sadegh karimi

The existence of climate variability (especially temperature) and more importantly its fluctuations and changes in different regions of the country can have different effects on its railway lines. Fluctuations and temperature changes can affect many different aspects of the rail transportation system, especially rail instabilities; Therefore, evaluating the effect of climatic conditions, especially fluctuations and temperature changes on railway instabilities, requires a more accurate analysis of the relationship between these two variables, which is the goal of this research. In this research, the General Circulation Model has been used in order to predict long-term temperature and analyze its effects on railway lines. For local and regional forecasts SDSM statistical microscale exponential method was used. The data used in this research includes the monthly average data of the synoptic stations of Kerman, Bam and Zahedan with the base period of 1961-1990 and Hadcm3 model data (data of the third generation of the global climate model under scenario A2 and B2). The temperature was predicted for three periods of 2011-2040, 2041-2070 and 2071-2099 and compared with the base period. The SDSM model works correctly in the microscale rotation of HadCM3 model output temperature in all three stations with a small difference and has acceptable accuracy for temperature prediction. Except in Zahedan area in some cold months of the year, we see an increase in temperature in all months of the year in the stations and this increase in temperature will reach its peak in 2099.

Geographical space is a device that forms the logic of the arrangement of formal patterns, processes and the function of social herdings in space. Changes in space over time are the result of various processes and trends governing it. In this regard, this research tries to evaluate and analyze the spatial changes of Sirjan Basin. For this purpose, the basin method and spatial analysis techniques were used. The results of the research show that the rainfall in the last Quaternary was 17 mm in the central parts of the basin and almost 300 mm in the high altitudes. This amount of change in humidity and ambient temperature has caused a fundamental change in the morphogenic system of the region. Currently, there is no active glacier system in the region. Also, the temperature conditions of this basin have increased from -3.6 to 0.86 degrees Celsius. The maximum temperature of the basin has changed from 16.46 in the cooling phase to 17.64 in the present time. Of course So that the highest temperature difference was related to the highest part of the basin and the lowest difference was related to the lowest point of the basin. Tracing the alluvial terraces of the old lake of Sirjan shows 4 terraces around the lake. As the highest terrace was identified at a height of 1719 meters, according to this, the water volume of Sirjan's old lake during the glacial period was 80400 m³.

Today, common protocols in cancer treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are hardly satisfactory due to their specific drawbacks such as surgical wound, chemotherapy drug resistance, and some chronic symptoms of radiation therapy, etc. In the meantime, photodynamic therapy has received much attention as a new method for cancer treatment with fewer side effects.

Methods & Materials:

 In this research, copper sulfide nanoparticles were made using an easy and low-cost method and its ability to detect singlet oxygen in different environments (water-ethanol ratio) was investigated.

In order to investigate the structural and optical properties of copper sulfide nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectrum were analyzed. 808 nm laser (power 1 watt) was used as the radiation source. All analyzes confirmed the formation of mentioned nanoparticles and the size of copper sulfide nanoparticles was Environ 10 nm.

Experimental studies show that copper sulfide nanoparticles have an excellent photodynamic effect under 808 nm laser radiation, which can effectively produce singlet oxygen to destroy cancer cells. Therefore, copper sulfide nanoparticles can be used as a biocompatible and robust photosensitive material for efficient photodynamic therapy. Investigations show that increasing the ratio of water to ethanol decreases the accuracy of the anthracene probe in detecting singlet oxygen in the photodynamic therapy phenomenon. Therefore, ethanol solvent was selected as the best solvent for singlet oxygen production. In addition, the reproducibility and stability of the results were investigated in the ethanol medium, and the obtained results confirm the reproducibility of singlet oxygen production using copper sulfide nanoparticles.

