertrophy of the presynaptic part, including area, length, total area and complexity of neuromuscular connection. Endurance training had an effect on the morphological adaptation of the neuromuscular junction in muscles such as the soleus muscle and to a lesser extent in the long toe extensor muscles of the gluteus maximus as well as the soleus muscle. Most of the results obtained from the systematic study showed that in some of the analyzed parameters such as mean and total branch length as well as branch complexity, there are high levels of heterogeneity. The results also showed that endurance training did not have a significant effect on the postsynaptic sections of slow-acting neuromuscular fibers. However, many changes were observed in fast-twitch fibers. In addition, the analysis shows the general effects of an increase in the overall environment and end-plate dispersion as well as a decrease in the drug spot environment before and after synaptic mating of fast-twitch myofibers. The whole postsynaptic section showed similar changes to the process of presynaptic changes. Although thethey were more dependent on the type of exercise provided. In endurance training, for example, it reduced the spotty environment of slow-fiber neuromuscular junction in the soleus muscles, while not showing morphological compatibility with strength training. Regarding the effect of aging on neuromuscular connection, the results showed that the aging process is naturally associated with various adaptations in neuromuscular connection. Exercise also increases longevity and also strengthens the structure of the neuromuscular junction in old age. Studies in young and old animals during exercise have shown that adaptations that occur in the structure of the neuromuscular junction may vary with age. Exercise can be positively involved in the up regulation of genes and the protein expression of several molecules and growth factors. Physical activity and exercise naturally increase the expression of growth factor such as neurotrophic factors which can effecting on quality of function an Structure of neuromuscular junction.

In general, the research findings showed that the neuromuscular junctions, including presynaptic and postsynaptic, as well as its morphological structure are affected by different developmental stages and undergo changes during development from embryonic to old age. Also, pathological conditions such as the type of disease or injury can cause changes in the structural components of the neuromuscular junction, which ultimately lead to changes in the quality of motor function. Also, exercise can play an effective role in improving the structural and functional quality of the neuromuscular junction. Therefore, regular exercise can be a preventive method in old age and its negative effects on muscle mass and motor function, which is created by improving neuromuscular connections. Due to the difference in results between aerobic and resistance training methods, more research is needed by applying the main variables of training, including training intensity, training volume, etc. for better conclusions in this regard.

The present research aims to examine the effect of aerobic exercise with medium and high intensity on the gene expression of Bax and Bcl-2 markers in rat myocard after ischemic-reperfusion by isoprenaline. 26 male Wistar rats were used weighing approximately 225.25±25.25 g with two to three months old; Then pilot study with stroke group (n = 7) and control Group (n = 7) was knock to examine of isopernalin induced-infarct and the infarct of left ventricle were confirmed in isopernalin into normal groups used Masson-trichrom teqnique. Then rats were divided into three groups to Measure gene expression: control (n=4), aerobic exercise with middle (n=4) and many intensity (n=4). The rats in research group were introduced to treadmill for a week, then the rats were exposed medium and high intensity aerobic training with frequency of three times weekly for one month. After two days of rest, rats were injected with isoprenaline within 24 hours; but control group were injected only with isopernaline in the end of one month. The formula 2-ΔΔct were used to measure the gene expression of BAX and BCL2, and independent t-test was used to compare the two groups of stroke and control in the pilot study and ANOVA were used to compare the groups.The results of study showed that aerobic exercise with medium and high intensity could reduce and increase the gene expression of BAX and BCL2, but these changes were not significant. Therefore, it seems that this intensity and period of training can not active anti-apoptotic routes of exercise to minimize the effects of stroke.

Since poor pump function and left ventricular dilatation both contribute to the development of heart failure, improving pump function and limiting left ventricular dilatation are both important therapeutic targets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cardiac rehabilitation based on aerobic and aerobic-resistance exercises on the biomechanical function of cardiac myocardium (MI, PCI and CABG).

In this quasi-experimental study, 51 middle-aged male patients aged 55.73±5.92 were followed by MI, CABG, and PCI randomly and equally in three groups of aerobic training, aerobic-resistance training and control were divided. The experimental groups performed sub-maximal aerobic exercises for 8 weeks. The training protocol consisted of three sessions per week of rehabilitation exercises and each activity session consisted of three sections: warm-up, core activity, and cooling. Aerobic-resistance group In addition to aerobic training, they performed resistance training twice a week for 15 minutes.

