rasol roshan

Attention and response inhibition is one of the problems of dysgraphia students whose treatment has not been paid much attention, so it requires new psychological interventions including cognitive rehabilitation.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on the attention and response inhibition of dysgraphia students.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a follow-up period with a control group. The research population included all second and third grade female students with dysgraphia in the 15th district of Tehran in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were referred to Sharq Counseling Center from regular schools. 14 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling; and they were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups and answered Yaqoubi et al.'s dysgraphia diagnostic questionnaires (2021), Mandy Brackencamp's selective attention, concentration and effort test (2002) and Bruno-Nero Hoffman test (1984). Then the experimental group received the Aram Nejati attention and memory rehabilitation training program (2017) for 10 sessions of 60 minutes, but only school training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, the post-test was conducted. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that cognitive rehabilitation training was effective in improving attention and response inhibition of dysgraphia students compared to the control group. These results continued in the follow-up period(p< 0/01).

Based on the results, counselors and experts can use cognitive rehabilitation training to improve attention and inhibit response of dysgraphia students.

Students with dysgraphia have deficits in attention and response inhibition, but not much attention has been paid to the treatment of these children's deficits, so the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of child-centered mindfulness on attention and response inhibition of students with dysgraphia.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a follow-up period with a control group. The research population included all second and third grade female students with dysgraphia in Tehran in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were referred from regular schools to educational and rehabilitation centers for special learning problems. 28 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method; And they were randomly placed in two experimental and control groups and responded to Yaqoubi et al.'s dysgraphia diagnostic questionnaires (2021), Mandy Brackencamp's selective attention, concentration and effort test (2002) and Bruno-Nero Hoffman test (1984). Then, the experimental group received the child-centered mindfulness training program for 10 sessions of 60 minutes, but only school training was provided to the control group. After the training sessions, the post-test was conducted. For data analysis, repeated measurement test was used with SPSS version 24 software at a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in attention and response inhibition variables, and these results continued in the follow-up period (P<0.01).

It can be said that the child-centered mindfulness program was effective in improving the attention and response inhibition of dyslexic students. Therefore, it is suggested to use the child-centered mindfulness treatment method in clinics and psychological service centers as an effective intervention method.

This study aimed to identify the role of God Image, God Concept, self-image and self-concept in ego strength among university students. The method of this research was descriptive and correlational. The participants were 250 university students from Tehran University and Shahed University, which were selected by convenience sampling. God-image/Self-image Questionnaire for Spiritual Interventions and Ego Questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The multiple regression showed that this regression model is significant and the variance percentage of change is significant for the sub-results of hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom. Based on the results, the God concept and self-concept predict ego strength and its sub-scales positively. Also, self-image and God image predicted ego strength and its subscales in negatively. These findings show the importance of the discussion of God-oriented spirituality in predicting ego strength
Erikson defines ego strength as the traits that motivate people in successive stages of life. Ego strength encompasses eight qualities of hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom (Markstrom et al, 1997; Markstrom & Marshal, 2007). Ego strength is related to religiosity and spirituality (Robinette & Puffer, 2018). One of the most important variables in spiritual affairs is the discussion of God image, God-concept, self-image, and self-concept (Janbozorgi, 2019).  God-image is when we imagine God from experiences and learning or an unrealistic image of God (Janbozorgi & Sarabadani, 2020) and has an emotional and experimental nature (Moriarty & Hoffman, 2013). In contrast, God concept refers to how God presents himself or the real concept of God (Janbozorgi & Sarabadani, 2020). Also, self-image is the way we perceive and internalize from the perspective of others, and self-concept is the way we perceive from the inside and is consistent with reality. (Janbozorgi & Sarabadani, 2020. The present study aimed to investigate the role of God-concept, God-image, self-concept, and self-image in ego strength and its subscales. The research hypothesis was as follows:1. God image predicts ego strength negatively. 2. Self-image ego strength negatively. 3. God concept predicts ego strength positively. 4. Self-concept predicts ego strength positively.
 