Robbery is considered as one of the human crimes which has a long history in different societies. This phenomenon underwent many changes over time; however, the only thing which remained constant since its emergence is its ugly and heinous nature. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of climate and its changes in the spatial distribution of the crime of robbery in the urban level of Isfahan Province. After obtaining the statistical yearbook of Isfahan Province in the form of SWARA, ARAS, and cluster analysis multi-index techniques, the data related to the crime of robbery among the cities in Isfahan Province were weighted, ranked, and clustered. Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to measure the relationship between robbery and three parameters of elevation, temperature, and precipitation which its maps were prepared through Kriging method in ArcGIS Software. The results of SWARA technique indicated that the robbery of the in-car accessories weighting 0.170 ranked first and the robbery from public buildings weighting 0.085 ranked last. The results of the ARAS Technique indicated that Chadegan city ranked first based on the robbery, Fereydounshahr ranked second, Semirom city ranked third and Naien city ranked fourth. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression indicated that there is a significant correlation between crime occurrences in the urban level of Isfahan Province and elevation, temperature and precipitation. Considering the three parameters of elevation, temperature, and precipitation, most of the crime was committed in the southern and western parts of Isfahan Province (i.e., Semirom, Daran, Fereidounshahr and Khansar). The central and northern parts of Isfahan Province (i.e. Ardestan, Kashan, Mobarakeh and Khor cities) had the least rate of the crime of robbery.

The present study tries to evaluate the effectiveness of the trainings provided using the virtual reality technique. The present research is an applied type that has been done by descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, Microsoft visual studio software has been used for programming and unity game engine has been used to make the game (simulated environment). The statistical population of the study includes 80 citizens of region 4 of Kerman city. By placing individuals in a simulated position through virtual reality glasses, their behavior was collected based on the four levels of the Kirkpatrick model. Also, a questionnaire was used, the validity of which was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed according to Cronbach's alpha model of 0.936. Descriptive statistics and one-sample t-test were also used to analyze the data. The research findings show that citizens have had a favorable reaction to the training provided at the level of reaction, learning, behavior and results, and the training provided by the virtual reality technique has had a positive effect on their learning; their skills have increased and can have good results for individuals and society. The results show that the average effectiveness of the trainings conducted by the virtual reality technique to improve the performance of citizens was equal to 3.18. The value of t is significant at the level of 0.05, so there is a significant difference between the theoretical mean and the experimental mean. Therefore, it can be concluded that the training provided by the virtual reality technique has been statistically effective.

Intermediate development refers to the redevelopment of vacant, abandoned or unused land, as well as land that has not been optimally used compared to adjacent land uses. The horizontal growth and expansion of cities has led to the fact that the lands inside the cities are not used optimally and these lands are empty or abandoned or turned into unrelated uses. The size of the cities has increased while there is a possibility of development within the urban context. The purpose of the research is to identify and feasibility of the development of intermediate in the 3rd urban area of Kerman.

This research is applied in nature and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection is based on library and field method. Shannon's entropy has been used to check the extent of urban expansion, and GIS Arc software has been used to prepare and produce maps.

In this research, the land use of the 3rd district of Kerman city has been investigated and analyzed, the lands that are capable of urban use have been identified. It has been said that in case of intermediate development, this empty capacity can be used for urban development.

The results of Shannon's entropy model show that during recent years, the physical development of Kerman city has been scattered and non-dense, the existing capacities of unused wasteland (interspaces) and incompatible uses (workshops, abandoned and military) which Within the four regions, there are three regions that were considered as intermediate development priorities for sustainable development.

Land subsidence is one of the environmental hazards caused by various factors, and especially in recent years, it has caused a lot of damage to human societies. The Khanmirza plain aquifer has also faced this phenomenon in recent years. The creation of wide gaps and cracks on the surface of the plain and the release of gas from them makes the issue of subsidence important. For this reason, the present study tries to monitor and measure the amount of land subsidence in Khanmirza plain, and evaluate and analyze its relationship with the withdrawal of excess from underground water sources. For this purpose, in order to investigate the changes in the underground water level during 10 years and in two different time frames from the IDW geostatistics model and to estimate the subsidence of the land surface using the differential radar interferometric method and from the Sentinel-1A radar images during 5 years and in Three different time periods were used. The results of the research indicate that displacement of the earth's surface in different time periods is different and does not have a constant trend, while the trend of the drop of the underground water level has been increasing in the whole time period. Accordingly, according to the results of the research, there is no significant relationship between the indiscriminate extraction of underground water sources and the subsidence areas in Khanmirza plain.

