rostam saberifar

Urbanization has triggered massive development activities which led to significant changes in land use and land cover (LULC). Fundamentally, the changes in LULC have to be monitored to detect the presence of regional environmental changes and impacts. Reducing the suburban area of arable lands, destruction of vegetation, and increase of land surface temperature in urban areas, and the effects of rising temperatures are some negative consequences of urban development, building street and other malicious activities within cities. This research aims to use remote sensing to assess the consequences of destruction, and changes in land use in the city of Mashhad, was performed, and this project is trying to focus on determination and comparison of its negative effects on vegetation loss and increase of temperature and the response of city management to these changes.

The methodological framework adopted in this study involved different analytical processes of Landsat imagery to examine the effects of the LULC changes on land surface temperature. Satellite images for 1979 from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI-TIRS) for 2009 and 2023 were obtain and were used to analyze the changes in LULC in Mashhad. All the images were selected based on the clarity of the images with less cloud coverage; moreover, the images were all captured in the month of May for the corresponding years. In this study, Orthorectification of images for 1987 and 2009 and 2023 in this study area, which has a geographic coordinate system, was carried out by the ILWIS software capabilities, and by using affine method. Then, using resampling on bands related to 1987, their sizes were equal to the bands of 2009. Vegetation map of the study area, using satellite data and remote sensing techniques were developed. For this purpose, a vegetation index called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index or NDVI was used.

The results showed that Based on the classified the uneven distribution of LULC in Mashhad varied by year. The built-up areas expanded tremendously in almost every part of city within 36 years. This pattern was also associated with the loss of vegetation cover as the built-up category took over the green space on a large scale. However, the land use pattern in 2009 displayed an exceptional fluctuate trend of vegetation and built-up areas dispersion. From the map roughly, there was a conversion of built-up area into vegetation land from 1979 to 2009. But in 2023, it appeared plausible that the previous barren lands which was categorized as built-up areas had turned into green space for urban agriculture or urban park. Referring to the map, it was apparent that the largest transition of vegetation cover into built-up areas occurred from the central towards the north of Mashhad. In general land-use patterns can directly impact the generation of heat in the urban climate. The identification of NDVI and LST parameters could provide useful information regarding the environmental changes for sustainable urban development and management. Hence, it can be concluded that a relative increase in urban ambient air temperature in Mashhad, therefore, vegetation is changed, which can be regarded as the negative effect of land use change in this city; but due to the development of green spaces, the process of destruction has decreased in recent years.

Conjointly, rapid urbanization in Mashhad city led to the occurrence of regional heating based on the increase in LST value. Therefore, sufficient allocation of vegetation and water body in the city is recommended as a measure to reduce urban heat generation. Of course, because the development of green space has reduced the speed of changes, proper and timely intervention prevents the situation from escalating. Of course, such interventions should take into account all national and local conditions. So the study further recommends that additional factors like other LULC indices, socioeconomic variables, and other factors could be considered in future studies to produce more sturdy conclusions regarding the surface climate impact study.

So far, studies related to the field of crime prevention have paid attention to human and environmental components. However, the executive solutions in this field have been more general and impractical. Accordingly, this study tried to examine the impact practical solutions by conducting field and real experiments as well as emphasizing the environmental context.

This study was conducted by survey and descriptive-analytical methods. The required data were collected from a sample of 50 experts and observations of the behavior of 30 citizens in the causal and field sections, respectively. These data were analyzed using broken window theory, daily activity and positioning.

The results showed that many human behaviors occur under the influence of the unconscious element. This element imposes certain behaviors and actions on the person, using external evidence, especially the environmental situation (in which the person is), without being realized. For this reason, the samples investigated in this study, showed completely different behaviors according to environmental conditions in three situations of temptation to withdraw cash, traffic violations and attention to environmental protection without knowing it. According to the findings of this study, it can be said that when suburban areas, etc. are introduced as crime centers in newspapers and news, in fact, they give the address of the crime scene to the perpetrators, not really the criminological environments. According to the findings of this study, marginalization in itself is not effective in committing crime. What causes crime is the environmental and social conditions in these areas. In fact, the mentioned conditions create the illusion in criminals that control and care is low. For this reason, it shows the cost of committing a crime lower than usual.

The proposed framework in this paper suggests that unusual human behavior particular unsustainable behavior and effects have their roots in mental heuristics shaped by natural selection to handle social exchange. The writer has tried to show how moral accounting and the balancing heuristic, apparently present in social exchange processes, can explain how people and decision makers think and act in response to environmental conditions and the reactions of others. Specifically, a reason why people sometimes harm the environment although they try to do good, is that the balancing heuristic makes them believe “environmentally friendly” behavior can compensate for unsustainable behavior. The strategies proposed can hopefully help toward reducing the negative effects of this inherited cognitive handicap.  As a result, if the environmental conditions are organized in such a way as to subconsciously persuade people to the fact that there is a certain law and order, it will force them to behave normally and responsibly.