Significant improvement in all biomechanical performance indices of myocardium including: ejection fraction (P=0.001), end diastolic volume (P=0.001) and end systolic volume (P=0.001), left ventricular end diastolic (P=0.001), left ventricular end systolic (P=0.001), inter-ventricular septal thickness (P=0.001), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (P=0.001). Both aerobic and aerobic-resistance training groups were significantly better than the control group. This improvement was more pronounced in the aerobic-resistance group.

Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program, especially using aerobic-resistance training for at least 8 weeks, significantly improves the biomechanical function of cardiac muscle in patients.

Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) plays an important role in the transfer of ascorbic acid to slow-twitch fiber. The purpose of this study was investigating the effect of diabetes induction and exercise training on the level of ascorbic acid and muscle SVCT2 in rats.

In this experimental study, 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=5 per group): 1) healthy control 2) diabetic control, 3) diabetic exercise, 4) sham. Diabetic was induced by injection of Streptozotocin solution (55 mg / kg). The exercise program was performed 6 weeks of aerobic running on Treadmill, 5 sessions per week and each training session for 20-40 minutes at an intensity of 50-70% VO2max. Homogeneous tissue of soleus muscle and serum was analyzed to evaluate the effect of exercise training on ascorbic acid metabolism. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 18 software and one-wayANOVA test (P ≤ 0.05).

The results showed that there was significant differences (P < 0.05) between the level muscle and serum ascorbic acid in diabetic and diabetic + exercise groups compare to the healthy control and sham groups. But no significant differences was found in SVCT2 of Soleus muscle between groups (P> 0.05).

Induction of diabetes induces a decrease in muscle levels of ascorbic acid, which appears to be associated with a decrease in serum ascorbic acid levels, since no significant difference was found in SVCT2 levels. Also, exercise training had no significant effect on serum and muscle ascorbic acid levels of muscle SVCT2 levels.

The present research aims to examine the effect of anaerobic exercise with melatonin consumption on the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 markers in rat myocardium after ischemic-reperfusion by isoprenaline. In the present experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200-250 g with two to three months old were divided into five groups: pilot (n=14), control (n=4), melatonin (n=4), anaerobic (n=4) and melatonin anaerobic (n=4). Pilot group were divided into two groups, isoperalin (n=7) and normal (n=7): isoperalin group injected isoprenaline with dose of 150 and 125 mg/kg BW with 24 hours in two consecutive days; and normal group has no injection. Then more fibros level was confirmed in isopernalin into normal groups used Masson-trichrom tanique. In the following Rats in melatonin group were gavaged every day for one month using a dose of 10 mg/kg BW. Meanwhile, rats in anaerobic group and melatonin anaerobic group were exposed training course with frequency of three times weekly for one month. But control group were injected only with isopernalin in the end of one month. Finally, rats were sacrificed after confirmation of infarct and expressions of bax and bcl2 gene were studied by real-time method. Melatonin treatment and anaerobic training have negligible effect on Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression. In the other hand, anaerobic exercise with consuming melatonin can decrease and increase Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression respectively and show significant effect, compared to treatment with melatonin alone. The anaerobic exercise with consuming melatonin into consuming melatonin alone can reduce inactive induced-Infarction level.

Background and The angiogenesis inhibitors and the pro angiogenesis factors are enhanced in diabetic patients; especially those are involved in exercise. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of endurance training with moderate and high intensities on some angiogenesis factors in renal tissue of diabetic rats. Sixty male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=10 per group): Sedentary control (SC), Sedentary Diabetic (SD), Diabetic Moderate intensity training (DMT), Healthy Moderate intensity training (MT), Diabetic High intensity training (DHT) and Healthy High intensity training (HT). The exercise protocol performed 8 weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training, 5 sessions per week and 60 minutes per session. Eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training significantly reduced blood glucose in diabetic rats, but this decrease was higher in the DMT group. Also, eight weeks of moderate and high intensity aerobic training in both diabetic groups significantly increased VEGF (P = 0.002 and P = 0.000, respectively) compared to the SD, but for VEGFR1 was observed only between DHT compared to SD (P = 0.007). compared to high intensity aerobic training, moderate aerobic training results in a decrease in the levels of glucose and an increase in VEGF.