The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the most important environmental hazards that have affected many plains of the country today. Jiroft Plain located in Kerman Province is also one of the areas where subsidence effects are evident. In this research, besides analyzing the spatial subsidence of Jiroft Plain and determining the extent and trend of its spread over a period of time, the effective factors in this phenomenon were investigated. For this purpose, the Sentinel-1 radar images related to the years of 2014-2022 were used. The Coherence Pixel Technique (CPT) was utilized to map the affected areas and determine the subsidence rate. The results of this method showed that the subsidence rate in Jiroft Plain had increased from 11 cm in 2014 to 13 cm in 2022. In addition, its area had increased during this period and the expansion trend had moved towards the northern areas of the plain. To analyze the causative factors of this phenomenon, in addition to studying the changes in the groundwater level of the plain and its relationship with subsidence, the roles of faults and soil thickness in creating or intensifying this phenomenon were investigated. The results showed that in addition to the uncontrolled abstraction from the aquifer, the subsidence of Jiroft Plain was affected by Sabzevaran Fault, while subsidence intensity was higher in the areas with higher soil thickness.

Shahdad (with the old name of Khabis), is a hot and dry region located on the western edge of the Lot plain. This region itself has been a part of a rich and relatively wide culture that has grown and developed and interacted with far and near civilizations. The purpose of this research is to identify the natural and human factors on the formation and decay of Shahdad's ancient civilization. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical one, which was done using documentary and archeological data and reconstruction of the past environmental conditions in the studied area. Reconstruction of the past environmental conditions was done using field evidence, experimental relationships with the help of ArcGIS software. The results obtained from this research showed that the height above the sea level, the geographical location, the absence of extremely hot or cold weather, the increase in precipitation, the increase in river water, are the most important. Natural factors have been effective in the formation of Shahdad civilization. . . Temperature fluctuations, torrential rains, flooding of rivers and floods were the most important natural factors affecting the decline of this civilization. Agriculture, the location of Souq-al-Jashi and two-way communication with neighboring nations have also been the most important human factors influencing the formation of Shahdad civilization. On the other hand, the decline of agriculture, the loss of the communication location of Souq-Al-Jashi, the disconnection with neighboring nations and civilizations were the most important human factors affecting the decline of Shahdad civilization.

Civilization is the lifestyle of a group of people who lived in a geographical area in a historical period and had common goals and had special achievements. Lifestyle is an essential element of civilization. Civilization is a function of factors that either accelerate its movement or prevent it from moving in the right direction. In this regard, the factors affecting the formation of civilizations can be examined in two parts, natural parameters affecting the formation of civilizations: geographical location, topography, fault, climate, hydrology, lithology , Direction of slope, river, precipitation, temperature, humidity, slope, altitude, geological structure, water resources, soil and land capability are the most important natural factors. The effect of these factors is not only very obvious on the establishment of human settlements, but also on the spirits and physical characteristics of different people. Human parameters affecting the formation and continuity of civilizations, including the establishment and stability of social interactions and trade and trade relations, creating conditions for permanent residence in the area and non-displacement of the most important human parameters affecting the formation of civilizations. Many people know Kerman province as a historical place, but in fact this province is the birthplace of ancient and prehistoric civilizations, each of which is more than six thousand years old. The existence of rich archeological sites such as the Art civilization in the south of Kerman and Khabis in Shahdad has been an example of surprising and astonishing resources for archaeologists. The ancient evil civilization on the shores of the Lut plain became one of the oldest human settlements of the fourth and early third millennium BC, which later proved the existence of the evil civilization (Shahdad).

This research is applied in terms of nature and semi-experimental in terms of method. The method used in this historical research is exploratory, which was performed using documentary and archaeological data and reconstruction of past environmental conditions in the study area. Library methods, documentation, archaeological studies, geomorphological evidence, topographic maps, digital elevation model (DEM) and climatic data of meteorological stations were used to collect data. Reconstruction of past environmental conditions was performed using field evidence, empirical relationships, and GIS. In order to achieve the main factors in the formation of civilizations (natural and human) and their cause and effect, the Dynamics of Systems and Software (VENSIM) method was used.

