r. hosseini

In this article, the experimental and numerical analysis of the effect of the geometry of the wall holes on the energy absorption of thin-walled tubes is discussed. Energy is applied by axial impact. Thin wall tubes, with and without side holes in the wall, are used to absorb the axial impact energy caused by a dropping weight. These tubes absorb the energy caused by the impact by asymmetric plastic buckling. If the force of the impacting object is greater than the minimum average buckling force, the tube will be dented and its length will decrease. The amount of tubes depression depends on the energy input to it, the geometric characteristics and the material of the tubes. In this paper, it is shown that by perforating the thin-walled tubes in different shapes, in order to absorb the same impact energy, the shortening length of the tubes increases. By increasing the shortening length of the tubes, the amount of initial force is reduced, and in other words, it is possible to control the force and reduce damage. There is a good agreement between experimental and simulation results.

In order to study plant bugs fauna, investigations were carried out during 2021-2023 in hazelnut orchards in Guilan province, Iran. Insect samples were collected by using an insect net by hitting the branches of hazelnut trees and sweeping the host plants grown at the base of hazelnut trees in hazelnut orchards. A total of 23 species from the subfamilies Mirinae (13 species), Orthotylinae (5 species), Phylinae (3 species) and Deraeocorinae (2 species) were collected and identified. Among collected species, 9 species are herbivores (39%), 12 species predators (52%), and 2 species have dual predator/herbivory behavior (9%). The following identified species has been listed based on subfamilies. They are reported for the first time from the hazelnut orchards of Guilan province. In order to facilitate the identifications, a brief description and digital images of the dorsal habitus of each species were prepared. This study has been conducted for the first time in Iran’s hazelnut cultivation areas.Deraeocorinae Douglas & Scott, 1865: Deraeocoris (Knightocapsus) lutescens (Schilling, 1837), Deraeocoris (Camptobrochis) serenus (Douglas & Scott, 1868), Mirinae Hahn, 1833: Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze, 1778), Adelphocoris ticinensis (Meyer-Dür, 1843), Charagochilus gyllenhali (Fallén, 1807), Closterotomus costae (Reuter, 1888), Megaloceroea recticornis (Geoffroy, 1785), Mermitelocerus schmidtii (Fieber, 1836), Miris persicus (Reuter 1876), Phytocoris (Ktenocoris) varipes Boheman, 1852, Phytocoris (Ktenocoris) insignis Reuter, 1876, Phytocoris (Exophytocoris) scitulus scitulus Reuter, 1908, Stenodema (Brachystira) calcarata (Fallén, 1807), Stenodema (Stenodema) laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758), Stenotus binotatus (Fabricius, 1794), Orthotylinae Van Duzee, 1916: Globiceps (Globiceps) coryli Putshkov, 1970, Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fallén, 1807), Blepharidopterus diaphanus (Kirschbaum, 1856), Malacocoris chlorizans (Panzer, 1794), Reuteria kiritshenkoi Muminov, 1964, Phylinae Douglas & Scott, 1865: Orthonotus rufifrons (Fallén, 1807), Pilophorus confusus (Kirschbaum, 1856), Plagiognathus (Plagiognathus) fulvipennis (Kirschbaum, 1856).

During 2023, samples of leaves and branches of lilac persimmon (Diospyros lotus L.) infested with broad mites (Tarsonemidae) were collected from Rasht city, Guilan province. After preparation of microscopic slide from mite specimens, they were identified using reliable taxonomic references. Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) was identified for the first time from Guilan province on lilac persimmon. The damage symptoms of this pest mite were observed in the form of deformity, curling, darkness, and thickening of leaves and deformity of branches and buds. The damage of this pest is severe on the branches and young leaves. This is the first report of the presence of yellow broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) on lilac persimmon in Iran. The following predator mites were also collected and identified in association with this pest mite on lilac persimmon.
Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae: Euseius stipulatus (Athias–Henriot, 1960), Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes, 1948, Phytoseius plumifer (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876), Transeius wainsteini (Gomelauri, 1968); Prostigmata, Cunaxidae: Lupaeus martini (Den Heyer, 1981); Trombidiidae:  Allothrombium pulvinum Ewing, 1917.