Due to the accumulation of the largest population and wealth in urban areas, climate change has had the highest consequences in these areas. The most important system that manages these changes is the municipality through the urban planning system; for this reason, it should be determined whether this system has the necessary characteristics in this field or not. The descriptive-exploratory research method was chosen. In the exploratory stage, all the experts working in the departments of crisis management, municipality, environment, and regional water were the effective factors in urban planning through Delphi. Among this group, 30 of them were selected by purposeful sampling. In the second stage, the situation of Mashhad municipality was carefully evaluated with a sample of 385 people to evaluate the basic components of an efficient system through exploratory factor analysis. For data analysis, factor analysis, variance analysis, and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The results showed that a total of 30 factors are involved in this field, the most important of which are foresight, smart management, and technological infrastructure. The results of the second stage determined that ten main groups have a clear and direct influence in this area, which are, in order of importance: strategic, organizational, technological, information, academic, cultural, social, human, competitive, and environmental dimensions. According to the evaluations conducted in this study, it was found that these indicators collectively explained 62% of the total variance, and the rest was related to factors and contexts that were not considered in this study. Of course, there are clear differences among the factors and indicators mentioned, and therefore, conditions must be created for their activity and effectiveness, considering the priorities set for each of them. To achieve cities that are environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive, and economically vibrant, urban planning must consider strategic, organizational, and technological dimensions in a way that works in tandem and reinforces each other. In this situation, while providing social platforms to reduce the consequences of climate change, the ability to adapt will also increase significantly. In this sector, cultural dimensions are the most influential. Because these conditions prepare society mentally and intellectually to coexist with such changes. Despite the fact that the managerial, informational, and competitive dimensions are in completely different positions, the results of this study showed that these dimensions can have a significant impact on the appropriate performance of the municipality in utilizing urban planning knowledge to control and manage the consequences of climate change. In order to control and manage climate change through urban planning, it is necessary to somehow create a consensus among the elites. Therefore, if these factors are carefully considered in urban management and planning, a large part of the inappropriate consequences of climate change will be controlled and managed. This study is one of the few studies that have been carried out in the field of the climate change-urban planning conundrum and corresponding responses. The findings of this research can help ensure that physical developments don't take place in flood-prone areas and buildings meet the requirements of city authorities to improve risk management and enhance response to disasters.

Given the pivotal role of tourism in the economic framework of localities, a conceptual paradigm is requisite to underpin a research agenda aimed at the co-implementation of tourism and net-zero policies. This investigation aspires to elucidate the intricate relationship between urban tourism and the planning of net-zero cities by concentrating on tourists and tourism operators as pivotal stakeholders in the decarburization initiatives of urban environments; a process that appears inherently paradoxical. Indeed, should this process be actualized, it is imperative to ascertain the prospective outcomes for touristic cities and fundamentally, how these two seemingly antithetical categories can be harmonized. Notwithstanding the significance of such a comparative analysis, a limited number of scholars have ventured into this domain. Consequently, the current research was executed in a descriptive and analytical manner to elucidate some of the obscured facets of this field. The requisite data was amassed utilizing survey and field methodologies. To facilitate data collection, a researcher-developed questionnaire was employed, grounded in the strategies for achieving zero-carbon cities and the regulatory frameworks governing the tourism demand sector, alongside the interaction of urban management with these advancements. Prior to the practical application of the questionnaire, it underwent a thorough evaluation concerning its validity and reliability. Based on the evaluations provided by experts in tourism, urban management, and policymaking, as well as a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.80, the suitability of the questionnaire was affirmed. The data procured through this methodology were subjected to analysis utilizing SPSS software, employing correlation tests and multivariate regression analysis. The findings indicated that the efficacy of tourism development on carbon emission efficiency is primarily contingent upon direct effects. Conversely, the implementation of policies pertaining to carbon-neutral cities significantly impacts the volume of tourists and the duration of their stays. However, if these policies align with the preparedness of urban management to execute appropriate strategies in the demand sector (Acceptance, Accessibility, Adjustment, Aid, and ‘Attractiveness), it not only does not yield adverse effects on the influx and presence of tourists, but also serves to fortify the tourism sector.

Neglecting the selection of suitable land for urban and non-urban development, especially in areas with significant physical and natural challenges, can profoundly impact security, living costs, and ultimately lead to human and environmental disasters.

This research aimed to evaluate urban land suitability for physical development in Bojnord, North Khorasan, based on natural factors using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique. Data collection was conducted through library and field research methods, while data analysis and calculations were performed using ArcGIS and Global Mapper 16 software. The study area encompassed the entire city of Bojnord and its surrounding regions. The evaluated indicators included slope, vegetation, faults, geological characteristics, elevation, rivers, groundwater, and soil type and erosion.

The findings revealed that, given the geographical and topographic characteristics of the city, only about 9% (8,804 hectares) of the available land (primarily in the northwestern and southern parts of the city) was classified as very suitable or suitable, approximately 9.98% (9,869 hectares) as moderately suitable, and 81% as unsuitable or very unsuitable.

Land-use planning for Bojnord requires high sensitivity, and it is crucial to incorporate the results of land suitability studies in future urban development strategies.

Zabol has been facing the phenomenon of dust and environmental problems for many years; but few studies have been done in this regard. For this reason, the present study was carried out with a descriptive and analytical method for the living conditions of this city. In this study, Shannon entropy method was used to measure indices and Cooper's technique was used for ranking. The results were compared with the results of studies related to sample cities (Ahvaz and Urmia) that had similar or relatively similar conditions to Zabol. The results showed that the livability index in this city is 0.245762 and the difference between its six regions is significant. In addition, this city is in a more critical situation than the sample cities, but it has not received as much attention from researchers, and therefore there are no reliable statistics and information about it.