Unlike most prehistoric centers in the Middle East that have housed various civilizations for thousands of years, the Shahdad civilization was forced by nature in different millennia in a new location near the original site. Was formed. According to this routine, the remains of these ancient civilizations from the fifth millennium BC to the present day, are scattered in a large area. The current situation and their influence on each other showed that they played an important role in the rise and fall of civilization. The results of past and present temperature and past and present rain show that in the past the minimum temperature was lower and the maximum rainfall was higher. The point of the lake has reached 1295 square kilometers and the old city of Shahdad is located on the shores of the lake. In order to reconstruct the maximum of Lut Lake, first glacial tabs were identified and harvested on 1: 50,000 topographic maps of 237 glacial tabs, and then the terraces of the area were closed by establishing communication between all tabs. The current city of Shahdad is located between a terrace of 400 meters and a terrace of 550 meters. Khabis city (ancient city of Shahdad) was located between Shahdad lake and river; Which was close to the lake from the east and overlooked the Shahdad River from the west; On the other hand, as a coastal city, this lake was formed in the seventh millennium BC and in that period had its maximum area, depth and volume. It was not long after the formation of the early civilization of Shahdad that the devastating flood engulfed it. The date of this flood varies between the fifth millennium to the fourth millennium BC. Monsoon winds played an important role in creating the flood. As a result, during this great flood, the civilization of martyrdom was destroyed and uncivilized civilization re-emerged in the region. In the third millennium BC, we see the peak of progress and prosperity of the martyrdom civilization. Reduction of river water, gradual drying of the lake, lack of rain, severe reduction of lake water, after centuries of the peak of development and prosperity of Shahdad civilization, in the third millennium or second millennium BC, rain Another and during the second devastating flood, the civilization of Shahdad disappears again, the second millennium BC, uncivilized reappears in this basin. During this period, the lake no longer flourishes as before, and due to climate change and warmer weather, its area, depth and volume have greatly decreased and its water has become saline. In this millennium, in addition to the Shahdad civilization, civilizations have been declining in the Halilrood and Helmand basins.

Shahdad civilization is considered as an urban civilization in the full sense of the word. Natural and human factors played a major role in the formation of Shahdad civilization. The east formed the civilization of Shahdad and for thousands of years served as the connecting point of its simultaneous civilizations in the east, northeast, south and west. It is evident in the region. Climate change, reduction of precipitation and increase of temperature caused decrease of water level of the lake, its salinization and decrease of economic and communication activities and finally caused the destruction of civilization

Diversity of vegetation and its coexistence with geomorphologic processes have an important impact on the balance of natural landscapes. This research tried to quantitatively measure and compare the differences between the slope of nebkas and the angle of repose in the Ebrahimabad desert of Sirjan. For this purpose, first, the angle of repose in the area was determined. Then, sample nebkas were selected along 10 transects that covered the entire region and the slope of nebka was measured by inclinometer in the four directions of north, south, east and west. Then the average slope of the nebka domain was calculated. Finally, the relationship between the angle of repose and slope of nebka dune was evaluated and analyzed using statistical models. The variance analysis results showed significant differences between the equilibrium slope factors of various nebkas. Test results of the test of comparison averages based on the equilibrium slope factor of nebka and repose slope of sediment separated the region into two distinct groups. In the probability level error of less than one percent (α <0.01), the first group includes nebkas, Tamarix Mascatensis, Reaumaria Turcestanica and Seidlitzia Florida, and the second group includes Alhagi Manifera species and repose slope of sediment. The grouping results according to equilibrium slope indicate different function of Alhagi Manifera species than other species. The results showed that the vegetative form of plant plays an important role in creating relief landscape of nebka.

Due to climate changes, precipitation forecasting and precipitation estimation, one of the most important climatic parameters in the field of water resources management, is of particular importance. Therefore, in this research, the application of SDSM model in precipitation estimation was investigated. In this research, the data related to Ahvaz, Abadan and Dezful synoptic stations were used. The forecast time frame for the future period (climate scenarios) is also 30 years between 2031 and 2060. The outputs of the HadCM3 model, under the A2 and B2 scenarios and the CanECM2 model, under the RCP26, RCP45 and RCP85 scenarios, were micro scaled by applying the SDSM statistical exponential micro scale model in the prediction of the precipitation parameter, also using statistical and graphical methods. Micro scaled and basic data were analyzed and then calibrated. Base period modeling was done with higher accuracy in CanESM2 data compared to HadCM3 data. The results indicated that in the coming years, the total rainfall will increase in all three stations and the maximum amount of rainfall will decrease in all three stations. According to the modeling results, it seems that the climate of Khuzestan will have a wetted winter climate and drier summers in the near future.