This study was an applied study in terms of its aim and descriptive-correlation design. The population of this research included all students of Tehran University and Shahed University of Tehran in the academic year 1400-1401.  Convenient sampling was used to select the participants. For the sample size, James Stevens' suggestion in multiple regression analysis is 15 items for each variable (Hooman, 2016). Thus, a number of 250 students from Shahed University and Tehran University were recruited. To enter this research, people needed to have the following conditions: being a student, agreeing to participate in the research, having patience, and having enough time to fill out the questionnaires. Data collection instruments included God-image and self-image questionnaires for spiritual interventions and ego-strength questionnaires. The participants answered the questions using the questionnaire link on the Risloo website. The data were analyzed using multiple regression with SPSS 26.
 
The mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants were 58.24 and 5.1.  Also, 56% of the participants were women and 44% were men. The distribution of the column graph of the variables was visually almost normal. The regression tests were used as the key statistical procedure.
The model of ego strength’s total score based on God-image, God-concept, self-image, and self-concept explained 47.9% of the variance of ego strength changes. Also, due to Durbin-Watson's statistic, the hypothesis of the non-existence of autocorrelation between errors was confirmed because its value was between 1.5 and 2.5. Additional information is provided in Table 1.
 
 
Table 1
 Summary of Regressions for Variables Predicting Ego Strength




Model


R


R2


Adjusted R 2


F


Sig


Durbin-Watson




1


0.692


0.479


0.471


56.318


0.000


1.952




 
 
According to Table 2, we can see that the standard coefficients of the God-concept were .22, God-image -0.1, self-image -0.33, and self-concept 0.55. Therefore, all of the hypotheses about ego strength total score were confirmed. That is, God-image and self-image predicted ego-strength negatively, while self-concept and God-concept predicted Ego strength total score positively.
 
 
Table 2
 Regressions Coefficient of Variables Predicting Ego Strength




Model


 


Unstandardized Coefficients


Standardized Coefficients


T


P




B


Std. Error


Beta




1


(Constant)


78.42


7.77


 


10.08


0.00




 


God-concept


0.98


0.24


0.22


4.03


0.00




 


God-image


-0.37


0.20


-0.1


-1.83


0.06




 


Self-image


-2.46


0.36


-0.33


-6.70


0.00




 


Self-concept


2.95


0.28


0.58


10.38


0.00




*P<0.05     ** P<0.01  

Also, the research model explained 36.1% of the variance of hope, 31.8% of the variance of will, 37% of the variance of purpose, 31.2% of the variance of competence, 29.1% of the variance of fidelity, 16.6% of the variance of love, 9.9% of the variance of care, 33/5 % of the variance of wisdom. According to the value of the Durbin-Watson regression statistic of all subscales, the hypothesis of the non-existence of autocorrelation between errors in all subscales was confirmed because its value is between 1.5 and 2.5.
According to the regression results, the first hypothesis was confirmed only for the subscales of hope, will, fidelity, and wisdom. The second hypothesis was confirmed in the prediction of all the subscales of Ego strength. Moreover, the third hypothesis was confirmed for the subscales of hope, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom. The fourth hypothesis was confirmed for all subscales.
 
The results showed that God-concept and self-concept positively and self-image negatively predicted the total score of ego strength and most of its subscales. God-image negatively predicted some subscales. These findings are in line with the research of Abboud and Idri (2020), Markstrom (1999), James et al. (2020), and Robinet and Puffer (2018). Spiritual identity, which consists of a person's perception of self and God, predicted Erikson's identity, and the correct perception of God and self, which is in the form of conceptual, is a positive predictor, and imaginary perception is a negative predictor (Janbozorgi, 2019). The ego strength and identity are influenced and loyal to the ideology system and value system and religious beliefs. (Markstrom et al., 1997; Markstrom & Marshal, 2007)
 In Erikson's view, some ego strengths, such as love and hope, show the satisfactory relationship of individuals with others and are also related to the individual's satisfaction with God (Robinette & Puffer, 2018) Accordingly, the God-concept and self-concept, which is the real path of a person's perception of self and God, can predict hope and love, which shows a trusting and satisfactory relationship with others. This is because true perception of God and self creates trust and satisfaction (Janbozorgi, 2019). In other words, the God-concept and self-concept cause the formation of a healthy and real identity, while the God-image and self-image cause the formation of an imaginary and unhealthy identity. Therefore, on this basis, God-concept and self-concept predict ego strength and its sub-scales positively while self-image and God-image predict it negatively (Janbozorgi, 2019).
The limitations of the current study included the online data collection due to the Covid-19 pandemic and the fact that the research was carried out with a university student sample. Also, one of the suggestions of the present study is to retest the hypotheses in non-virtual conditions and with the presentation of pencil and paper questionnaires among non-student samples.
 