Multidimensional urban quality of Life encompasses horizontal dimensions (objective and subjective dimensions) and vertical dimensions (themes), which include relevant aspects of the living conditions that should be objectively and subjectively assessed. They took into consideration the objective, mental and vertical and horizontal dimensions of the quality of life category, which makes the officials would be able to not only provide their satisfactory at the highest level, but also step positively forward to determining reasons of citizens’ dissatisfactory and establish infrastructures that citizens are interested to, through tracking changes of all aspects of quality of life and choosing proper development of the city.

Methods and Material:

 The following study seek to survey the condition of quality of life of Birjand city that is recently assigned as the center of South Khorasan, applying descriptive – analytic method. Therefore, a sample of 271 households are selected from different restricts of the city and data are collected through field survey and using questionnaire. Finally, the collected data has been analyzed by statistics methods and related software applications.

The results suggest that the condition of quality of life quality mainly was lower than moderate level, from subjective and objective aspects throughout the whole city. Nevertheless, northern districts suffer much worse and improper condition rather than southern districts; and it is essentially needed that officials, not only implement to improve quality of life within the city, but also take a deeper care to northern districts which are taken more prioritization.

This study tried to contribute to our understanding of the disparities in urban QOL, and provide a scientific basis for urban policies that achieve diversity and inclusiveness.

urban peripheral development, due to the profit-seeking motives of property owners and its economic justification for urban management, has caused the abandonment of many parts of the inner cities and out of the development cycle. On the other hand, it is always added to the concentrated spots of the population and the size of the cities, in the low-value lands around and apart from the urban system. Informal settlements, as a product of growth in urban peripheral areas, are mainly located in the vicinity of big cities, which have disorganized traffic and physical structures, and consist of residential units that are built without observing the technical principles of building and lack official permits. The latest approach in this field is urban regeneration, which seeks to change the nature of a place using the intervention of residents and other stakeholders. Regeneration has different classifications, One of these classifications, is community-oriented regeneration and it is defined based on the intervention of the local community in the regeneration process. As a important historical city, Neyshabur is not immune from the problem of urban peripheral development and inefficiency of the structures formed in these areas. The existence of its marginal structure is a proof of the inefficiency of urban development management. In this texture, due to the arrival of immigrants from other parts of the city as well as from rural areas, we see heterogeneity in the cultural and social characteristics of the residents. The dominance of such conditions on the tissues makes it mandatory to take serious measures to recreate and strengthen its cultural and social aspects. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the existing capabilities of the people of the urban peripheral settlements of Neishabur, and provide strategies for empowerment and solving the challenges in these textures. Therefore, the main question of the research is; what is the current cultural-social situation of the urban peripheral area of Neishabur and what are the priority strategies for its cultural-social stabilization with the view of empowering the local community?According to its purpose, the current research is practical and its method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods according to the nature of the research and the investigated components and the approach governing the research. Collecting the required data and information has been done through documentary and field method (observation and questionnaire). The formal validity method was used to determine the validity of the research tool (questionnaire) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. After collecting the information needed for the research, the current situation has been analyzed and evaluated using the SWOT technique, and by applying the opinions of subject matter experts, weighting and ranking strategies in accordance with internal and external factors, the SWOT matrix, It has been done and the best and priority intervention strategies in the context have been determined based on the importance and total weighted ranking. Also, in order to identify the priority strategies of regeneration, the ACCEPT method and the opinions of subject experts are used. The ACCEPT method uses six criteria to prioritize strategic goals and provide an opportunity for the strategic planning team to evaluate the consequences of adopting a strategy from different aspects. Therefore, the final strategies for cultural-social regeneration of the urban peripheral spaces of Neyshabur with the empowerment approach have been determined. Living conditions in urban peripheral neighborhoods indicate the compulsion and inevitability of people to live in these neighborhoods. The lack of services and urban infrastructures and the needs of daily life, or the transformation of quiet rural environments into crowded and unplanned urban environments, causes the satisfaction of living in these settlements to be always low. Access to administrative and commercial centers in the city and other urban services is facing problems. This causes the residents of these neighborhoods to be dissatisfied with the existing conditions and have low satisfaction from living in these neighborhoods. Also, according to the opinions of the municipal experts, in the parts where we see the villages connected to the city, there is relatively good participation, but in the rest of the settlements, the participation rate is moderate and decreasing.As the results show, the priority of the obtained social-cultural strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, according to the total attractiveness scores, is as follows:1. Education and encouragement to education and learning and raising the level of social skills of the residents2. Providing programs for families and young people's free time3. Promoting cultural and artistic activities and supporting related projects in this field.In this research, cultural-social regeneration strategies of the urban peripheral texture of Neyshabur were investigated and studied with the approach of empowering the local community. According to the results obtained from the research, it is necessary to include the following solutions in the agenda of managers and officials of urban regeneration:1. The urban peripheral texture of Neishabor is full of unique opportunities that distinguish it from other cities in the province. The history of culture, literature and art, the existing cultural centers and the historical history of the city provide unique opportunities to the The urban peripheral texture, which must be taken into account in cultural-social regeneration.2. The desire to modernize the residential texture, the possibility of creating local institutions whose role has been weak so far, and the existence of cooperative tendencies and human resources in the urban peripheral texture of Neishabur, is among the things that should be considered in the preparation, formulation, implementation and implementation of plans. Regeneration, especially in its cultural-social dimensions, should be given more attention.3. Neyshabor has a unique historical record that focusing on cultural and social issues as a catalyst and guiding the path of regeneration can be a suitable strategy for Neyshabor, therefore focusing on the tourism capacities of this city, branding different neighborhoods, central events and ... it can provide attractiveness and suitable economic trends for the city, which will also help in the regeneration of urban peripheral neighborhoods.