The purpose of the current research is to present General Soleimani's new transnational management model in complex and chaotic international systems with an interpretative-qualitative meta-composite analysis of the researches presented in the "Second International Conference on the Second Step of the Islamic Revolution: School of Martyr Soleimani".

In order to present a model according to the qualitative meta-composite method (which is one of the types of meta-study methods) after the initial search and refinement of thematic sources (related to the topic), 44 articles were selected and reviewed from the 59 primary sources found.

47 codes were identified in the present study. After refining and reclassifying the primary codes, the dimensions of General Soleimani's new transnational management model in complex and chaotic international systems based on cultural values had 6 dimensions. Among the dimensions of the model, personality dimension (305) and the management dimension (128) have received the most references.

Considering frequency as a criterion of importance it can be concluded that among the dimensions of the model, personality dimension and management dimension are the most important. Among the model categories, the ethical and religious category is the most important, and among the codes, the code of stewardship, jihadism, and compassion is the most important. Then the findings and the model were validated by Delphi method. It is expected that the model of this research in the field of management, especially in the international phase, will open the way for managers in Islamic societies.

In the spring of 2023, a severe damage of eriophyid mites was observed on the privet shrubs in Rasht city, Iran. The damage symptoms include deformity of terminal buds, browning of leaves, rusting of leaves surface, severe leaf twisting, spooning of leaves, and reducing of plant growth. So far, two species of eriophyid mites associated with privet shrubs, namely Aculus ligustri (Keifer) and Aceria ligustri (Keifer) have been reported from Guilan province, Northern Iran. In the recent survey, it was found that both species are present together on the hedge privet and cause similar damage. These eriophyid mites damage to two abundant species of privet in Guilan province, including common or hedge privet (Ligustrum ovalifolium) and local privet or Mandarche (Ligustrum vulgare). These mites overwinter in the form of deutogyne female inside the buds of privet and lay eggs in the buds at the end of winter, then spring form of mites or protogynes are transferred to the leaves. The activity of the mite on privet starts from early spring and continues until summer. In order to control mites damage, it needs to apply the necessary control measures in early spring at the same time that mites move from buds to leaves, otherwise, the severe mite damage occurs in form of deformity and plant growth decrease, especially in privet hedge shrubs.

The applications of reinforced composites and heterogeneous solid materials have been widely developed in different fields of aerospace and mechanical engineering. In this research, the necessity of using non-destructive methods in identifying possible damages in composite materials is pointed out. In addition, the acoustic emission method is described and compared with other non-destructive evaluation methods. It is stated that acoustic emission is a dynamic diagnosis method which can instantly show discontinuities in a structure under tension. The nature of acoustic emission signals is mentioned as an electrical signal. Finally, it is concluded that the best method to check the delamination and fiber damage in composite laminates is the acoustic emission method.

Sandwich structures with cores made of porous materials such as various types of metal and polymer foams are effective in absorbing the energy of explosive loads and due to their lightness can be used well in various industries. In this paper, deformation and energy absorption of sandwich panels with aluminum and steel face sheet and cores made of polyurethane foam, which is filled with two types of mineral pumice of different sizes (so-called chickpea size and almond size), under experimental free explosion loading. And numerical simulation has been studied with the help of Abaqus finite element software. In this study, the mechanical behavior of the core was first studied by making samples of polyurethane foam and mineral pumice under compression testing and the results were used in software behavioral models. After comparing the numerical results with the results of experimental test, and validating the results of numerical methods, numerical parametric studies were performed and the effect of pumice type, core thickness, face sheet material and thickness on the rate of deformation and energy absorption of sandwich panel components have been studied. The results show that the panel with a thicker back face sheet has a better performance in absorbing explosion energy. Also, as the strength or thickness of the face sheets increases, the role of the core in energy absorption decreases.

The predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot has been used as importation from abroad or rearing in the laboratory and greenhouse in Iran. This predatory mite has been used for biological control of spider mites in greenhouses and fields. Due to the special thermal and humidity requirements of this mite, including temperature between 17-28˚C and relative humidity between 40-70%, the presence of this mite in natural conditions of Iran has not been reported so far. In the study of the fauna of mites associated with peanut in Astaneh-ye-Ashrafieh vicinity in Guilan province, a few specimens of this predatory mite were collected on peanut plants infected with the two spotted spider mites. After preparing microscopic slide and examining it under the microscope, the species of predator mite was identified as P. persimilis. This is the first report of the natural establishment of the predatory mite P. persimilis in Iran.