Even though endothelial dysfunction and reduction of nitric oxide are considered to be responsible for postmenopausal hypertension, the underlying mechanisms are not yet to be fully recognized. Adropin has been shown to play a key role in this regard. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of combined training on adropin, serum nitric oxide as well as blood pressure in hypertensive postmenopausal women. For this purpose, 20 postmenopausal women with satge-1 hypertension were randomly divided into two groups: training and control. The training group participated in combined exercise (walking with a moderate intensity of 60-70% of maximum heart rate (HRmax)) and resistance training with an intensity of 10 repetitions maximum (equivalent to 70% of 1RM) 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after training intervention. Adropin concentration was measured by sandwich ELISA method and serum nitric oxide was measured by calorimetric method. Dependent and independent t tests were used to analyze and compare the differences within groups and between groups respectively.The significance level was set as α<0.05. The results indicated thatadropin and serum NO levels significantly increased in the training group compared with the control group (P=0.000). Furthermore, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the training group compared with the control group (P=0.000).In conclusion,it seems that combined training contributes to the reduction of blood pressure in postmenopausal women through an increase in serum adropin and nitric oxide.

The purpose of this research was to determine the acute effects of plyometric training with changing of height landing on the electromyographic activity during preparatory phase land-jump in male students. The population of this research were 10 physical education male students of Kharazmi University, which selected as sample. (21/10±1/286yrs, 173±6/467 height, 68/2±7/42 weight). In four different days subjects Performed as single leg one of four protocols plyometric training and land - jump from a height of 40 and 60 cm. EMG activity of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle group 150 milliseconds before foot contact with the ground was recorded. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test was used. The results of this study showed that muscle activity after changing of height landing in preparatory phase (from 40 to 60 cm) has increased significantly (P=0/002, P=0/001, P=0/001) respectively. Activity of muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris) during landing after performing plyometric and changing of height landing in preparatory phase has increased significantly (P=0/039, P=0/001) (P=0/006, P=0/000) (P=0/001, P=0/014) respectively. Jump height has increased significantly (P=0/007, P=0/002) respectively. The results showed that acute perform plyometric training with changing of height landing result in significant changes in the electrical activity of muscles and also the height of the jump in the preparatory phase.

Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) plays an important role in the transfer of ascorbic acid to slow-twitch fiber. Due to the importance of ascorbic acid in muscle fibers and the role of SVCT2 in the transmission of this vitamin, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training on serum and tissue ascorbic acid levels and SVCT2 levels in Soleus muscle in experimental rats. In this experimental study, 10 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: aerobic training and control. Aerobic group, training for 6 weeks of aerobic running on Treadmill, 5 sessions per week and each training session for 20-40 minutes were performed for 10-20 meter per minutes . Homogeneous tissue of soleus muscle and serum were analyzed to evaluate the effect of exercise training on ascorbic acid metabolism. Data were analyzed by independent t-test and covariance analysis (P ≤ 0.05). The results showed that there was no significant difference between the level of SVCT2 of Soleus muscle and also the levels of serum and muscle ascorbic acid when compared with control group (P> 0.05).
Discussion and Regarding the results of this study, it can be concluded that 6 weeks of aerobic exercise have no significant effect on serum and muscle ascorbic acid levels and muscle levels of SVCT2 in experimental rats. And slow-twitch muscle in healthy rats does not have any limits on the production of ascorbic acid and the supply of ascorbic acid.

The eNOS gene that is responsible for the production of nitric oxide and angiostatin is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on angiostatin and eNOS gene expression of cardiac tissue in type 2 diabetic male wistar rats. In an experimental study, 36 male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, Diabetic Endurance Training (DET, n=12), Diabetic Control (DC, n=12) and Healthy Control (HC, n=12). Type 2 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The endurance training included 10 weeks, 5 sessions per week running at speed of 27 m/min for 15 minutes in 1st week and reached to 27 m/min for 60 min/day in 9th weeks. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after last training session and the samples were taken from cardiac tissue. The gene expression of angiostatin and eNOS were examined by Real-Time PCR. The one-way ANOVA was used to analysis the data. The significant level was set at p<0.05. This study was approved in Research Ethics Committee of Arak university of medical sciences with the code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1394.329. The gene expression of angiostatin and eNOS of DC group showed significant increase compared to HC group (p =0.000). The endurance training induced significant decrease in the gene expression of angiostatin and eNOS compared to DC group (p =0.000). It appears that gene expression of angiostatin and eNOS of diabetic cardiac tissue are affected by positive effect of endurance training.