In the field of environmental citizenship, every citizen must accept his duties and responsibilities. One of the basic responsibilities of citizens is to separate and deliver garbage on time. Because if the citizens do not fulfill their duty, many environmental and social problems will be created, one of the most important of them is environmental pollution and the presence of garbage collectors in the city. This research was done in a descriptive and analytical way and in the form of an integrated approach of value, belief and Stern's norm. Its purpose was to determine the status of environmental citizenship in the field of participation in urban waste management based on the criteria of waste segregation in Mashhad city. To collect data, a questionnaire prepared by the researcher was used. The statistical population was the residents of Mashhad. Based on this, the statistical sample size was estimated to be 385 people. The results of the research showed that environmental citizenship in this city was not formed at least based on the criterion of waste segregation and its timely delivery. Therefore, non-participation in waste separation is related to various factors, some of which include: Negative attitude towards waste, belief in human superiority, weak knowledge and understanding, little collective supervision, avoidance of responsibility, selfishness, inappropriate personal behavior, villa housing, inappropriate access to urban facilities and infrastructure and marginalization. The final analysis showed that the variables included in the model explain almost half of the changes in the dependent variable.

The growth of the urban population has generated unequal access to basic infrastructure and created heterogeneous spaces in the urban fabric. For this reason, now all factors are looking to rethink the use of land in the way of urban regeneration. Urban regeneration consists of a comprehensive and integrated vision, which aims to solve urban problems and seeks to generate lasting changes in terms of economic, physical, social, environmental, and governmental conditions of areas that are subject to transformations/alterations. But in this process, more attention is paid to physical aspects, and social and cultural issues are less considered. Solving this shortcoming seems only possible by benefiting from social innovation. In this sense, social innovation refers to using networks, social relations, collaboration, social cohesion, human needs satisfaction, quality of life improvements, empowerment, sustainability, and scalability. For this purpose, the current research was carried out descriptively and analytically to investigate the possibility of benefiting from social innovation in the regeneration of heterogeneous textures in the city of Neishabur. The required data was collected from a sample of 30 specialists. These data were analyzed and evaluated using SWOT and ACCEPT techniques. The findings showed that in the heterogeneous contexts of Neyshabur, four strategies can be used in the field of social innovation. In the meantime, using the capacity of religious institutions and bodies to encourage people to participate in regeneration projects is given the highest priority. This finding indicates that city managers, companies, and organizations can use less costly but more effective approaches to regeneration that have not been paid much attention to.

Scavengering is one of the hobbies of citizens and officials. In order to solve this problem, it seems necessary to know the roots and causes that have created this problem and contributed to its expansion and survival. For this purpose, this study, in a descriptive and analytical way, sought to identify and prioritize effective factors in the formation and development of garbage collection in Mashhad city. The required data was collected in the first stage through interviews with 20 experts. The limit of this number was determined based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. Data coding was done with the qualitative content analysis method and with the help of Atlas ti software. The results led to the identification of 12 main categories. In the next step, in order to prioritize these factors, the triangular fuzzy method was used. The findings showed that the factors affecting littering are: Access to garbage, legal vacuum, high benefits, poverty, unemployment, addiction, illegal immigration, inconsistency of devices, municipal income intervention, power mafia, social acceptance and lifestyle. Based on this, if these conditions are resolved in a suitable way, a significant part of these problems will be resolved.Key words: Scavengering, Illegal immigration, lifestyle, social acceptance, Mashhad.  Identification and Prioritization of Influential Factors in Scavengering With Using Mixed Method (Case Study Mashhad)Rostam Saberifar[1]Associate Professor, Payam –e– Noor University, Tehran, IranExtended Abstract 

Scavengering is one of the hobbies of citizens and officials. In order to solve this problem, it seems necessary to know the roots and causes that have created this problem and contributed to its expansion and survival. The present study was also carried out in this direction. This study has pursued two main goals. First, the factors affecting the formation and expansion of the phenomenon of scavengering were identified. In the next step, these factors have been prioritized. In fact, the main effort was to find a suitable answer to the question, what are the factors influencing the formation of the phenomenon of scavengering? And which factors have the highest effects and their control can speed up the management of this problem.

This study was based on the practical purpose and in terms of the type of method, it was in the field of survey-type descriptive studies. The approach of the present study was mixed. Qualitative data was obtained from a sample of 20 people and for a small part of 50 participants. The target sample was selected by snowball method. The collected data were analyzed by combining qualitative and quantitative methods with the help of Atlas ti software. Based on this, the present study was carried out on two levels, including the identification of the factors and areas of occurrence and expansion of the phenomenon of scavengering and the prioritization of the identified factors. The main factors were identified using semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the data obtained from the interview was coded using the qualitative content analysis method. The participants in this survey in the qualitative part were university professors and researchers who had studies or experiences in the field of garbage and garbage collection. The validity of the relative content of the questionnaire of this study was estimated to be 71% by using the expert opinions of ten people informed about the research. Also, the correlation of the answers based on the test-post-test method was obtained at the rate of 79%, which brought the reliability of the questionnaire.