Ethical Consideration
Compliance with Ethical Guidelines: All ethical issues like informed consent and confidentiality of participants' identifications were compiled based on the ethical committee of Shahed University.
Authors' Contributions: All authors contributed to the study. The first author wrote the first draft of the manuscript. The second and third authors edited the manuscript and the second author is the corresponding author.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest for this study.
Funding: This study was conducted with no financial support and is part of the M.A. thesis of the first author.
Acknowledgment: The authors thank all participants in the study

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of sexual training programs on basis religious on marital satisfaction in married men and women. The study sample consisted of 30 couple (15 man, 15 women) who were selected randomly from couples referred to psychological clinics of Qom city and randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. In the intervention phase, the experimental group received sexual training programs on basis religious for 6 sessions of one hour and thirty minutes. During this period, the control group did not receive any intervention. For data collection, Enrich marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1999) were used. Data were analyzed using univariate of covariance. Results showed that the marital Satisfaction subjects who received sexual training programs on basis religious is significantly higher than subjects in control group. Finding showed that sexual training programs on basis religious had a significant positive impact on marital Satisfaction of couples.

Increasing access to various forms of pornography since the advent of the Internet has provided a new context for couples’ sexual experiences, but the possibility of adverse effects of pornography on couples’ romantic relationships is a concern.

The aim of this study was to compare sexual desire and marital satisfaction in two groups of married women with and without a history of pornography use in Rafsanjan, Iran.

This descriptive study was performed on 254 women with children covered by comprehensive health centers in Rafsanjan by convenience sampling in 2020. Data collection tools included demographic characteristics form, Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire, Hurlbert index of sexual desire and sexual pornography use questionnaire. Data were analyzed by chisquare, two independent samples, and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 21. the statistical significance level of p-values considered at 0.05.

There was a positive and significant relationship between sexual desire and the use of pornography (P = 0.043). The mean score of marital satisfaction in the group of pornography users women was lower than the nonusers group, but this relationship was not statistically significant. Of the nine components of marital satisfaction, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups only in the component of financial management (P = 0.037). There was no statistically significant relationship between demographic characteristics and use of pornography (P > 0.05).

It seems that the use of pornography in married women is related to sexual desire, but in the present study, no relationship was found between the use of pornography and marital satisfaction. More studies required to reveal the relationship between pornography use on sexual features of women and their partners.

Sexual function is a multidimensional phenomenon affected by various biological-psychological and social factors. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in the association of sexual inhibition and sexual excitation with female sexual function. The participants of this study comprised 665 females serving in the administrative departments of Tehran and Tabriz universities, who were selected by convenience sampling. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (2004), Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (2006), and Female Sexual Functioning Index (1993) were employed to collect the data. In addition, SPSS (23 Ver.) and LISREL (8.8 Ver.) software packages were used for data analysis. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that sexual inhibition and sexual excitation, both directly and indirectly (emotion dysregulation), affect women’s sexual function. Evaluating the hypothetical model of the study employing the fitting indices revealed that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (RFI = 0.98, NFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.032). Consistent with the dual control model, the results of this study showed that inhibition and sexual excitation affect the sexual function of women. In addition, the results showed that sexual inhibition and sexual excitation indirectly affect sexual function through difficulty in regulation emotion.

An intervention mapping approach is a systematic approach for designing and formulating theory-based interventions in various fields and areas. This six-step approach defines the path of formulating an intervention in a regular and precise manner, from identifying a need or problem to identifying and testing potential solutions and evaluating its effectiveness. The activities identified at each step provide a logical and conceptual basis for how behavior changes and conditions are affected to promote the health, prevention, or improvement of an issue. Therefore; Researchers, creators, and implementers of an intervention can explain how an intervention succeeds or fails. Using the intervention mapping approach increases the possibility of success and achievement of an intervention to its goal. This approach applies to any intervention aimed at changing behavior. The purpose of this study is to carefully study this approach and its steps for designing psychological interventions that, if used properly, can be formulated and implemented as effective interventions