Type 2 diabetes exerts an anti-angiogenesis effects on the cardiac tissue. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of endurance training on gene expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 of cardiac tissue in type 2 diabetic male wistar rats. 36 male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups, Diabetic Endurance Training (DET), Diabetic Control (DC) and Healthy Control (HC). Type 2 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The endurance training included 10 weeks, 5 sessions per week running at speed of 27 m/min and intensity of 75% VO2max for 20-30min in 1st week and reached to 27 m/min and intensity of 75% VO2max for 60 min/day in 10th weeks. The gene expression of VEGF and VEGFR2 were examined by Real-Time PCR AND Western Blotting. Findings: The results of Real-Time PCR showed that the endurance training caused increase in VEGF mRNA (p<0.05) and VEGFR2 mRNA (p<0.05) compared to DC group. The results of Western Blotting also indicated that the endurance training induced increase in VEGF protein expression (p<0.05) compared to DC group and there was no significant change in expression of VEGFR2 protein (p>0.05). Type 2 diabetes impairs the angiogenesis process in diabetic cardiac. It appears that endurance training has positive impact on angiogenesis and it can cause the improvement of diabetic cardiac.

Introduction and Purpose: One of the causes of Cardiovascular Disease Is Physical inactivity and consuming oxidant foods. Therefore, the purpose of present study is evaluating the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise with the using melatonin on VEGFA and VEGFA2 gene expression of rats after reperfusion ischemia. 38 Wistar male rats aged between 2 to 3 month and weighing from 200 to 260 grams, were divided into seven groups including, pilot(n=14), control (n=4), Melatonin(n=4), Aerobic Exercise(n=4), anaerobic Exercise(n=4), melatonin Aerobic Exercise(n=4) and melatonin anaerobic Exercise(n=4). The pilot group was divided into two groups of ischemia and healthy for confirmation of myocardial fibrosis. Melatonin groups were gavaged by 10 mg per kg of body weight for one month. and then Aerobic Exercise group, anaerobic Exercise, melatonin Aerobic Exercise, and melatonin anaerobic Exercise Were placed under the one-month training period such that the exercise was three times a week on the treadmill. At the end of one month, all rats were injected with isoprenaline for two consecutive days with an interval of 24 hours for induction of ischemia. Finally, the VEGFA and VEGFA2 gene expression was done using Real-time method. Results of the research were analyzed using 2^(-∆∆ct)formula, and one way variance Analysis test of ANOVA, Loon and Tuky. Findings: Aerobic Exercise and Anaerobic Exercise treatment separately, had an increasing effect on VEGFA and VEGFR2 gene expression, separatelybut their impact was not statistically significant. Other groups, except melatonin, also increased the expression of these genes. Melatonin could reduce the expression of the VEGFA and VEGFR2 gene. Long-term aerobic and anaerobic exercise, if fitted, can reduce the amount of myocardial infarction.

Introdution: According to importance of complimentary therapies. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a four-week aerobic physical activities in water on the extent of clinical improvement and amount of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha, TNF-α, Interleukin 10, IL-10 on serum levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the brain tissue of the animal model of of multiple sclerosis (MS) via inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In this experimental study, a total number of 80 female Syrian mice from the race of C57BL/6,, aging 10 to 12 weeks and weighing 20 ± 2 gram were divided into eight groups of 10, namely, control, swimming, MS, MS + swimming, MS + interferon beta (INF-β), MS + interferon beta + swimming, MS + solvent, and MS + solvent + swimming environment. For induction of EAE, 300 μg (35-55) myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) was first mixed in 100 μl phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and injected subcutaneously (SC). At the time of injection and after 48 hours, 300 ng pertussis toxin was diluted in PBS and injected intraperitoneally (IP). During a week after the treatment, mice receiving were the drug in form intraperitoneal received 150 IU/g of the drug per day. Clinical symptoms and the mice's weights were recorded every day. Physical activity group did the aerobic activities for four weeks, five sessions a week, 30 minutes each session. Finally Brains were extracted and blood samples were taken from the heart and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to measure markers. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA. Based on the findings of this study, physical activity compared to interferon beta-1 treatment significantly increased the BDNF factor in mice, increased IL-10, and decreased TNF-α in serum . Aerobic swimming exercises could most probably help remyelination by regulation of inflammatory factors and lowering the speed of myelin destruction, hence, helping the clinical improvement in patients with multiple sclerosis.