The findings showed that the most effective factor in garbage collection is access to existing garbage. The next effective factor, whose role and position in the occurrence of scavengering and its spread was confirmed in this study, was legal loopholes in the control and management of scavengering. The variable of high benefits has taken the third place among the factors affecting scavengering in Mashhad. Among the prioritized factors in this survey, poverty has been assigned the fourth place. In this study, unemployment was determined to be another factor affecting scavengering in Mashhad. Addiction, as a serious problem of today's society, was also influential in the category of scavengering. Because a significant part of the garbage collectors have entered this area only to supply the drugs they need. Maybe this is the reason why in this study, the addiction factor has been assigned the sixth place. Indiscriminate immigration is one of the most important factors that has caused many of the current urban disturbances. In this study, it was found that this factor ranks seventh. Finally, the 8th and 12th positions in the continuation and development of garbage collection are respectively assigned to these factors. Inconsistency of institutions, municipal income intervention, power mafia, social acceptance and lifestyle. In general, in the current situation, the gap between income and quality of life among citizens has widened. This factor has created two completely different worlds among the residents of the same city. When the poor see the created income gap, they feel so disgusted. As a result, this group is willing to do anything to free themselves from the created conditions. In this situation, they either commit violent crimes or at least collect and sell abandoned valuables. In this way, they try to provide the minimum of life for themselves and their families. In fact, the consumption of the benefits proposed by Veblen, Dusenberry and Maslow for the rich has produced a lot of waste and discarded consumable goods. Poverty, unemployment and the inability to provide the basic necessities of life for the poor group have forced them to gather these tools and materials for daily consumption or sale through scavenging. These conditions have also caused that scavengering is not limited, but its dimensions and scope are increasing every day.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize factors affecting the formation and expansion of scavengering. Based on this, the current study was carried out at two levels including the factors affecting the formation and prioritization of these factors. The findings showed that the most effective factor in this process is access to existing waste. In fact, if there is no garbage available, there is no point in picking garbage. In other words, the organizations in charge of waste management and control cannot collect waste properly and dispose of it in a timely manner. For this reason, needy or profit-seeking people can easily access these materials and collect them and sell them. Therefore, as long as garbage is available and can be easily collected, garbage collection will continue. Based on this, the results of the current research, in line with other researches conducted in this field, showed that scavengering is a multidimensional phenomenon. For this reason, this problem cannot be solved by emphasizing one of these dimensions. In fact, scavengering is a problem that has challenged all effective organizations in urban management, and its solution depends on the presence of all these organizations.

Improving the quality and living conditions of dysfunctional and inefficient urban tissues requires strategies appropriate to the condition and characteristics of each tissue. In the current research, the existing condition of the ineffective tissues of Neishabur city has been examined and compared from the physical aspect. These tissues have been studied in two separate categories, including middle tissue (historical) and marginal tissue. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The current situation has been analyzed and evaluated using the SWOT technique. Priority intervention strategies in context have been determined using experts' opinions. ACCEPT method and experts' opinions have been used to identify priority regeneration strategies. In the middle (historical) texture, seven strategies and in the marginal context four strategies have been determined as priorities. According to the desirability score, in the middle context, "activation of historical, cultural and religious resources and services of tourism in the context and around the existing elements", and in the marginal texture, "encouraging residents to document properties and units and providing facilities have been determined as the most important priorities of the physical dimension. The results show that the conditions of the dysfunctional tissues of Neishabur are different from each other in terms of the situation in the middle (and historical) and marginal tissues, and therefore it is necessary to adopt regeneration strategies that are appropriate to the conditions in each tissue.

Since one-third of the country's population lives in 141,000 hectares of worn-out areas, the regeneration of these textures is one of the main concerns of the country. However, the plans to organize these textures have always been one of the most challenging urban programs, and it is difficult or almost impossible to find successful examples among them. One of the main reasons for this is people's skepticism about the results of such plans and the low acceptance rate of innovation. Goal: It seems that if these projects are implemented in appropriate and selected places and their positive and useful effects are tangible to the people, the acceptance of new approaches will be accelerated and the cost of implementing the projects will be reduced while their success will be guaranteed.

The study method was descriptive and analytical and the required data were collected using a questionnaire from a sample of 300 experts, local officials, and ordinary people. The collected data were analyzed using different statistics with the help of SPSS software and TOPSIS model.

Geographical area of research: 

The present study was conducted in the city of Torbat Heydariyeh. This city has the highest distressed urban testures but the least study has been done about it..

The results of the analysis of research findings show that the index of economic status of encouraging residents to accept the regeneration plan, is in the first place with an average of 3.06,the index of cultural categories is in the second place with an average of 2.99, and finally the index of social dimensions is in the third place with an average of 2.79. The findings showed that the best starting point for the regeneration project in this city is the Shahid Bahonar neighborhood, which has the highest score among the other three neighborhoods, and in Veblen's theory, it is the reference group.

If city officials focus on this neighborhood instead of implementing the project in all distressed areas, and achieve deliverable results, the implementation costs will be significantly reduced while increasing the probability of success of the project.