In some metropolises of Iran, Thermal Islands is somewhat generalization and observable. Existence of tall buildings, traffic, population density in the hub centers and especially in the central part of the city cause the creation of a Thermal island in the city. In this research, the time-spatial identification of the thermal islands of the cold season during the years 1985 to 2019 and the analysis of the factors influencing their formation were done with an emphasis on changes in land use, texture, high-rise construction, land cover and climatic variables in the Tehran city. The current research, which is based on the extraction of Landsat satellite images, produced maps of the mentioned indices using NDVI, LSE, ISA and LST indices, which became the basis of the analyses. The results of the research show that high LST values are spread in areas of Tehran where the NDVI index is relatively low and the ISA index is high. Although the formation of Thermal islands in winter is a little far from expected, small parts of the north, northwest, south and southwest of the city (zones 1, 5 and 18) are permanently exposed to Thermal islands, which are in step with dense land use and areas free of vegetation. The scattered hot spots in the mentioned areas with a temperature cover above 20 degrees Celsius in the middle of the average temperature of the city, which is lower than 17 degrees Celsius during the cold period of the year, is indicative of this fact.

The release of isoprene from plants is the largest known source of non-methane volatile organic compounds in the world, indicating a direct transfer of carbon and a reaction of plants to the atmosphere. It is estimated that more than 90% of isoprene emissions from plants occur during peak hours of photosynthesis (11 to 20). Given that isoprene is an ozone precursor and its direct effect on ozone release is further determined in the biosphere; the main purpose of this study is to identify the generating areas of this pre-pollutant in vegetated areas by monitoring tropospheric ozone data. Ozone data were prepared from air pollution measuring stations and monitoring stations of the Environment Organization from 2002 to 2018, and after producing the NDVI map of Tehran, an analysis based on the correlation method between variables was performed. The results showed that from 11 to 20 o'clock in areas where the vegetation index is higher within a radius of one kilometer of each station, the amount of emitted ozone is higher and there is a significant relationship between the two, indicating the production of isoprene by the dominant tree and shrub species. در is in such areas. Isoprene is mainly produced from fast-growing trees such as spruce, willow, eucalyptus, acacia, sycamore, etc., which can increase ozone pollution in the earth's surface; Therefore, before developing a new green space, the municipalities of different areas of Tehran metropolis are recommended to accurately identify the species suitable for the urban environment and the effect of their pollution in a completely scientific manner and, if necessary, plant such trees in some areas. Assume that they are not exposed to isoprene production catalyst conditions.

Emanating from non-whirlwind-based storms, gusty winds are regarded as the most destructive natural threats, causing extensive damage to infrastructure, agriculture sections, trees, power lines, and structures.120-day winds occur during the warm season of the year, typically starting from mid-May in eastern Iran and western Afghanistan and continuing until mid-September. Normally, the velocity of the winds varies sharply, sometimes greatly increasing the intensity of the gusty winds blows. However, the influence of the gusty of 120-day winds on the number of dusty days and the regions where the winds increase or decrease the creation of fine dust has remained unaddressed in the studies conducted on such winds. Therefore, in addition to examining the current status of the gusty winds, this study sought to investigate the role of the gusty winds (as an important element in 120-day winds) in creating dusty phenomena and days in the Zabul region, Iran, and Harat in Afghanistan using satellite images and statistical tests. In other words, this study attempted to answer the following questions:- What is the status of the gusty of 120-day winds in Herat and Zabul stations?- What is the relationship between the characteristics of the gusty of 120-day winds and the occurrence of dust phenomena in ​​Herat and Zabul stations?

This study used the data collected from Herat International Meteorological Station (with the international code OAHR awarded by the International Aviation Organization (ICAO)) located at 34 degrees and 13 minutes north latitude and 62 degrees and 13 degrees east longitude, and Zabol station in Iran. The METAR reports received from the databases of the University of Iowa in the USA and the Ogimet website concerning the Zabol International Meteorological Stations in Iran and Herat in Afghanistan (from 01/01/2012 to 12/26/2019) were decoded using the latest instructions, codes, and methods for Weather Monitoring, mentioned in Annex 3 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, approved by the World Meteorological Organization. The reports provide some information regarding the area’s weather, including wind direction and velocity, wind direction, horizontal visibility, current weather, cloudy weather, air temperature, dew point temperature, past air pressure, and the weather status for aviation applications at the airport and non-airport stations.Having identified the period range of the occurrence of 120-day winds, the information concerning the gusty winds was extracted from the database. Then, to investigate the influence of the gusty winds on the occurrence of fine dust phenomena and evaluate the gusty winds’ intensity in each Zabul and Herat station individually, the station-extracted quantitative data of the parameter were classified, compared, and measured based on the intensity and quantity of the parameter’s frequency in both stations.

