raheleh baradaran

One of the important issues that we face in the corona is the use of virtual education among students. Unfortunately, apart from its positive aspects, it has also led to some immoral issues and has caused disorders in people's lifestyles. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the status of academic ethics in virtual education in the period of Covid 19 in paramedical students.

In this stratified-random type Cross-sectional study, 200 undergraduate students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences participated in the study in 1400 through internet call and Pors Line. After explaining the objectives of the study and gaining informed consent from students, the Golparvar educational ethics questionnaire was provided to them. Data after collection were analyzed using SPSS software version 20. For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance were used.

The frequency distribution of students based on academic ethics score showed that 86(43%) students have a good academic ethics score and only 2(1%) students have an undesirable ethics score. The correlation between age and academic ethics was not significant (p=0.269). In terms of academic ethics, female students had higher academic ethics than males, which was statistically significant (p=0.002). Also, between different semesters, the sixth semester had statistically lower academic ethics (p=0.014).

The status of academic ethics in virtual education during the Covid 19 is moderate for paramedical students but still needs further investigation. In this regard, it is suggested that professors focus on some ethical skills and teach them to students along with the courses.

The urachus closes naturally after birth. Its opening leads to anomalies in which secondary complications, including urachus calculi, may be formed. This disease is often discovered incidentally in radiographic examinations and is rare in adults. The purpose of this study is to present a rare case of urachus calculus in an adult located precisely in the anterior wall of the bladder, at the junction of the bladder and urachus. Our case was a 38-year-old man with complaints of abdominal pain. The computerized tomography (CT) scan images showed a calculus attached to the anterior and inner wall of the bladder in inserting the urachus into the bladder. Cystoscopy showed the calculus is connected to the urachus duct without any mass/tumor. The collection of evidence suggests a calcified urachus. The patient was discharged with conservative treatment and a mild analgesic.

The high prevalence of Covid 19 and rumors on social media about it have caused many psychological problems, including anxiety in communities. It has also shown that spirituality is inversely related to anxiety. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between spirituality and anxiety caused by Covid 19 in paramedical students.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 undergraduate students of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences participated in the study in 1400 through online calling and Porsline and answered the spiritual health questionnaires of Palutzian-Elison and Spielberger. SPSS software version 20 and statistical Methods of Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman-Brown correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data.

The results of the study showed that anxiety has an inverse relationship (r=-0.340) with spirituality. The majority of students (93%) had low anxiety and none of them had severe anxiety. The spirituality of most students (80%) was at a desirable level. In addition, female students had more anxiety (p=0.022) and eighth-semester students had less anxiety (p=0.020). Also, eighth-semester students had higher spirituality than other semesters (p=0.002).

Most paramedical students had little anxiety and the spirituality of most students was at a desirable level. Anxiety had a significant and inverse relationship with spirituality, meaning that the higher the spirituality, the lower anxiety, and vice versa. Researchers suggest that by designing programs to increase studentschr('39') spirituality, they reduce their stress and anxiety in situations such as the Corona pandemic.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular food flavor enhancer, and a glutamate subset that inducesdifferent toxicities such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and nephrotoxicity. This study wasconducted to assess the effects of MSG on the α7 and α4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nACHR) protein subunitsexpression of adult rat testis and the safety role of vitamin C. For this experimental research, 24 rats were haphazardly grouped into four equal groups(n=6) and orally gavaged for 30 days as follows: control group (distilled water gavage), MSG group (3 g/kg/b.w/day), vitamin C group (150 mg/kg/b.w/day), and MSG+vitamin C group (3 g/kg/b.w/day+150 mg/kg/b.w/day,respectively) that rats of all groups on the 30th day were anesthetized, and the left testes were used for of α4 andα7 nACHR protein subunit evaluation by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Statistical computations were performedusing Graph Pad Prism software. The present study revealed a significant reduction in the expression and optical density (OD) of α7 nACHRand α4 nACHR in the seminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue in the MSG group compared to thecontrol group. In the MSG+vitamin C group, the expression and OD of α7 nACHR and α4 nACHR increased in theseminiferous tubules and intertubular connective tissue but this improvement was not significant compared to theMSG group. MSG decreased the expression level of nACHR protein subunits, α7 and α4, in the seminiferous tubulesand interstitial testicular tissue. Vitamin C in the MSG+vitamin C group could not significantly improve the expressionof α7 and α4 nACHR subunits in testicular tissue. Probably, MSG toxicity can be compensated with higher doses ofvitamin C.