The aim of this study is to identify the key factors affecting the viability of Zabol city. Therefore, the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method is based on new methods of futurology, research, analysis and exploration. In order to collect the required data and information, a questionnaire and Delphi technique and documentary studies and libraries have been used.To apply the Delphi technique and analyze the cross-effects, questionnaires have been prepared in two stages. Various and comprehensive aspects of viability have been provided to experts, which led to the general extraction of factors affecting the viability of Zabol city. The second phase includes 30 questionnaires to determine the main factors affecting the viability of Zabol city through weighting, which was completed by experts and finally used to analyze the collected data from MicMac software. The results show that among the 33 main factors affecting the survival of Zabol city, a total of 8 key variables affect the survival of Zabul city, so that these variables have the most impact and the least impact on the future of survival in Zabul city . It includes factors such as "deprivation, investment, residents' desire to live, access to infrastructure, housing and roads, urban furniture and quality of appearance, social interactions, civic and collective institutions." Due to the relationship and internal impact of these factors with each other, the quality of each of these factors should be improved.

One of the main factors in increasing income and employment, as the most important pillar of livable cities, is attracting the creative class and investors. Implementing innovative plans and making basic investments in line with sustainable development requires many conditions and fields, one of the most important of which is the availability of cultural and social fields. But so far, this field and categories have been less in the focus of attention. For this purpose, in this study, an attempt was made to take into account the role and position of culture and social contexts in attracting investors to the city of Mashhad by using the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, emphasis was mainly placed on the main drivers of this field. To reach this goal, the required information was collected from library and field sources. In the field part, the research sample included 30 qualified people in this field, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Micmac software was also used for data analysis. The results showed that the factors that influence the attraction of the creative class and investors and the increase of targeted investments in the city of Mashhad are: Investment in research and development, laws and regulations, number of resident foreigners, information and communication technology, appropriate financing, flight destinations and active airlines, rate of invention and innovation, level of literacy and education, performance evaluation and reward system, financial policies, flexible financial systems, scientific and technical exchanges and interaction between university and industry.

Practical experiments indicate that garbage collection is considered to be one of the most dangerous and inhuman activities. Due to many social implications involved, few people are willing to accept the risk of entering and organizing this field of activity. This is why, several solutions have been proposed and sometimes implemented, still in different regions and cities, all kinds of methods are used by trial and error. This research tries to prioritize these policies and approaches using a descriptive and analytical method. Accordingly, first the current trends are identified and the more effective ones are ranked using expert opinions. The main data was collected from a sample of 30 people and weighed and scored based on their opinions. The required data was obtained through a questionnaire that was validated by experts from the same field and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha model (0.83). The data were analyzed using the SWARA method. The results showed that among the policies of social measures, disciplinary, situational and control-elimination programs had a higher position. The status of the proposed strategies in each of these policies also showed that the attention to the demand side is more effective in controlling and organizing garbage collection than supply-oriented approaches.

Every year, billions of rials are spent on the return of urban slum dwellers to the original villages, or efforts are made to prevent more villagers from migrating to the city. Most of the research that has been done in this regard has focused on the financial and supportive dimensions. Due to the ineffectiveness of these solutions, it was necessary to conduct more comprehensive research in this field. The present study was conducted by descriptive and correlational methods to determine a model for determining the share of each individual, social and economic factors in the frequency of occurrence from the perspective of immigrants and prioritizing these factors from the perspective of experts. The required data were collected with a questionnaire and from a sample of 300 immigrants in Mashhad and 30 experts in this field. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the questionnaire, KMO index was used to determine the adequacy of the sample size, EFA test was used to identify the factor structure and factor factors, and the model of multiple indices and multiple causes was used to determine the relationships between variables. To evaluate the model, the calculation of fit indices such as RMSEA, TLI, CFI and Chi-square were used.The results showed that among the predictor variables, only the variable related to social institutions can affect the perspective of immigrants. For this reason, this variable was significantly related to the hidden variables in general, which was more related to the two hidden variables. However, all four fit indices were less than the desired value and thus the fit of the model was not confirmed. However, it was found that the return was mainly to the non-native villages and the family dimension, especially under the criterion of "observing the behavior of homosexuals" has the highest impact on the return of marginalized people. This finding is largely consistent with the theories of Veblen, Giddens, and System. According to the findings of this study, if the population returns and the economic and social conditions of this group are properly informed to other marginalized, the return process will accelerate.

By 2025, about 60%of children will live in cities. These children need a healthy and safe environment for healthy growth and sufficient movement. However, such conditions are not provided in most cities of Iran. Correcting these conditions requires careful scientific and research investigations. To provide the spaces needed by children, this research sought to find out the needs of this group through drawings. The current descriptive and analytical study was conducted using children's paintings. Hence, the sample was 120 children aged between 6 and 15 years old which was selected and asked to draw the elements needed in the playgrounds. The drawings were evaluated using the content analysis method and considering the physical, perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions. According to the results, the physical dimension occupied a more important place among other dimensions. In addition, children's growth happens through stages, and their preferences are completely different depending on the stage of development. According to the findings of this study, children up to the age of 9 pay attention to perceptual elements. At the age of 9, they emphasize the development of cognitive skills, and at the age of 13 and older, the emotional and social dimensions are more important. The presence of these elements in urban parks can ensure the health and physical fitness of children, leading to more presence of children and subsequently increasing the vitality, security, and happiness of adults in these spaces.

Urban poor use many initiatives to survive before they reach a real dead end in life and pose fundamental risks to themselves and the host community. There is a variety of strategies used by poor households in Iran and the world with different consequences depending on the type and extent of use.