The aim of this study was to study the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Persian version of The Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Expectancies Questionnaire (NSEQ) in high school students. The present study is descriptive and evaluative and studies population is all first and second-grade high school students in Rasht in the academic year 1399-1400. 1900 people were selected by cluster random sampling and they completed the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (FASM, Lloyd, Et al, 1997), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire- Short (CERQ-S, Garnefski& Kraaije, 2006), the Persian version of The Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Expectancies Questionnaire (NSEQ, Hasking, Boyes, 2017), Self-Efficacy to Avoid NSSI (SEA-NNSI, Czyz Et al, 2014), and general Self-Efficacy (GSE, Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1997). Results of confirmatory factors analysis showed that the Persian version of the questionnaire had a good fit with its five initial factors and had simultaneous, divergent validity and high internal consistency (All factors between 0.75 and 0.85). Therefore, the Persian version of this questionnaire can be used to assess the population of Iranian students and adolescents.

Psychotherapy is one of the most important and attractive directions in psychology. Most of the researches are concentrating on the statistical and clinical significance of psychological treatment in comparing a given treatment group with the other groups or placebo ones. It is worth noting that therapy leads always to no positive outcome. Sometimes it makes some clients worse and some of them remain without any change (no change). The therapy failure has been ignored. The focus on statistical and clinical significance which is predominantly evaluated using quantitative pre-post outcome questionnaires remains unclear what this means for clients in their real situations. To do this, it is needed to combine treatment evaluation with quantitative and qualitative outcome measures. This paper aimed to provide a theoretical view and practical steps for inquiring therapy failure: “no changing” and “deteriorating” after receiving therapy. Finding the roots of this failure improvement the theoretical basis in explanation of a psychological disorder and the related psychotherapeutic package. This paper stayed away from theoretical and practical ignorance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological inflexibility in the relationship between intensity of angerand its expression in competitive athletes.The present study was a correlational design based on structural relationships (PLS structural equation modeling). The present study was a correlational design study based on structural relationships (PLS structural equation modeling). The statistical population of this study consisted of all competitive athletes (all athletes who participated in any level of competitive sport, either individual or collective) in Ardebil in 2019. From a total of participants, 312 were selected through cluster sampling and included in the study. To collect data, the Clinical Anger Scale, Internal and external anger subscales of Multidimensional Anger Inventory and Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (CompACT) Scale were used. The results showed that psychological inflexibility mediated between intensity of angerand externalizing expression or aggressive (behavioral avoidance) and between intensity of angerand rumination / suppression of anger (cognitive avoidance). Based on the findings, it can be said psychological inflexibility is an important factor to consider in the relationship between anger and aggression. In fact, athletes who have low flexibility responses is very likely that the anger experienced will be expressed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation in predicting intensity of anger in competitive athletes.

This was a descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population of this study consisted of all competitive athletes (all athletes who participated in any level of competitive sport, either individual or collective) in city of Ardebil in 2019. From a total of participants, 312 were selected through cluster sampling to be included in the study. To collect data, the Clinical Anger Scale (Snell et al , 1995), Comprehensive assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Comp ACT) Scale (Francis et al, 2016) and Emotion Dysregulation Scale (Gratz, & Roemer, 2004) were used. Data analysis was done through Pearson correlation and Multiple Linear regression formula.

The results of multiple regression analysis also showed that 38% of variance of intensity of anger is explained by components of psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation variables. There was also a significant positive relationship between psychological inflexibility and emotion dysregulation with intensity of anger (P<0/05).

Based on the findings, it can probably be said that athletes who are not capable of emotion regulation and are not capable of flexible behaviors in competitive situations, experience more anger.

Awareness of the relationship between anger and aggression in the sports performance of athletes can be useful in sports psychology to identify the sports population angrier, unable to control their anger, and in need of anger management interventions. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between anger intensity and self-expression in competitive athletes.

The present correlational study was carried out based on structural relationships using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The statistical population of this study consisted of all competitive athletes (i.e., all the athletes participating in any level of competitive sports, either individual or collective) in Ardebil, Iran, in 2019. Out of all the participants, 312 athletes were selected through cluster sampling and included in the study. The Clinical Anger Scale, internal and external anger subscales of the Multidimensional Anger Inventory, and Emotion Dysregulation Scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and PLS-SEM. Coefficients between paths, standard error, and t-statistic were utilized to investigate the direct and indirect effects.

The obtained results showed that emotion dysregulation mediated between the intensity of anger and its externalizing expression or aggression (i.e., behavioral avoidance) and between the intensity of anger and rumination/suppression of anger (i.e., cognitive avoidance).