According to the study’s results, 8059 cases of gusty winds were reported to have occurred in Zabol station, whose velocity ranged from 9 to 32 meters per second. Within such a range, the highest frequency belonged to 17 meters per second with 1232 frequencies, and the lowest frequency belonged to 32 meters per second with merely one frequency.The frequency of the gusty winds’ direction in Zabol station was 8059 cases, the highest frequencies of which were found at 330 and 340 degrees with 5629 repetitions. The frequency of the winds’ direction in Zabul was exactly in line with the direction of the prevailing wind, i.e., the northwest. Moreover, the lowest frequencies of the gusty winds’ direction belonged to 120, 150, 170, and 190 degrees with merely one repetition.The frequency of the gusty winds was reported to be in 5700 cases in Herat station, whose velocity ranged from 5 to 32 meters per second, where the highest frequencies were reported as 13, 14, and 15 meters per second with 2342 repetitions, and the lowest frequencies were identified as 5 and 31 meters per second with merely one repetition. Moreover, 5700 cases were identified in Herat station in terms of gusty winds’ direction, whose highest frequencies were found in 10 to 30 degrees directions with 2685 repetitions, and the lowest frequencies belonged to zero and 120 degrees with three repetitions. On the other hand, the frequency of the winds’ direction in Herat was exactly consistent with the station’s prevailing wind direction, i.e., the northeast, just as the case was for Zabol station.Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between gusty of 120-day winds and the occurrence of dust phenomena in Herat and Zabol stations. To test this hypothesis, first, the frequency distribution of the gusty winds and the characteristics of soil phenomena throughout the period when the 120-day winds blew in the stations located in the study area were identified based on the results obtained from the mean test (which was also used for identifying the period when the winds blew). Then, a correlation test was applied to evaluate the association between the gusty of the winds and the dust phenomenon.

As one of the most important characteristics of wind, a gust may cause lots of damage to various infrastructures due to its strong fluctuations in a short moment. These strong blows can intensify the rise of dust in deserts and dry wetlands and expand the range of the dust phenomena to hundreds of kilometers away from the sources of the dust.It can be concluded that the difference in the frequency and intensity of the occurrence of dust phenomena cannot merely be attributed to the existence of a climatic feature such as wind and its gusts, and environmental and geomorphological factors are also involved in this regard. The environmental factor referred to is the dryness of the Hamon wetland and the desert nature of the north of Sistan and Baluchistan, preparing the ground for the occurrence or intensification of the dust phenomena by the wind’s blows.In Herat, the frequency of not-wind-induced soil erosion phenomena inside the station was 391.5% (almost four times) more than that of the wind-induced one. Therefore, it could be argued that due to the mountainous nature of the Herat region and the predominance of transitional soil phenomena, there is no source of dust production in the area. However, the dust transferred to the station from Northern Herat areas (that is, the areas within the range of 120-day wind activity with potential sources of dust production such as the southwest deserts of Turkmenistan) penetrates into Herat, referred to by the DU and HZ codes.