In a study on mites associated with captured insects by light traps in Rasht city, Guilan province, Iran, 24 species belonging to 22 genera of 14 families were collected and identified as follows. New records for mite’s fauna of Guilan province are marked with one asterisk above each species name.Mesostigmata: Ameroseius lidiae Bregetova, 1977 (Ameroseiidae); Lasioseius extremus (Daneshvar, 1987) (Blattisociidae); Gaeolaelaps praesternalis (Willmann, 1949), Gymnolaelaps myrmophila (Michael, 1891), Hypoaspis maryamae Joharchi and  Halliday, 2011٭, Laelaspis pennatus Joharchi and  Halliday, 2012, Pseudoparasitus missouriensis (Ewing, 1909) (Laelapidae);  Macrocheles insignitus (Berlese, 1918), Macrocheles scutatus (Berlese, 1904)٭ (Macrochelidae); Proctolaelaps holoventris Moraes, Britto, Mineiro and Halliday, 2016 (Melicharidae); Parasitus kempersi Oudemans 1902 (Parasitidae); Amblyseius meridionalis Berlese, 1914, Amblyseius ampellosus Wu and Lan, 1991٭, Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes, 1948, (Phytoseiidae); Trachyuropoda hirschmanni Pečina, 1980٭, Urojanetia excavata (Wasmann, 1899)٭ (Trachyuropodidae); Prostigmata: Coleoscirus simplex (Ewing, 1917) (Cunaxidae); Leptus (Leptus) trimaculatus (Rossi, 1794); Erythraeus (Zaracarus) budapestensis Fain and  Ripka, 1998, Charletonia krendowskyi (Feider, 1954), (Erythraeidae); Eylais extendens (Müller, 1776) (Eylaidae); Hydrachna skorikowi Piersig, 1990 (Hydrachnidae); Allopygmephorus persicus Khaustov and Hajiqanbar, 2006٭ (Neopygmephoridae); Scutacarus sphaeroideus Karafiat, 1959٭ (Scutacaridae).

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is one of the scientifically known methods of infertility treatment. This study aimed at improving the performance of predicting the success of IVF using machine learning and its optimization through evolutionary algorithms. The Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) were proposed to classify the infertility dataset. The Genetic algorithm was used to improve the performance of the Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network model. The proposed model was applied to a dataset including 594 eggs from 94 patients undergoing IVF, of which 318 were of good quality embryos and 276 were of lower quality embryos. For performance evaluation of the MLP model, an ROC curve analysis was conducted, and 10-fold cross-validation performed. The results revealed that this intelligent model has high efficiency with an accuracy of 96% for Multi-layer Perceptron neural network, which is promising compared to counterparts methods.

During investigation on Guilan province mites fauna three species of parasitengone (Acari: Prostigmata: Erythraeidae) mites were collected and identified. Larval stage of Leptus (Leptus) trimaculatu, were separated on Ophion sp. (Ichneumondae) and Paederus fuscipes (Staphylinidae); Erythraeus (Zaracarus) budapestensis on Cicadella viridis (Cicadellidae) and Sogatella sp. (Delphacidae) and Charletonia krendowskyi on Stenotus binotatus (Miridae) and Sogatella sp. (Delphacidae) respectively. All three species are recorded for the first time from Guilan province. New hosts also have been introduced for these species.

This paper experimentally and numerically investigated the impact of a blunt projectile to perforated steel targets. In this study, projectiles were made of AISI 52100 and perforated plates were made of AISI 1045. In order to investigate the effect of the hole diameter on the projectile, three different diameters of the hole were considered, along with the effect of the projectile overlap with the hole. After examining different hitting states, the projectile was deviated from its movement direction after hitting the hole and changed from vertical hit to skew. The deviation of the projectile increased when the diameter of the hole increased or the amount of projectile overlap with the hole increased. Then, numerical modeling of impacting the projectile was performed by ABAQUS software and the results were compared with experimental results and the accuracy of the model was confirmed. And this model was used to investigate the effect of initial projectile speed on deviation of the projectile, accordingly, an increase in the initial velocity of the impact led to an increase in the deviation of the projectile.