This descriptive and analytical study has investigated the factors affecting the selection of survival strategies among residents of disfunctional urban tissues (marginal section). Due to the nature of the subject, the data were obtained in two ways, including qualitative (sample size of 30 households) and quantitative (survey of 300 households living in this area). The collected data were analyzed qualitatively based on the content analysis (according to Brown and Clark’S framework) and quantitatively in the form of logistic regression.

The results showed that although the number of households that choose risky strategies is small, around 10%, the same number is very important and fundamental considering the border situation of the city in question and its cultural and social conditions. Quantitative investigations also show that households with little social capital are twice as likely to choose high-risk strategies as those who use social capital.

The development of social capital among the poor not only prevents them from remaining in this cycle but also helps them consider strategies that have the least social, family, and individual consequences even if they enter the cycle of poverty. To strengthen social capital, it is necessary to form cultural associations and connections among the inhabitants of disfunctional urban contexts.

Available s tatis tics show that the growth rate of the elderly population has increased. Therefore, policy-making is expected to be in harmony with this trend to realize as many indicators as possible for an elderly-friendly city. The current research was conducted to tes t this assumption. The research method was descriptive and analytical. The required data were collected in 2012 and 2021 using the s tandard checklis t of the indicators of the elderly-friendly city. According to the population, the sample size was determined to be 500 people. The data were collected from five major cities of Iran (Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Shiraz and Tabriz). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and multi-criteria models. The data analysis showed that the coefficient calculated for the indicators of the elderly-friendly city is less than the median (0.492). In addition, from 2012 to 2021, the rate of improvement of the mentioned indicators was less than one year. The comparison of the efforts of the examined metropolises shows that during this period, the index calculated for Tehran City decreased from 0.668 to 0.549. In the same period, the index of Shiraz City increased from 0.329 to 0.416. Nevertheless, although it faced a sharp decline in 2021, it is s till in firs t place. Therefore, in this survey, Tehran City showed a better situation in mos t of the indicators than other big cities under inves tigation. According to the findings, in both periods and in mos t cities, the wors t conditions were assigned to the condition of the space and buildings index. In general, the s tatus of the transportation index, except for Tehran City, has gone through a growing trend in mos t of the metropolises. One of the reasons for this is that in recent years, the operation and development of urban trains in these cities have brought about extensive changes in the field of transportation. In the classification in terms of the total score, it was found that in 2012, Tehran City was in the firs t place, and Isfahan and Mashhad were in the second and third place, respectively, with a big difference. This year, Shiraz City has taken the las t place. In 2021, Isfahan City was ranked the highes t, followed by Tehran City in the second rank and Mashhad City in the third rank, with a not-too-big difference. In this year, Shiraz City has moved up to the fourth place by one rank, and Tabriz City is in the las t spot after Shiraz City with a minimal difference. According to the calculated scores, in 2012, only three cities - Tehran, Isfahan and Mashhad - had a score higher than 0.50. Therefore, these cities show more proportionality with the positive ideal level. Meanwhile, the situation of the two cities of Tabriz and Shiraz Cities in this year, due to the fact that they are far away from the ideal level, are not very favorable. In 2021, this situation remained almos t unchanged, and Tabriz and Shiraz Cities were s till far away from the ideal level.

All managers and policymakers are seeking to design and equip urban spaces to ensure vitality in the city. However, the current condition of urban spaces shows that despite the efforts made, this goal has not been achieved, encouraging a lot of research in this field. The many studies conducted in this field could not meet the needs of this sector, causing an examination of the category of vitality through new methods. The current study aimed to determine the capabilities of traditional and modern methods in determining the vitality of urban spaces and compare them in connection with several streets of Mashhad. 

This study used one modern and two traditional methods to evaluate the vitality of urban spaces. Concerning the traditional part, the common indicators for evaluating the vitality of urban spaces were initially given to 30 experts in this field to determine the condition of five selected streets in the designated areas. Field evaluations were conducted by 10 urban planners. CCTV cameras were also used in the image recording section for analysis with artificial intelligence. In this section, 20 stores with approximately 33 cameras entered the research. All street view images were analyzed using semantic segmentation models as color groups and pixels corresponding to each component. Finally, the findings were ranked and prioritized using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Linear regression was used to determine the internal correlations of environmental variables affecting the vitality of urban spaces.

This study compared the capabilities of traditional models and artificial intelligence using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and questionnaire. Finally, the linear regression capability was used to detect the internal correlation of the variables affecting the vitality of the investigated spaces. The results showed that the overall classification accuracy of the model based on activity was 86.9% for five different classes (very bad, bad, acceptable, good, and very good). In this classification, the "good" subcategory got the lowest accuracy (66.4%), which was because of the small number of selected samples. To further assess the activity-based model with higher accuracy, a random sample of 200 images was evaluated based on field surveys in the study area. According to this study, the classification accuracy in this section was 84.1% in total.In general, wide streets and areas with mixed uses were in better conditions than others concerning spatial orientation, openness, and pleasantness of the environment. Specifically, Imam Khomeini Street attracted more passers-by because of its commercial complexes, shopping centers, National Garden, etc. The situation of commercial density in Janat Street and Imam Khomeini Street was of high quality, while its transparency was low, with coefficients of 0.192 and 0.226, respectively, in the analysis of data from cameras. Except for the National Garden and a small area of green space on Jannet Street, other streets did not have equipped parks, leading to respective values of 0.218 and 0.222 for the greenery ratio for these two streets. In the meantime, the activity was at a very high level in this sector.Considering the wide range and basic differences of units and independent variables, the raw data of environmental variables were primarily standardized. After preparing and grouping the raw data into high and medium categories at different times, it was found that the width of the street and commercial density were generally related to vitality and affected it differently. It was also revealed that transparency had a great impact on the vitality of the street and was positively correlated with it. Finally, the findings of the survey made it clear that openness, greenness, and commercial density all positively affected the increase in vitality. Linear regression was used to determine the effect of each variable on vitality, determining the average values of vitality for different times and selected sections. The fit coefficient (R2) calculated for this section was 0.798. To be more precise, these five variables could explain 79.8% of changes in vitality. This model was obtained as (F=182/77, P<001), indicating that at least one characteristic ofstreet width, greenness, openness, and transparency affected vitality.In the current study used different methods, including field evaluation, survey, and images and videos, and showed the width of the street as one of the main and effective variables on the volume and variety of activities in the street. Another finding of this study was that the transparency of buildings had a great role in the diversity and increase of pedestrian activity. However, the effect of this transparency was only until its value reached 70%. Increasing transparency beyond this figure did not have an additional effect on vitality. According to the results got in this survey, the effect of green space and openness on the vitality of the street was a negative correlation type, but this relationship was not completely linear.