Based on the obtained findings, it can be said that athletes who are not able to regulate their emotions in competitive situations are more likely to outwardly express their experienced anger.

Marital satisfaction is one of the most important factors affecting couples in their marriage and it is an important factor that leads to peace and harmony between couples as well as family durability. The purpose of this study was to predict marital satisfaction based on sexual self-efficacy, sexual satisfaction, happiness and emotional alexithymia.

This study is a descriptive correlational and structural equation. The statistical population of the study was all married women and men who referred to psychological and counseling clinics varsh and Rastin clinic in district 2 and 6 of Tehran. A total of 352 individuals were selected through available sampling from Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (Bahmani et al., 2006); Sexual Self-efficacy Questionnaire (Waziri et al., 1999); Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (ISS, 1981); Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. OHI, 1989) and Toronto Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TAS-20 1994), which have good validity and reliability on self-report.

The results showed that sexual self-efficacy predicts 12%, sexual satisfaction 35% and happiness 29% marital satisfaction. And the emotional alexithymia.variable predicts 10% marital satisfaction in the negative direction. In general, the structural model that was presented did not show good fit by changing the structural model where emotional arousal and sexual satisfaction were introduced as mediators. Two variables of sexual satisfaction and emotional alexithymia.were able to predict marital satisfaction and by mediating these two variables, happiness directly impacted on marital satisfaction and indirectly through increasing sexual satisfaction and decreasing emotional alexithymia.. Marital satisfaction is impressive. Also, sexual self-efficacy through affecting sexual satisfaction and emotional arousal leads to increased marital satisfaction and, of course, its direct effect on marital satisfaction.

According to the results of the present study, it can be provided by educating people to increase their sexual abilities, sexual satisfaction and marital satisfaction, which is the basic basis of family solidarity.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling disorder that causes disturbance and significant interference in the individual function. This disorder is thought to be caused by unwanted and intrusive mental thoughts and images that are considered meaningless, inappropriate and irresistible by the individual, as well as the tendency to determine to neutralize and compensate for these thoughts and mental images. The onset of this disorder is usually between early adolescence and early adulthood. Among treatments, a method that has been more relevant in recent years, treatment is based on acceptance and commitment. Generally, disorders that do not require interacting with inner experiences (thoughts, emotions, memories and physical emotions) that it mainly called "experiential avoidance". Due to the importance of obsessive–compulsive disorder, it needs to test new therapeutic considering religious beliefs. These techniques in spiritual therapy can have behavioral, cognitive, metacognitive, emotional and moral aspects, and can be manifested in religious concepts and behaviors such as trust, patience, prayer, meditation. Given these points, the use of human spiritual capacity in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorders is not only effective but also necessary. Religious psychotherapy can have significant effects on the treatment of depression and obsession because religious people are less likely to feel alone and less depression and anxiety than non–religious people. Addressing the impact of religion on health in the various, supply of human life, including health care, is important because it has an unmatched and indispensable role in human life. Therefore, knowing about the effectiveness of the therapeutic methods from religious teachings can be used to treatment of anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorders. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and spiritual therapy on the improvement of the severity of obsessive–compulsive symptoms and quality of life in patients with obsessive–compulsive and obsessive–compulsive disorder.

The research was quasi–experimental, pre–test, post–test and follow–up with the control group. Forty–five obsessive–compulsive patients from the Qom (Qom province, center of Iran) consultation center in 2012 were selected by convenience sampling. In the beginning of the study, the subjects were investigated by questionnaires that include the practice of religious beliefs (Golzzari, 2001), Yale Brown obsession (Goodman et al., 1989), obsessive beliefs of OBQ–44 (OCCWG, 2005) and quality of life (SF36) (Farnish, 2005). The experimental group received 14 sessions of 60 minutes of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment and spirituality therapy. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and post Hoc.

Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) of the three groups. The mean scores of the obsessive–compulsive scales and the mean scores of obsessive–compulsive beliefs and quality of life questionnaires in both treatment groups decreased and this decrease in follow–up was also seen. Findings of this study indicated that treatment based on acceptance and commitment and spirituality therapy in pretest posttest and fallow up had a significant different on obsessive–compulsive symptoms and observerchr('39')s beliefs and quality of life (p<0.001). In addition, results of Post HOC test on the comparison of therapeutic methods showed that spirituality therapy was more effective than treatment–based acceptance and commitment to the improvement of obsessive–compulsive symptoms, obsessive–compulsive beliefs and quality of life.