Successful aging is a positive inner feeling and satisfaction from the past and present life. The subjective meaning of successful aging focuses on the inner dimensions of the aging experience such as happiness, self-fulfillment, emotions, perceived social support, satisfaction, and vitality in life. Perceived or subjective social support refers to individualchr('39')s cognitive evaluation of their relationships, and studying and evaluating perceived social support is closely related to self-assessment of health, and paying attention to its understanding is of utmost importance in health care. One of the variables that effect successful aging, and improves health and quality of life of the elderly, is mental vitality which is somehow tied to the concept of psychological well-being and this concept refers to being positive, full of energy and cheerful. In other words, there is a very close relationship between mental vitality and happiness and social interactions. All of these states are positive and favorable concepts and are therefore associated with positive emotions and mood, which are very important in old age. Today, with the increase in the number of the elderly and the prolongation of life and life expectancy, efforts are being made to identify the components and factors associated with successful aging that guarantee a better quality of life, to provide an accurate sociological picture for proper health planning for the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine successful aging in the dimensions of perceived social support and mental vitality in the elderly referred to the health centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2020.

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research samples included 245 elderly people referring to the health centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences (in Tehran) in 2020 who were selected by continuous sampling method and entered the study after obtaining informed written consent. Data collection tools included Abbreviated Mental Test form (AMT), elderly demographic characteristics form, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support developed by Zimmet, and Mental Vitality questionnaire developed by Ryan & Frederick. The questionnaires were completed in person and by interview (conducted by the researcher) during three months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution tables and numerical indices) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, variance, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression) in SPSS 16 at the significance level of p ≤0.05.

The results of the present study showed that the mean age of the elderly was 68.18 ± 6.25 years. In total, (55.5%) of the subjects were women. Most of them were literate with undergraduate and postgraduate education and about (76.5%) were married and over (80%) had social security insurance. More than half of the surveyed elderly (53.4%) considered their current health status better than their peers and (96.8%) stated that they were able to perform their daily tasks and activities independently without the help and supervision of others. (66.8%) of the elderly surveyed considered religion to play a significant role in reducing stress and 51.4% stated that they were very satisfied with their lives. Perceived social support was at a high level for (65.6%) of the studied units. This component was the highest in the family dimension with an average of 22.76 and the lowest in the friends dimension with an average of 16.24 among the dimensions of perceived social support. Also, education at the diploma level with a standard coefficient of -0.261 had the greatest effect on perceived social support. Regarding the mental vitality variable, 76.1% of the studied units were at the average level. The results showed that satisfaction with the insurance situation in terms of coverage of medical expenses with a standard coefficient of 0.232 and poor economic status with a standard coefficient of -0.235 had the highest direct and inverse effect on mental vitality.

Perceived social support and high mental vitality in the elderly can pave the way for achieving a successful aging phenomenon. This concept includes the recognition of various components of successful aging such as perceived social support and mental vitality, longevity, independence in life, and other factors in health and social planning. According to the results, more than half of the studied elderly had high perceived social support, which can be considered as a positive factor affecting successful aging, because perceived social support decreased with age of the participants in this study. Also, perceived social support in the family dimension with the highest average among its dimensions showed the impact and importance of family relationships in successful aging. However, most of the elderly participated in this study were "young seniors" who were between 60 and 75 years old, and therefore it is possible that the high perceived social support in the samples be related to their young age, their independence, and their living with a spouse and family. Also, a significant percentage of the samples in this study had moderate and high mental vitality, which was influenced by their independence and satisfaction and benefiting from the insurance covering medical expenses. A better understanding of the two concepts of perceived social support and mental vitality can be the basis for successful aging-related interventions. It seems that the Holistic Care approach in modern nursing can empower the elderly with lower education and income and those who are single, unmarried, incapable, and independent in carrying out daily activities of life, and with an unfavorable understanding of their health status by performing health interventions, feeling of vitality and having perceived social support, and take an effective step towards achieving successful aging. One of the important goals of this study is to use its results to increase the quality of services and solve existing problems. The researcher hopes that the findings of this study can be useful in improving the goals of healthy, successful, and active aging in society in the following areas. Due to the descriptive cross-sectional nature of this study and the fact that in the studies conducted in the world, perceived support and mental vitality, two components of successful aging are influenced by several factors, it is suggested that future studies evaluate the longitudinal and trend of these two indicators in the elderly to get more accurate results from these two components.