This study found that openness affected the vitality of the street negatively and significantly. Compared to traditional methods, using images and videos prepared in the street was more suitable for big data, leading to more accuracy and less cost and time. In the meantime, the accuracy of traditional methods is much higher in limited environments but can be obtained at the cost of time and money. These conditions become more important when with the development of smart cities, there is no other choice but to use such methods to get data in the shortest time and in the highest volume. According to the result of this study, most of the studies related to the vitality of urban spaces have been conducted through traditional methods in Iran. As stated, these methods usually require more cost and time, which means they can be used in a small volume and sequence, necessitating the use of more effective methods and techniques.

There has been a lot of discussion on the municipality's financial bottlenecks, and many researchers suggest that it should have a stable income. However, the municipality is a service institution and has to pay for its services from the Citizens who benefit from these services. Therefore, if the municipality is unable or unwilling to receive these costs, there must be a flaw in the institution's policies or functions. Hence, this study examines the hypothesis of the existence of the policy and the functional status of the municipality. The study has used a descriptive and analytical method to collect the required data from 150 experts in the field of urban planning. The collected data were analyzed using a one-sample t-test, Friedman test, as well as confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equations based on variance using the ordinary least squares (PLS) method. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the function and quality of the developed policies, as well as the capability and performance indicators of Mashhad Municipality. But because the quality and functionality of the designed policies are not at the appropriate level, the capability and functionality indicators have a fundamental weakness. The same factor influences the municipality's failure to pay for the services provided to the Citizens. The Citizens consider this institution not a service but a governing organization.

This research was conducted by descriptive and analytical methods in the form of classical time allocation theory. The required data were obtained from the emergency response plan of Mashhad Municipality neighborhoods. These data were analyzed using two parameters, parametric and non-parametric local logit. The results showed that age and literacy have a positive effect on the likelihood of participation. Also, non-working income and spouse income have a positive effect on the presence of participation. Men's housing status has a positive and significant effect on participation in the project. But the effect of this variable is not significant for women. The number of female children has a positive and significant effect on the presence of women in participation. But it does not make sense in men's decisions. Also, all children have a positive effect on women's participation, but this variable does not have a significant effect on men's participation decision. The results of non-parametric method such as parametric method showed that the variables of age, level of education and number of children increase the likelihood of women and men participating in participatory activities in the field of crisis management. According to these findings, in order to encourage households to participate in the project, these background features should be considered.

The regeneration process of urban old textures is slow with only 10% progress through the fourth development program. Accordingly, regeneration of the old texture will take many years. Therefore, the current research is mainly aimed at determining the effective factors concerning public participation in old urban texture regeneration. Descriptive and analytic method is applied in this research and 228 residents of urban old texture in Mashhad have been selected as the samples of the study. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and using the statistical tests of chi-square, Spearman Correlation, and multiple regression. The results show that the highest effective factors in people’s participation include their trust toward the governors, prediction of the desirable results, their perception toward hygiene and welfare conditions of the desired urban neighborhoods, and possessing other income sources rather than the existing property in the old texture. Therefore, prior to the implementation of regeneration projects, it is necessary to provide confidence and trust in the people and to assure them of the desirable future of executive projects, so that real participation of the residents is possible in all stages of planning and implementation.

The region of Sistan has long been a prosperous and productive area. In this geographical area, many cities have been established, but with the passage of time and changing conditions, they either disappeared or changed their functions. But since the beginning of the current century, the city of Zabol was formed by relying on government credits, and during this period, its population has constantly increased. In fact, due to the exogenous development of the city, environmental and regional problems have never stopped the growth of this city, and at the cost of the destruction of the surrounding environment, its life has continued with greater intensity. The current research has analyzed the livability of Zabol city with a descriptive and analytical method. The required data was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire from a sample of 300 experts. The data was analyzed using the evaluation matrix of effective and affected indicators and the mathematical model of sustainability and viability. The results showed that this city scored 0.4829 points in the environmental section and 0.2945 points in the economic and social section. Based on these points, the livability degree of this city is determined as 0.1884 and according to the existing standards, it is placed in the weak and very weak livability group. Therefore, if the necessary control and preventive policies are not applied, not only the residence and life in this city will be threatened, but also the surrounding environment will undergo more fundamental destruction.