Nurses play a vital role in the healthcare system. Moreover, their commitment and loyalty are keys to achieve organizational goals. The aim of this study is to determine the level of job burnout, organizational commitment, social capital, and their relationship in the work environment of nurses.

Methods and Materials: 

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study has been performed among 215 employed nurses at Razi, Imam Reza, and Valiasr hospitals affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Random sampling method was used to select the nurses and questionnaires were completed through self-report. Standard questionnaires were used to collect the data, including the job burnout scale (Mylymn, 1992), organizational commitment scale (Meyer & Allen, 1990), and workplace social capital scale (Kouvonen). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 19.

This study demonstrated that individuals with more than 10 years of work experience had higher organizational commitment scores compared to others (p = 0.04). Social capital was higher in the age group of 22 to 30 years compared to other older age groups (p = 0.03). There was an inverse relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment (p = 0.03, r = -0.24). However, a positive relationship existed between job satisfaction and social capital (p = 0.004, r = 0.32).

The results demonstrated that job burnout has a negative impact on organizational commitment and a positive impact on social capital. It is recommended to reduce the level of job burnout among nurses by creating suitable working conditions, promoting a sense of efficacy, providing opportunities for personal growth, and promotion opportunity.

Falls are a threat to the health of older adults and can reduce their ability to remain independent. Furthermore, fall is known as one of the geriatric syndromes and is more common in older people and about 20 to 40 percent of older people have reported a history of falling per year. It should be noted that fall or fear of falling causes immobility in the elderly and immobility is linked with various non-communicable diseases, geriatric syndromes development, and mortality in the long term. As a result, finding a cost-effective, safe, and proper approach to prevent, control, and even treat of falls is absolutely crucial. Regarding the exercise benefits in all ages especially in the elderly, we supposed that various types of exercise such as aerobic, balance, and resistance training with different intensities have variant advantages in these subjects. Therefore, in this review study, we investigated the charter of different types of exercise in preventing and controlling fall based on recent evidence, providing involved mechanisms, as well as the effects of exercises on fall-related risk factors.

A gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common intramural mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Their metastasis to extragastrointestinal organs is rare, especially the spleen. The patient was a 52-year-old man who, with the diagnosis of peritonitis, underwent laparotomy emergently. At the time of surgery, an extensive tumor was seen in the stomach, esophagus, and jejunum, which had metastases to the spleen. Total gastrectomy, esophagojejunostomy, and splenectomy were performed. The morphological studies showed a spindle-cell type of GIST that were positive for CD117 and Discovered on GIST-1 (DOG1). GIST was diagnosed as high-risk and treated with imatinib. In follow-up, he died 5 months after discharge. Here, we reported a case of GIST synchronous with splenic metastasis. Surgeons must alert for possible metastases associated with GISTs, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and pathological classification.

It has been well proven that type 2 diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases leading to many complications and mortality every year. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on FTO and PPAR-y gene expression in muscle tissue of obese diabetic rats. Study design: This experimental study was performed on 12 male Wistar rats (10 weeks old and 220±20 g bodyweight). Animals received 6 weeks high-fat diet and then in order to induce type 2 diabetes an intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 30 mg/kg freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) (Sigma, USA) solved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5) was performed. Diabetic rats were divided into two (Resistance and control) groups randomly. The resistance program included 6 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The muscle expression of FTO and PPAR-γ was measured using the real-time PCR method. Independent t-test and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were applied to compare the means. The muscle mRNA expression of PPAR-γ and body weight significantly increased after 6 weeks of resistance training (p=0.031, p=0.037; respectively) but there was no significant change in the muscle mRNA expression of FTO (p=0.317). Also, blood glucose significantly decreased in the training group compared to the control group (p=0.01). According to the results of this study, it can be noted that 6-week resistance training by decreasing glucose levels and increases insulin sensitivity, and the muscle expression of PPAR-γ plays a prominent role in the control and treatment of type 2 diabetes in obese patients.‎

 Renal papillary necrosis (RPN) is a multifactorial complication that occurs under the following conditions: Pyelonephritis, obstruction of the urogenital tract, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) abuse, diabetes mellitus (DM2), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The present report presented a case of right ureteral obstruction due to RPN.