Critical thinking is a skill that learner builds mental frameworks by receiving key content through a mental process. Given the importance of effective education and the impact of critical thinking on it also, the short history of study in this area, this research has been done to measure the level of critical thinking skilsl in medical students of Hamadan university of medical sciences.

In this cross-sectional study conducted in 1398, 218 medical students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences were examined by census method using the California B questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS at 95% confidence level and analysis of variance and Independent t test.

The mean of total scores in this test was 12.5±3.8 from the total score of 34.There are significant differences in the total scores and sub-skills of analysis, inference and deductive reasoning at the input of different years (in all cases p <0.001).There is no significant relationship between the scores obtained with age, gender and entrance exam area. Analysis score in different quotas and total score in free quota are significantly different from veterans quota (p =0.036 and P =0.011), respectively). Total score (r=-0.14 and P =0.033), inference (r=-0.240 and P =0.001) and deductive reasoning (r=-0.17 and P =0.011) have a significant inverse correlation with the entrance exam rank.There is a correlation between basic science test score and inference score (r=0.2 and P = 0.012) and deductive reasoning (r=0.17 and P.value=0.035) and between pre-internship test score and evaluation scores (r=0.35 and P =0.031),inference (r=0.36 and P =0.029), deductive reasoning (r=0.35 and P =0.030) and total score (r=0.4 and P = 0.013).

Due to the low total score and scores of the sub-domains of critical thinking skills, it seems necessary to teach this skill among students.

The use of perforated plates in the impact of projectiles reduces damage to the main target, the final cost of construction and surface density. The purpose of this paper is to present a new and complete analytical model to obtain the penetration depth as well as the deflection of the rigid head projectile after hitting the perforated plate. This model is based on the development of the model provided by Chen, and in the following experimentally investigation of the impact of the projectile on the perforated plate has been paid. for this purpose For this purpose, projectiles of AISI 52100 and perforated plates of AISI 1045 with 3 hole diameters of 5, 7 and 9 mm have been used. Finally, the results obtained from the analytical solution are compared with the experimental results and the accuracy of the analytical model is proved. After examining the different states of impact, it can be seen that the projectile deviates from its path after hitting the hole and changes from vertical impact to oblique impact. As the diameter of the hole or the amount of overlap of the projectile with the hole increases, the deflection of the projectile also increases.‎

Basal stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is considered the most important fungal disease of sunflower in Iran. Application of resistant genotypes is one of economic strategies for the disease management. Recently, in association mapping for resistance to sclerotinia rot disease in sunflower, a significant relationship has been observed between the lower Sclerotinia-induced necrosis and HaRIC_B gene expression. On the other hand, expression of defense genes is highly regulated by transcription factors. In this study, using real time PCR technique, the expression level of HaRIC_B gene and MYB-related transcription factor were studied in partial resistant (LC1064C/ 8*A) and susceptible (SDR19) lines of sunflower inoculated with the S. sclerotiorum isolate A37. In studying the expression pattern of HaRIC_B gene in two lines, it was seen that the expression pattern in the LC1064C/8*A line was increased regularly from one sampling time to another and the expression rate at any time was more in LC1064C/8*A line than SDR19. Comparison of HaRIC_B gene expression and MYB-related transcription factor revealed a reasonable relationship between the expression level of both genes, especially in the LC1064C/8*A ine. This finding highlight the possible major role of MYB-related transcription factor in stimulating HaRIC_B gene expression and consequently inducing resistance to Sclerotinia in sunflower which, of course, needs further investigation. By confirming the resistance of the LC1064C/8*A line to Sclerotinia at the molecular level, this line could potentially be used in the production of resistant hybrid cultivars in conventional plant breeding programs.