Results of posttest and follow up in the experimental group showed the effect of interventions and it can be concluded that spirituality and acceptance therapy and commitment to reduce the symptoms and obsessive beliefs and improve the quality of life of people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

The main purpose of this research is to design and provide a model for relationship with In-Lows based on attachment styles, personality characteristics and emotional intelligence with intermediation religious commitment.

The method of this research was correlation based on structural relationships (ESM). The statistical population of the study consisted of all couples aged 20-45 years old in Qom, among whom 500 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tools, questionnaire, system-triangular (Cheraghi, 1393), attachment styles scale (Collins and Reid, 1996), neo personality questionnaire (Costa and McCrae, 1992), Bar- It, 2000) and the Religious Adherence Scale (Jangbzorghi, 2009), whose validity and reliability were confirmed by researchers and professors.

The results showed that the relationship model relationship with In-Lows is based on attachment styles, personality traits and emotional intelligence with mediation of religious adherence has a favorable fit, and attachment styles variables, personality traits and emotional intelligence can be mediated by religious adherence can be predict the relationship with In-Lows. In addition, the findings of correlation between the research variables (attachment styles, emotional intelligence, personality traits and religious adherence) with relation with In-Lows showed that these variables have a significant relationship with In-Lows.

The results of the research support the belief that Religious commitment affects the interpersonal relationships of couples in relationship with In-Lows. So, changing the way they change the couples' communication patterns relationship with In-Lows.

Procrastination is considered as an avoidance by which students get rid of negative experiences such as anxiety, however, underlying mechanisms in this relationship are not fully known. While mindfulness and acceptance are correlated with procrastination and anxiety, to date, the role of mindfulness and acceptance in procrastination have not been fully studied. This study aims at investigating whether mindfulness and acceptance can increase the prediction of academic procrastination over and beyond trait anxiety. The statistical community was Shahed University. A total of 111 students were selected through cluster sampling method. They were assessed on different variables, including mindfulness (KIMS), acceptance (AAQ-II), anxiety (TAI), and procrastination (PASS). Data were analyzed in SPSS-23 using hierarchical regression. Results showed that there is a significant correlation between anxiety and procrastination. Furthermore, this study showed that acceptance and mindfulness did not contribute to the prediction of academic procrastination over and beyond trait anxiety. Non-acceptance of private experiences is one route to anxiety, which can lead to lack of persistence to avoid the tasks. Cultural differences may explain the findings.

More than half of Afghan refugees in Iran are adolescent. One of the important challenges in adapting to the new environment is the acculturative stress that can threaten the physical and mental health of refugee adolescents. In order to identify the acculturation stressors, the validity of the Acculturative Stress Scale on Afghan refugee adolescents in Iran was evaluated for the first time. The statistical population of the study is all Afghan refugee adolescent students in Iran who are studying at international schools in Tehran province. 406 participants were randomly selected, between the ages of 14 and 18, (166 boys and 240 girls). The tool of this research is an Acculturative Stress Scale that evaluates the translation validity, content validity and construct validity. The results showed that the Acculturative Stress Scale in Afghan adolescent samples has good content validity. The results have confirmed the three factor structure of Acculturative Stress Scale in Afghan refugee adolescent samples in Iran. Exploratory factor analysis results for each variable was: process-oriented stress (32.76%), social stress (9.43%), and perceived discrimination (3.47%); this explained that in total 46% of the variance was explained by these three factors and the goodness index of fit is 0.40 which is at the very adequate level. This tool can be used to identify the risk factors in the adolescent refugee population. Also, this tool can examine the challenges of positive adaptation to the new environment and prevent mental disorders associated with acculturative stress. It is necessary for researchers to pay attention to the context, social and cultural status when assessing the acculturative stress.