IntroductionEnergy is considered to be one of the most important factors affecting the development of human societies and also an essential parameter in economic and social development along with the quality of life. Population growth, rising living standards, the risk of global warming caused by greenhouse gas, acid rain, environmental problems and threats to human health, lack of fossil energy sources and rising energy consumption have increased interests in renewable energies. Solar energy has been used as a source of renewable energy for a long time. As one of the safest, most efficient and most economical sources of energy, it has the potential to become the main energy source in the near future (Dincer, 2000: 157). Due to the high number of sunny days, Iran is among the countries receiving the highest level of solar radiation in the world. With 240 to 250 sunny days per year, approximately 80 percent of the country receives an average annual solar radiation of 4.5 - 5.4 kWh / m² (Moghadam et al, 2011: 107). In this regard, the present study seeks to evaluate and monitor radiant energy reaching the surface of Sirjan basin. Materials & MethodsThe study area, Sirjan Basin, is located between 28 degrees and 46 minutes and 50 seconds to 29 degrees and 58 minutes and 1 second northern latitude, and 55 degrees and 11 minutes and 20 seconds to 56 degrees and 32 minutes and 40 seconds eastern longitude. It includes 18481 square kilometers with an average altitude of 1710 meters above sea level. Descriptive-analytical method has been used in the present applied research. Data are collected using library and documentary research methods (from information and statistics offered by different organizations) or extracted from satellite images. Solar radiation energy reaching to the surface of the study area has been evaluated using three methods including Angstrom experimental model, Solar Analyst method in GIS and Remote Sensing. Results & DiscussionAngstrom experimental model indicates that the maximum amount of energy directly received by the basin at low latitudes (28 degrees and 50 minutes) is 73370-73436 watts per square meter. This decreases as we move toward higher latitudes reaching 72836-72903 watts per square meter in the northern parts of the basin (latitude 29 degrees and 50 minutes). Monitoring solar radiation energy reaching the surface with GIS Solar Analyst (solar radiation analysis method) shows that the lowest amount of radiant energy reached the surface in January (between 14000 to 144039 watts per square meter). Also, the maximum amount of radiant energy reached the surface in July (between 111000 to 252000 watts per square meter). Remote sensing technique also shows that the amount of instantaneous radiation received in Sirjan basin reaches its minimum during winters and only a limited part in the west of the study area receives 4.498 to 8.436 watts per square meter. The maximum amount of instantaneous radiation received in summers is 597.6 to 845.6 watts per square meter, which is received in a large part of the west, northwest and southwest of the basin. ConclusionMonitoring radiant energy reaching the surface of Sirjan basin using experimental Angstrom model shows that the highest level of energy received in the southern parts of the basin is around 733370 to 73436 watts per square meter. This is reduced moving toward the northern parts of the basin. Moreover, solar radiation analysis method (Solar Analyst in GIS) shows that the highest amount of solar energy in Sirjan Basin is received in July with 200000 to 252000 watt-hours per square meter , June with 170000 to 248341 watt-hours per square meter, May with 190000 to 247627 watt-hours per square meter and August with 190000 to 234500 watt-hours per square meter, respectively. These values are recorded in eastern, northeastern and southeastern parts of the basin. Results indicate that the eastern half of the basin in which the cities of Balvard, Tekiye, Saadatabad and Pariz are located, receives the highest amount of solar radiation energy especially in summer. Remote sensing technique shows that the highest amount of instantaneous radiation received in summer is 597.6to 845.6 watts per square meter which is recorded in the western, northern, northwestern, southern and southern parts of the region including the villages of Pariz, Saadatabad, Balvard in the central strip and Khatunabad, Mahmoudabad, Najafabad, Malekabad and Golestan. The same is also recorded in other seasons, though with a decreasing trend. The highest level of instantaneous radiation is received in these parts of the basin.

The purpose of the present study is an analytical comparison of the theory of government in the political thought of Mullah Ahmad Naraghi - as a jurist - and Seyyed Jafar Kashfi - as a mystic and philosopher - in the Qajar period. Comparative and descriptive-analytical methods have been used to analyze these two views. Hence, the most important question is, what are the similarities and differences between the two thinkers regarding Islamic government? A comparison of Naraghi's and Kashfi's views showed how much their worldview significantly affected their government approach during the absence. Kashfi had a non-jurisprudential worldview and sought to connect the Islamic ruler with the levels of reason. He adds to the ruling attributes that had neither a narrative nor a Qur'anic documentary; Rather, he came to such an idea based on his mystical experiences. Naraghi issued sentences based on evidence, based on which he arrived at a theory of politics. The rigorous results of the discovery worked, and he was able to accept the distinction between science/saif or sharia/custom as the thought of some thinkers of the constitutional age and to create distinct domains between sharia - prescribed - and custom - non-prescribed.

Education has a very important role in providing human resources, and the progress and development of a society owes to educated human resources that grow and excel in educational spaces. So, the educational space has an effective role in supporting the training of human resources and serves as a key pillar. It alsoplays a fundamental role in educating the community. Numerous factors are effective in increasing the quality of education. The more these factors work together and move in the same direction, the higher the quality of education and the higher the productivity. In the meantime, because the educational space plays an important role in the educational system and is very important in the educational development of a country, and the weight of other factors or, in some cases, higher than some factors plays a role in the educational structure, huge funds are spent for construction every year. Education spaces are costly in the country, but the costs are not optimal because the real needs for educational spaces have not been identified and construction is not done in place. These conditions exist not only in Kerman Province but also in most of the provinces of the country, and they impose irreparable damage on the country's budget. Targeting constructions in education and training, reducing costs, identifying needs, fair distribution of educational spaces in District 2 of Kerman City, predicting the need for educational space in the future, considering the characteristics and behaviors of population and migration in Kerman city, preventing the ineffectiveness of construction costs due to the limited use of educational spaces and recognizing the needs of schools all enhance the education level in the area. The importance of this plan is that it tries to identify the real needs for the construction of educational spaces and to avoid wasting resources and development credits.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. To conduct the research, documentary and library information were needed, so the data were collected from the schools in District 2 of Kerman and then analyzed. The output was presented in the form of a map, chart and table. In the data analysis, after the research data were prepared and recorded on the map of Kerman City, according to the location criteria and the radius of access to the schools for different sections, the spatial distribution of the schools was studied. The output maps showed that the distribution was unbalanced.