One of the intrinsic properties of foams, porous materials, and granular materials, are their ability to mitigate the blast wave. The current research study investigates the capability of granular materials in the mitigation of blast wave both experimentally and numerically. In the experimental section, the explosion shock tube facility was employed to conduct a series of experiments. Sawdust and mineral pumice were used as granular materials in the sandwich panel core and their mechanical properties were obtained by performing quasi-static compression tests. Moreover, the commercial hydrocode AUTODYN was used to numerically simulate the process while the smooth particle hydrodynamics method (SPH) was employed to model granular materials. The obtained results indicate that mineral pumice leads to more mitigation of the blast wave compared to sawdust. Besides, using a low thick core made of granular materials is not considerably effective and using a high thick core leads to more mitigation of the blast wave.

The present study aimed to evaluate the barriers to general medicine dissertation implementation in Zahedan University of Medical Sciences from the perspective of faculty members in 2017.

In this descriptive study, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 100 faculty members of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences using census method and 80 questionnaires were completed. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test.

49 (62.7%) of supervisors presented inadequate education of students in literature review, 32 (41.8%) lack of sufficient information about research priorities of the country, 29 (32.8%) lack of student guidance in theses writing (p=0.018) and 39 (46.3%) the statistical analysis of the results and their misunderstanding by the student as the main problems.

The results showed that the most important obstacle for faculty members was inadequate education of the students in the review of literature and articles. In this regard, holding research methodology workshops can be effective.

Piezoelectric cantilevers are mostly used for vibration energy harvesting. Changing the shape of the cantilevers could affect the generated output power and voltage. In this work, vibration energy harvesting via piezoelectric resonant unimorph cantilevers is considered. Moreover, a new design to obtain more wideband piezoelectric energy harvester is suggested. This study also provides a comprehensive analysis of the output voltage relationships and deducing an essential precise rule of thumb to calculate resonance frequency in cantilever-type unimorph piezoelectric energy harvesters using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The analytical formula is then analyzed and verified by experiment on a fabricated prototype. The analytical data was found in an agreement with the experimental results. An important finding is that among all the unimorph tapered cantilever beams with uniform thickness, the triangular cantilever, can lead to highest resonance frequency and by increasing the ratio of the trapezoidal bases, the resonance frequency decreases. It is concluded that the shape can have a significant effect on the output voltage and therefore maximum output power density. Some triangular cantilever energy harvesters can arrange in pizza form using cantilever arrays. This arrangement decreases the occupied space and can lead to increasing the power density and also operating bandwidth.

Energy harvesting or energy scavenging is the process of extracting energy of the surrounding environment, through various methods. No need to replace worn-out batteries and reducing maintenance costs and the use of medical devices within the body, are the important reasons for using energy harvesters. Piezoelectric materials are a class of smart materials that convert mechanical strain into electrical voltage and produce higher power density compared with other materials. Thus piezoelectric materials, are the main options in energy harvesting from vibration and mechanical movements. For energy harvesting and storage, shoe heels are suitable sources of mechanical stress, deformation and vibration during human walking. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of using piezoelectric materials in footwear as a power source for charging the battery. The results of the tests, show that the use of piezo-ceramic converter for energy harvesting from the pressure of feet walking, can produce maximum power of 55mW. It will takes 19 hours to charge a rechargeable battery with a voltage of 2.1 volts and a current of 900 mA.

The Gow-Gates (GG) block and the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) can be used interchangeably for anesthetizing mandibular molars. The aim of this study was to compare these two injections in root canal therapy of mandibular molars with regard to heart rate (HR) and blood oxygen saturation (BOS) changes. Thirty patients between the ages of 18-70 years having mandibular molars on both sides of their jaw and in need of root canal therapy were recruited after signing a consent form. The patients' HR and BOS were measured 5 minutes before and immediately, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after injection by using a pulse oximeter. Paired t-test and Friedman test were used for statistical analysis of the data. This study was done on 30 patients (60 teeth). The results of HR and BOS showed no significant differences between the two injection techniques (P=0.6 and 0.7, respectively). Also, HR and BOS in each group were not significantly changed during the follow-ups (P=0.7 and 0.6, respectively). According to the results, IANB and GG block by using 2% lidocaine and 1:80000 epinephrine had no significant different effects on HR and BOS.