Due to the wide range of personality disorders and as well as alternative model DSM-5 for personality disorders, this study aimed to cluster B personality disorder according to five factor alternative models Zuckerman- Kuhlman and ego strength. The study population is included all students of University of MohegheghArdabili in 2015(N=14000). A descriptive correlational study in which 150 subjects were selected by stratified random sampling and responded to Millon clinical multiaxial inventory-3 (MCMI) and Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire and Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression.          Regression analysis showed that elements of aggression-hostility directly  and activity of Zuckerman alternative model inversely can predict antisocial personality disorder, elements of impulsive sensations seeking, aggression-hostility and neuroticism-anxiety of Zuckerman alternative model directly and ego strength inversely can predict borderline personality disorder, element of sociability of Zuckerman alternative model directly can predict histrionic personality disorder and elements of impulsive sensations seeking and activity directly and neuroticism-anxiety of Zuckerman alternative model inversely can predict narcissistic personality disorder. Findings of this research could be the first step to understanding the usefulness of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman five alternative model and ego strength by specialists in understanding cluster B personality disorders.

Enhancement of marital satisfaction is an important approach for improvement of family cohesion and community health. The aim of the present research was to study the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction program on psychological distress, emotion regulation and enhancement of marital satisfaction in women. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest-follow up design with control group. Statistical population included every married woman with more than 18 years of age in Tehran in the year 1396. Research sample was composed of 60 married women with moderate marital satisfaction. They were chosen using convenient sampling technique and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Experimental group took apparent in eight 90-minute sessions, mindfulness based Stress Reduction program. Participants answered Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS, Gratz & Roemer, 2004) and the Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI, Funk & Rogge, 2007) in three stages of pretest, posttest and follow up. Data was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA test. Results demonstrated that mindfulness-based stress reduction program had an influence on improvement of psychological distress (F=8. 65, p<0. 01), emotion regulation (F=31. 39, p<0. 0001) and marital satisfaction (F=19. 92, p<0. 0001) in married women. Accordingly, Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction program while reducing psychological distress and increasing emotional adjustment skills in women, may have beneficial effects for couple therapy and can be used as one of the methods for promoting marital relationship. Mindfulness training may have beneficial effects for couples' therapy and relationship enhancement.

The aim of the present study was to assess the Psychometric properties of Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders amongst a sample of 10-17yers old children in iran this experiment is a survey study. the subjects consisted of 890 10-17yers old children in Azarbaijan Sharghi، Golestan and Gilan who were chosen randomly according to multiple stage cluster sampeling metod and then were evaluated using YSR، SCARED، RCAMS and CDI. Finaly, data was analysed using descriptive statistic،pearson correlation coefficient،Alpha Cronbach coefficient and factor analysis. Results indicated that the SCARED and its 5 subscales have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability (with a 14 days interval). The result of exploratory factor analysis indicated a six-factor model in SCARED which confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Also The result of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed five subscale of original SCARED including “Panic Disorder”, “Generalized anxiety Disorder”, “Social anxiety Disorder”, “Separation anxiety Disorder” and “anxiety scool”.
. furthermore The significant correlation of total score SCARED and its 5 subscales with total scors YSR، RCAMS and CDI supported the convergent validity. (p<0/01) The Persian version of SCARED has satisfactory psychometric properties in Iranian child and is suitable to be used in educational, clinical and research domains.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is among disorders that has attracted the attention of many psychologists, psychiatrists, and researchers. The results of different researches have showed that the frontal lobe plays an important role in the incidence of this disorder and its continuity; therefore, the aim of the present research was to compare between frontal lobe function of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal students.
This research was descriptive and causal-comparative. The research population included all third-grade high school male normal students and those with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Ardabil city (2015), from which 60 students (including 30 normal students and 30 students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) were selected through multi-step cluster sampling. For data collection, Conner’s adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self report form and subscale, subtests of similarities, mazes, Wechsler’s picture regulation, and Wisconsin’s cart sorting test, tower of London test, and diagnostic interview based on diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)-5 were used.
The results of multivariate of variance analysis (MANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference between frontal lobe function of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal students. On the other hand, the function of frontal lobe among students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was significantly weaker than normal students (P The obtained results showed that functions of frontal lobe, such as inhibition behavior, social judgment, abstract reasoning, planning, and other functions related to this lobe among students with this disorder was weaker than normal students; hence, it is necessary to take measures in order to improve their psychological health through suitable treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy with emphasis on cognitive remediation, correcting cognitive distortions, and training behavioral techniques.