 The patient was a 68-year-old woman referred to the hospital due to flank pain, fever, vomiting/nausea, frequency, and nocturia. She also had a history of DM2, hypertension, dialysis, COVID-19, and the use of NSAIDs and antihypertensive. The results of computed tomography (CT) scan suspected a clot, bladder fungus or RPN, and COVID-19. After performing the ultrasound, mild hydroureteronephrosis and two echogenic foci were seen in the right kidney, suggesting a possible RPN. The patient was transferred to the urology service. After cystoscopy and urethroscopy, a severe stenosis was seen in the distal right ureter. As soon as inserting double J, lots of pus came out. The definitive diagnosis was RPN, ureteral obstruction, and pyelonephritis.

 It is important to pay enough attention to the disorders related to the urinary system, especially in the elderly with a history of NSAIDs abuse, DM2, hypertension, COVID-19, and renal diseases. Additionally, the underlying diseases, blood glucose, infection, dehydration, and use of NSAIDs must be well-controlled to protect nephro-ureteral structures.

 The COVID-19 pandemic has encouraged an unprecedented number of publications on epidemiological, pharmacological, immunological, and medical issues. Studies have also been performed on hemodynamic changes in the patients admitted to different wards.

 This study aims to determine the hemodynamic status of the COVID-19 patients under anesthesia.

 In this cross-sectional analytical study of the two groups, 40 patient candidates for surgery and general anesthesia in the hospital were enrolled in the study based on the inclusion criteria, after signing written informed consent. The patient’s demographic information was obtained from the patient’s file and oral interview. Then, non-COVID-19 patients and patients with COVID-19 definitive tests were followed during the operation. During surgery, hemodynamic factors including pulse, blood pressure, SpO2 and respiration were monitored and recorded by a monitoring device. SPSS software version 19 was used to analyze the data.

 The mean ± SD of patients’ age was 47.55 ± 21.37. The data showed that systolic blood pressure before anesthesia and pulse before and during anesthesia in the COVID-19 group was significantly higher than that in the non-COVID-19 group (P < 0.05). Also, respiration and SpO2 before anesthesia were lower in the COVID-19 group than in the non-COVID-19 group (P < 0.05); while respiration and SpO2 during anesthesia were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the COVID-19 group, systolic blood pressure, pulse, and respiration during anesthesia were significantly lower than before anesthesia and conversely, SpO2 was higher (P < 0.05).

 The findings of the present study showed that patients who do not have severe COVID-19 and serious clinical symptoms do not go through severe hemodynamic changes during surgery. Therefore, it can be said that in emergencies, surgery can be performed by observing standard principles. However, more research is needed in this regard.

Prediabetes refers to a condition where the level of fasting blood sugar reaches 100- 125 mg/dl. The prediabetes pervasiveness is growing throughout the world. The main objective of the present research is the exploration of the body composition and anthropomorphic differences among prediabetes and normal people for finding the plans for scanning prediabetes and the impact of exercise on it.

The present descriptive cross-sectional research conducted on 251 people. The signed informed consents and information of the education, age, exercise etc. gathered. Then, blood glucose tested, and 133 and 118 participants respectively had been chosen for the prediabetes and normal groups. Digital scales, wall stadiometer, tape measure and body composition monitor had been employed to measure anthropomorphic and body composition indices.

Total pervasiveness of prediabetes was 52.98% that accounted for 41.03% of the male and 11.95% of the female. Any significant differences didn’t found in the education level, exercise and physical activity between two groups (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the age just in the male group (p=0.043). It found that the prediabetic participants experience visceral fat, BMI, WC, and WHR higher than the normal participants (p=0.037, p=0.010, p=0.000, and p=0.002, respectively) just in the female group.

It has been concluded that anthropomorphic and body composition have differences between normal and prediabetes participants; therefore, they may be used as the screening programs. Moreover, it has been suggested that prediabetes can be prevented by controlling anthropometric and body composition indices by exercise.

Ureteral injuries are considered as rare complications of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). There are few reports in the literature on ureteral injuries following PLIF. The present report presented a case of right ureteral injury by passing five years from PLIF.

The patient was a 51-year-old woman who has been referred to urologist with the complaints of flank pain, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and nausea, and a history of PLIF five years ago. After radiological examinations, ureteral obstruction was diagnosed and then open surgery was performed. Severe adhesions and fibrosis were observed in the retroperitoneal next to the lumbar vertebra implant. Thereafter, the ureteral stenosis was removed, the ureter was anastomosed end-to-end, and Double J was placed. The anastomosis site was covered with a flap of perinephric adipose tissue in order to prevent re-fibrosis.