There are 186 schools, including 89 elementary schools (first and second elementary, girls’ and boys’ and mixed schools) in District 2 of Kerman. There are also 97 secondary schools (first and second secondary and technical and vocational schools, girls', boys' and mixed). There are 186 schools in District 2. Of these schools, 68 are primary and 75 are secondary schools in Kerman. The areas outside the city of Kerman include the cities of Ekhtiarabad, Zangiabad, Baghin and the villages of Farahabad, Shahrokhabad, Kahnooj Madim, Badamouieh, Hojjatabad, Cheshmeh Gaz and Saadi. Most of the schools are located in the central area of Kerman and in newly built urban areas (Farhangian crossroad to the west of the airport). The number of schools is very low. The average per capita educational space in District 2 of Kerman is 2.83 square meters. The net per capita is 2.5 square meters, and the gross per capita is 3.17 square meters. The average net per capita of the primary schools is 1.90 square meters, which is calculated to be 1.74 square meters for boys' primary schools and 2 square meters for girls' primary schools. The average net per capita of the secondary schools is 3.15 square meters, of which boys' secondary schools are 2.48 square meters and girls' secondary schools are 3.42 square meters. The average gross per capita of the secondary schools is 4 square meters.

The situation of educational space in the schools of District 2 of Kerman was investigated in this study. According to the research process and the research data, including the existing data and the field information collected from schools in the city of Kerman and the output of the GIS Arc software, the following results were obtained: - The existing educational spaces meet the needs of the school population and will not be a serious problem in the physical space due to the decrease in the population growth at the national and local levels, which will continue in the coming years. - The problem of the physical space of schools is not due to the space dimensions but due to the unequal distribution of educational spaces in the city, which has created an unbalanced distribution. - Lack of facilities and equipment is another problem of the schools so that many schools use old and worn equipment and facilities that reduce the efficiency of the education system. Burnout is part of the educational space, as another problem of education, so that 15 schools belong to the years before 1961, 33 schools were built between in the 1961-1981 and their age is between 38 to 58 years, and 63 schools were built after 1981; they are less than 38 years old. Therefore, there is a high relative physical burnout in the schools of Kerman. - The wear and tear of laboratory equipment and workshops has a negative impact on school education. The concentration of schools in the central part of Kerman as well as the middle part of the city and the small number of schools in the newly built part of the city have created an unequal and unbalanced distribution in terms of educational space in Kerman.

In this study, calcium sulfate nanoparticles doped with different percentages of ytterbium impurities were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The structural properties and morphology of the nanoparticles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Using the Williamson-Hall method an approximate size of 36 nm was obtained for the nanocrystallites. The results showed that nanoparticles synthesized with the presence of surfactant have a homogeneous and almost spherical structure. Also, the thermoluminescence glow curve following gamma irradiation and the photoluminescence spectrum of the samples were studied. The emission peak of photoluminescence at wavelength 1070 nm can be attributed to 2F5/2 to 2F7/2 transition. In addition, the results show that the nanoparticles synthesized in this method are sensitive to gamma rays at high doses and show a linear response in the range of 10 Gy up to 104 Gy. The fading of the samples during one month was about %10.

To assess environmental changes, monitoring systems and remote sensing satellites provide powerful tools that make the assessment of environmental change trends easier by multi-temporal comparisons. In recent decades, remote sensing data and GIS techniques for various aspects of urban spatial expansion and urban dispersal such as mapping (for expansion pattern), control (for process pattern recognition), measurement and evaluation (for analysis), and modeling (for Expansion simulation) are used. The object-based analysis is one of the emerging advanced techniques in the classification of satellite images. The object-oriented classification uses a segmentation process and a learning algorithm to analyze the spectral, spatial, and textural properties of the pixels. Along with the object-oriented classification method, Google Earth Engine, with extensive support for free satellite data and images, enables the classification and processing of high-speed satellite imagery that can be used in the monitoring and mapping land use.