Context: Mindfulness-based interventions have shown promising therapeutic outcomes in improving well-being, mental health, general health, and quality of life, however, findings in this regard are inconsistent. The present study aimed at clarifying this inconsistency in the literature focusing on the Iranian studies through a systematic review and meta-analysis study.
Evidence Acquisition: The databases of Pubmed, Scopus, Doaj, EBSCO, Iranmedex, MagIran, SID, and Comprehensive Human Sciences Portal, and additional resources were searched using the set terms of “mindfulness” OR “mindfulness-based cognitive therapy” OR “MBCT” OR “mindfulness-based stress reduction” OR “MBSR” AND “intervention” AND “well-being” OR “health” OR “quality of life” and the time limit of the records was set between March 2008 and May 2017. The language of the search was restricted to English and Farsi. The studies that conducted on Iranian populations were selected in this review, only. Thirty-five studies conducted on 3013 subjects were assessed. Cochrane Q-test and I-squared index were used to detect the heterogeneity among results, and fixed effect model with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was applied. The effect size of mindfulness-based interventions on well-being, mental health, general health, and quality of life improvement, measured by Hedge`s g ratios, were respectively 1.54, 1.08, 0.89, and 1.87. The findings showed that the effect size of mindfulness-based interventions on well-being, mental health, general health, and quality of life improvement were of high magnitude, according to the Cohen’s table.
Mindfulness-based interventions effectively improved well-being, health, and quality of life.

This study compared the effectiveness of relaxation training and stress management training in treating anxiety, depression, stress, and pain in women with fibromyalgia. Twenty-two women with fibromyalgia participated in this randomized, controlled trial. They were assigned to stress management (n=7), relaxation training (n=7), and control (n=8) groups. All participants completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-42) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain. The stress management group participated in eight weekly two-hour sessions of a stress management program; the relaxation group participated in eight weekly sessions of relaxation training. Then, participants completed the DASS-42 and VAS again. Analyses of Covariance (ANCOVA) and post hoc analyses were used to compare the participants’ pre- and post-therapy responses and the two treatment types. Both relaxation training and stress management training were found to be effective in treating patients’ anxiety (P= 0.005), depression (P= 0.006), stress (P= 0.002), and pain (P= 0.001). Post hoc analyses indicated that participants in the treatment groups showed improvement compared with those in the control group (all P values

Bachground: The concept of couples’ satisfaction is one’s subjective evaluation of marital relationship and the level of perceived happiness from this relationship. Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI) is a self-report measure to assess marital satisfaction. This study aims to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Persian version of CSI in a non-clinical sample. Factor analysis, translation, structural, convergent validity, and reliability of this index were investigated in 150 married students of Tehran and Shahed Universities recruited by convenience sample method. According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis, four factors of “marital happiness”, “warmth of the relationship”, “being together”, and “right choice” were identified in the Persian version of CSI. The specifications of exploratory factor analysis were good. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that four factors of the CSI are more valid and reliable. The reliability of the index was 0.96 determined by Cronbach α. The convergence between this index and Locke–Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (MAT) was calculated to be 0.9. results indicate that Persian version of CSI has appropriate psychometric characteristics. Therefore, this measure can be confidently used in this field of research

The concept of “savoring” is the ability to regulate positive emotions through perceiving pleasurable life events. The savoring beliefs inventory (SBI) is a self-report instrument for “savoring” assessment. This study is aimed to investigate the psychometric characteristics of the Persian version of SBI in a non-clinical sample.
Factor analysis, structural, translation, divergent and convergent validities, as well as retest reliability of SBI were investigated in 365 students of Shahed University. The tools used in the present study included satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), neuroticism and extraversion subscales of NEO five-factor inventory, life orientation (LOT), Rosenberg self-esteem, Beck hopelessness scale (BHS), and prosocial tendencies measure revised (PTM-R).
The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that 5 factors (reminiscing, not reminiscing, anticipating, not anticipating, and savoring the moment) of the Persian version of the SBI are more valid and reliable. Divergent and convergent validity of the questionnaire were evaluated by satisfaction with life scale (SWLS), neuroticism and extraversion, life orientation (LOT), Rosenberg self-esteem, and Beck hopelessness scale (BHS) were suitable. Prosaical tendencies measure was only correlated with one of the factors of savoring belief inventory. The results of confirmatory factor analysis supported the goodness of fit of the five-factor structure of the questionnaire.
The results indicated that the Persian version of the savoring belief inventory has good psychometric characteristics in the general population. Thus this instrument can be used in research and clinical fields with confidence.