This report aimed to inform surgeons of a rare complication, a ureteral injury that has happened five years after PLIF, along with its non-specific signs.

Regular maternal exercise in pregnancy enhances the physiological, metabolic, and psychological health of mother and fetus.

To determine the effect of maternal aerobic running during mid or late gestation on plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone and the histological alterations in the ovary of neonatal rats.

Twenty-one female Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental groups to exercises during the 2nd or 3rd wk of pregnancy (n = 14) and a control group (n = 7). After birth, the neonatechr('39')s blood was obtained and the estrogen and progesterone levels were evaluated. The ovaries were then removed and used for histological investigations and apoptic assessment.

Higher concentrations of estrogen and progesterone were found in the neonates of the experimental groups (p = 0.001) compared to the control group. The experimental groups had a large ovarian diameter (2nd wk: p = 0.044; 3rd wk: p = 0.005) and angiogenesis (2nd wk: p = 0.003; 3rd wk: p = 0.001). In addition, significant enhancements were seen in the the experimental groups in terms of the number (2nd wk: p = 0.017; p = 0.035) and diameter (2nd wk: p = 0.046; 3rd wk: p = 0.004) of primordial follicles, as well as in the diameter of primary oocytes (2nd wk: p = 0.073; 3rd wk: p = 0.019) compared to the control group. Moreover, rats that exercised had a lower number of apoptotic primordial follicles than the control group (2nd wk: p = 0.001; 3rd wk: p = 0.001).

It was shown that maternal aerobic running can lead to increased plasma levels of estrogen and progesterone, also improved histological characteristics of the ovary in neonatal rats.

Cesarean is one of the most common surgeries in the world. This surgical procedure has complications such as anxiety and intraoperative hemorrhage. Various methods have been suggested to reduce anxiety and intraoperative hemorrhage. One of these methods is music therapy. This study was performed with aims to evaluate the effects of music therapy on intraoperative hemorrhage in patients undergoing cesarean with spinal anesthesia.

This randomized clinical trial research with control group was conducted on 90 patients undergoing cesarean in 2019. The research subjects were divided into the intervention and control groups. Iguana music was played for patients in the intervention group for 15 minutes before and during surgery; then, hemorrhage and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16), and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Paired t-test, Independent t-test and Chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Based on the results, in the intervention group, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, also heart rate significantly decreased compare to before the intervention (p<0.05). The results also indicated that intraoperative hemorrhage in the intervention group was significantly less than that in the control group (p<0.05).

Music has positive effect on the reduction of intraoperative hemorrhage, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate in patients undergoing cesarean. Therefore, music can be suggested as a complementary treatment for the reduction of hemorrhage in cesarean patients to alleviate anxiety.

Our patient was a 26-year-old man who was admitted to the hospital with complaints of abdominal pain. The patient had a medical history of propranolol and corticosteroid use. The diagnostic tests were done with suspicion of appendicitis. Under general anesthesia with McBurney's incision appendectomy was performed. We found perforated appendicitis and localized peritonitis. The perforated appendix was excised after ligation of its base. On the day after surgery, the patient's body temperature increased to 39 °C accompanied by mild tachycardia and hypertension (BP=170/90 mmHg) but after 4 days, the patient was discharged with a good general condition. 20 days after discharge, the patient returned to the hospital with weakness and rectorrhagia. The onset of rectorrhagia was 3-4 days before the admission. The patient's vital sign was stable. He reported dizziness and cold sweating. He fainted one time and had jaundice with pale conjunctiva and also complained from epigastric tenderness. The patient's laboratory finding showed severe anemia (Hb: 5.5 mg/dL, RBC: 2.16 106/µl) with high WBC count and coagulopathy. Ultrasonic abdominopelvic examination and colonoscopy did not show any specific findings. Ultrasonic evaluation could not detect any fluid in peritoneal or pelvic space but

The medical science profession is not only limited to acquiring the required knowledge and skills but it also requires specific human attributes that are necessary to pursue this profession. Nurses have a responsibility to make and act on their professional values based on their profession. The purpose of the present study was to standardize the Nursing Professional Values Questionnaire.