In the present paper, the modal analysis on a full finite element model of an off-road vehicle. This vehicle was modeled in the CATIA software and then meshed in the HYPERMESH software. The free vibration analysis was conducted by the ABAQUS software. By applying an external displacement, the forced vibration analysis was also performed. As a result, natural frequencies and shape modes were extracted to detect critical regions. Then, some improvements were suggested to have better vibration behavior of the vehicle.

The risk of high blood pressure increases to a great extend with increasing age which, in turn, raises the risk of retinopathy. Given the high prevalence of ophthalmic complications in the advanced ages, there is a growing need for public health and medical services. This study aims to determine the frequency of hypertensive retinopathy in the elderly, in Amirkola town. This cross-sectional study was performed on all patients aged 60 or above, residing in Amirkola town, Iran. All the patients were referred to the eye clinic of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital during 2011-2012. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed by an ophthalmologist. Based on the obtained definitive evidence and photographic findings, various degrees of hypertensive retinopathy in one or both eyes were detected and assessed. Among the 505 studied patients, 65 patients (12.9%) were suffering from hypertensive retinopathy. About 10 (15.4%) patients were suffering from high blood pressure for more than ten years. Moreover, 55 patients (84.6%) had hypertension for less than 10 years (p<0.0001). A total of 18 patients (27.7%) had history of hyperlipidemia, while 47 patients (72.3%) had no history of it (p=0.005). The obtained results of our study indicated that the frequency of hypertensive retinopathy in the elderly patients was high. Therefore, monitoring blood pressure and serum lipids on a regular basis in the elderly is highly recommended.

As an important achievement in industrialization and urbanization، depression can be much related to the oral hygiene especially periodontal indexes which are a symbol of tooth and oral hygiene and their surrounding tissues. The purpose of this study was to compare the periodontal indexes in individuals with and without depression disorders.

The present study was carried out in the form of a questionnaire، examination، and recording in the information form. The subjects were divided into two groups of 50; a group included the patients suffering from depression who hospitalized in Neuropsychology ward of Panje Azar hospital in Gorgan، Iran and the control group included either the patients who referred to department of oral medicine and diagnosis of Babol dental school or the people accompanying the patients who had claimed to have no history of depression. The periodontal indexes of the study included: Silness and Loe plaque index، Loe gingival index، pocket depth analysis، as well as bleeding on probing. The information related to each patient was recorded in the form and then two groups were compared.

In the present study، the pocket probing were 2. 7692±0. 5991 and 2. 2917±0. 4643 in the control and case groups، respectively (p= 0. 009). The Plaque Index means were 1. 5385±0. 1 and 7763. 2593±0. 5257 in the control and case groups، respectively. Furthermore، the GI and BOP difference between the two groups were not significant. Moreover، there was no significant relationship between the mean of all the analyzed indexes and the increase of depression.

The results of the present study indicate a vivid relationship between the depth of pocket probing and depression. Nevertheless، none of the periodontal indexes were obviously related to the degree of depression.

In order to prevent obesity it is essential to identify its determinants. This study aimed to assess the association between duration of breastfeeding and subsequent obesity among female adolescents in Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, data were collected on 550 female adolescents aged 15-18 years selected by multistage cluster random sampling from Najafabad high schools. Anthropometric measurements were made and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Information on duration of breastfeeding and other required variables was collected by interviewing parents using questionnaires. Overweight and obesity were defined on the basis of TOTF cut-points.

The mean (± SD) duration of breastfeeding was 19.7±8.1 months, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity 20.5% and 6%, respectively. Breastfeeding as such (that is, without considering its duration), was significantly associated with a reduced risk of overweight or obesity (25.8% for breastfed, vs 50% for non-breastfed, adolescent, P = 0.02). However, no statistically significant association was found between duration of breastfeeding and either overweight or obesity in the subjects (r= -0.007, P=0.87).

Our findings indicate that breastfeeding may reduce subsequent risk of obesity and overweight in female adolescents, although we found no association between duration of breastfeeding and adolescent overweight or obesity.