In this correlational survey study, 220 students of semester six to eight of Mashhad Nursing and Midwifery Faculty in 2015 were enrolled in the study through the census method. The construct validity of this assay was determined by factor analysis. Factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the factors of the nursing professional values questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, principal components, Scree test, and varimax orthogonal rotation method were used.

Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were used in factor analysis of the nursing professional values questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, principal components, Scree test, and varimax orthogonal rotation method were used. Finally, according to the significant results of the Kaiser- Meyer- Alkin test and Bartlett's sphericity Olkin; three factors were obtained. These three subscales include the subscales of care, professionalism, and pragmatism.

According to the results of this study, the modified version of the Professional Values Questionnaire is a necessary form to measure the professional values of students. This questionnaire is somewhat different from the one developed by Weis and Schank and has fewer questions that prevent the tester from being tired. Therefore, this questionnaire is suitable for assessing nurses' professional values.

The electrocauterization smoke is a plume that is produced from the interaction of tissue and electrocautery. This smoke consists of hazardous material that causes complications, such as respiratory disorders, nausea, vomiting, eye irritation, headache, and transmitting the viruses of human papillomavirus and hepatitis. The purpose of the present study was to determine the surgical team's knowledge of these complications in Mashhad educational hospitals, Mashhad, Iran, in 2014.

This was a descriptive-cross sectional study carried out on 140 members of the surgical team of Mashhad educational hospitals in 2012 by census method. Data were collected by a researcher-designed questionnaire titled “surgical team’s knowledge of electrocauterization smoke complications”. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16), Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The significant level was considered P

Obtained results showed a significant relationship between knowledge and gender (P=0.02) so that the knowledge of the men was higher than that of the women. Also, there was no significant relationship between knowledge with the educational level (P=0.591) and work experience (P=0.286). According to the results, the mean score of the participants’ knowledge was 7.7±4.01 so that 75% of the participants had a low level of knowledge of electrocauterization smoke complications. The lowest levels of knowledge were related to women (55.7%), participants with a bachelor’s degree (47.8%), and individuals with work experience of 0-10 years (42.8%),

Regarding the fact that the knowledge level of the surgical team in Mashhad educational hospitals is low, it is recommended to upgrade the level of knowledge of the healthcare personnel by holding workshops or writing pamphlets.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine and its efficacy is different from that of conventional medicine.

Owing to the growing use of CAM in our country, the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of awareness, attitude, and performance of employees in Gonabad, 2014.

This was a cross-sectional study in 2014 conducted in Gonabad healthcare center with 237 workers (122 male and 115 female) and with a mean age of 31.57±8.34. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analysed using SPSS software.

The results were considered significant when P value was less than 0.05. The level of staff knowledge was low (21.08 ± 6.61), but 94.1% of the staff had positive attitude and more than 60% of them had a good performance level. As many as 5.1% had experience of traditional medicine courses, while 53.2% had experience of using a CAM for treatment. As many as 56.11% said that traditional medicine had been useful in their treatment. The most used method was the use of herbal medicine (48.3%), while the least used methods were meditation, hypnosis, traditional bath, and aromatherapy. As many as 65% of employees would recommend to others different methods of traditional medicine, and 90.7% knew the necessity of allocating traditional medicine course.

According to the findings,Gonabadhealth carestaff have a low level of knowledge, but a good attitude and practice of CAM are necessary through workshops to raise awareness of the CAM.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavoring and food seasoning. Some studies have reported the oxidative effects of using this substance on various tissues. This study has investigated the effects of MSG and the protective effect of vitamin C (vit C) on apoptosis of testicular germ cells and biochemical factors. In this experimental study, 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (received distilled water), vit C group (150 mg/kg), experimental group 1 (MSG 3 gr/kg), experimental group 2 (MSG 3 gr/kg + vit C 150 mg/kg). The rats were gavaged for 30 days, and then were sacrificed, the right testis was isolated for biochemical examinations for the glutathione, malondialdehyde, and left testis used in histological experiments. Tunnel staining was used to determine the number of apoptotic cells. The results showed that apoptotic cells in the MSG group had a significant increase compared to the control group (P = 0.001), but the number of these cells in the MSG co-administered with vit C and vit C groups were significantly lower than the MSG group. Germinal epithelial thickness also decreased in MSG group compared to the control group. MSG can lead to increase apoptotic changes in the germinal epithelial of the testicle, and vit C as an antioxidant can modify the pathological and biochemical changes induced by MSG.