sara taghizadeh hir

The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experiences of mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. The statistical population included all mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder who referred to the psychiatric center of Fatemi Hospital in Ardabil city in 2023. The sample of the research enfolded 20 subjects whom were selected via purposive sampling method. The research method was a qualitative and phenomenological type. Data were attained through semi structured interviews with participant mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Data were analyzed with the seven-step descriptive phenomenological method of Colaizzi (2002). The obtained results of mothers’ lived experience were classified in 5 main themes and 19 subthemes. The main themes involved child individual problems, family problems, social and emotional problems, medical issues and school problems. The findings resulted from the analysis of the lived experiences of the children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder mothers also revealed the existence of a set of challenges including cultural diversity, culture-bound experiences and the participant educations levels. The other set of problems involved the mothers’ low knowledge and the educational environment. The children problems impose impairments on family natural function and influence their social, cultural and interactional relations. Therefore, making the mothers aware of the nature of the disorder and teaching interactive patterns with these children could prevent the problems facing these families.

The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of training mothers using Adler-Dreikurs's approach to alleviate symptoms in children with oppositional defiant disorder.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The population included children with oppositional defiant disorder in Ardabil city who were referred to the psychology clinic in Ardabil city in 2023. Forty children with oppositional defiant disorder were selected by convenience sampling and randomly placed in the intervention and control groups (20 people in each group). Data were collected using the oppositional defiant disorder rating scale (ODDRS). The intervention group received the Adler-Drycourse protocol for 10 sessions and twice a week for 60 minutes in each session. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 25.

The results revealed that before the intervention, the mean score of oppositional defiant disorder for the participants in the intervention group was 17.25 ± 1.37, while it was 16.25 ± 1.48 for the control group. After the intervention, the mean score for the intervention group decreased to 11.40 ± 1.35, whereas it was 15.25 ± 1.31 for the control group. The results indicated a significant difference between the groups in symptoms of children with oppositional defiant disorder. The intervention group exhibited lower symptoms compared to the control group (P<0.05).

It may be concluded from the results that the intervention of mothers based on Adler-Dreikurs' Approach was effective in improving the symptoms of children with oppositional defiant disorder. Therefore, this intervention can be used to improve the symptoms of children suffering from oppositional defiant disorder.

The purpose of this study was to compare parenting styles, marital satisfaction and mental well-being between mothers of children with and without stuttering. The research method was a causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study includes all mothers of children with and without stuttering (5 to 13 years of age) in Ardebil in 2018. The research sample consisted of 60 mothers of children with stuttering and 60 mothers of children without stuttering which were selected through convenience sampling method. To collect the data, parenting practices questionnaire, Hudson's marital satisfaction questionnaire, and subjective well-being questionnaire were used. The results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference between mothers of children with and without stuttering in mental well-being (psychological well-being, emotional well-being), marital satisfaction, and parenting styles practices. Based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that mothers of children with stuttering have fewer types of better parenting styles and marital satisfaction and ideal psychological factors than mothers of children without stuttering.

Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on improving cognitive emotion regulation in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

The current research design was experiment with pre-test-post-test and control group. The statistical population included children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in Ardabil city who referred to the psychiatric center of Fatemi Hospital in Ardabil city in 2023. From this population, 60 children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly replaced in three groups: experiment 1, experiment 2, and control (20 people in each group). Data were collected using Connors Parent Rating Scale (1978), Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (2000) and cognitive emotion regulation scale (2002). The subjects of the first experimental group received Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation (tDCS) for 10 sessions and twice a week for 20 minutes. The second experimental group also received Captain Log's computerized cognitive rehabilitation intervention for 10 sessions and twice a week for 45 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 25 software and with covariance analysis and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in emotion regulation (P<0.05). The experimental groups of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation had higher emotion regulation compared to the control group. Also, by controlling the effect of the pre-test in the two experimental groups, there is no significant difference between the two methods of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation (P<0.05).

According to the results, it can be said that the intervention of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation were effective in improving the cognitive regulation of emotion in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, both interventions can be used to improve the cognitive regulation of emotions in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation (tDCS) and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation on improving impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

The current research design was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group. 60 children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly placed in three groups: experiment 1, experiment 2, and control (20 people in each group). Data were collected using Connors Parent Rating Scale (1978), Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (2000), and Barrett's impulsivity questionnaire (1995). The subjects of the first experimental group received Transcranial Direct Brain Stimulation and the second experimental group also received Captain Log's rehabilitation intervention. The control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results showed that experimental groups had lower impulsivity compared with the control group. Also, by controlling the effect of the pre-test in the two experimental groups, there is a significant difference between the two methods of transcranial direct current brain stimulation and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation (P<0.05), and transcranial direct current brain stimulation is more effective in improving the impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

According to the results, it can be said that the intervention of transcranial direct brain stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation was effective in improving impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, both interventions can be used to improve impulsivity in these children.

Improving cognitive abilities in athletes may increase their performance and predict success in competitions. Therefore, investigating methods such as Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation that targets brain structures can be important. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in improving cognitive abilities in Martial Athletes.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and control group, conducted on all martial athletes of Ardabil in Iran in 2022. Thirty people were selected from the martial athletes of Ardabil city who were members of Shahid Abbasi sports club using available sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control group (15 people in each group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of 20-minute Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), but the control group received no training. Nejati Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire (2013) was used in two stages, pre-test and post-test, to collect data. Data analysis was done using multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS 23 software.

Thirty people participated in this research all of whom were men. The average age of the participants in the experimental group was 25.33± 4.53 years, and in the control group was 24.26± 4.97 years. The average scores of the experimental group in the post-test in working memory (F=8.23; p=0.01), selective attention (F=45.73; p=0.00), decision making (F=25.60; p =0.03), planning (F= 38.08; p = 0.00), sustained attention (F= 24.27; p =0.00), social cognition (F= 54.76; p=0.01) and cognitive flexibility (F=11.07; p=60.00) has improved compared to the control group, which difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) unlike the pre-test stage. According to the F values for the post-test and their significance level (P<0.05), it was observed that electrical stimulation of the brain could significantly improve the cognitive abilities of athletes.

According to the results of this study, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation is an effective method for improving the cognitive abilities of martial artists. Therefore, specialists and psychologists, along with other interventions, can use this non-invasive method as a low-cost and accessible method to improve the cognitive abilities of these people.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of assertiveness training on improving self-esteem and cognitive emotion regulation in children with special learning disabilities. This research was semi-experimental study, including pretest- posttest with control group. The statistical population of the present study included all children aged 8 to 12 years with learning disabilities in Ardabil in 2023. Among them, 40 children were selected using convenience sampling method and placed randomly in experimental (n=20) and control group (n=20). Subjects were measured by emotion regulation questionnaire (2002) and Cooper Smith Self-esteem Questionnaire (1967). The experimental group participated in 8 sessions (45 minutes) of assertiveness training and the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA). The results indicated that assertiveness training significantly improve self-esteem and cognitive emotion regulation in children with special learning disabilities (P<0/05). The results showed that assertiveness training can be considered as an effective way to improve self- esteem and cognitive emotion regulation of children with learning disabilities. Therefore, child psychologists and specialists can use assertiveness training to reduce the psychological problems of these children.

Eating disorders and body image significantly impact the physical and mental health of females. This study aimed to compare eating disorders and body image between athlete and non-athlete females. The research design employed a casual-comparative approach. The statistical population included all female students at Mohaghegh Ardebili University in 2019, with 30 female students from the physical education selected through convenience sampling as the athlete group. Additionally, 30 female students without regular physical activity were chosen as the non-athlete group. Data were collected using the Eating Attitudes Questionnaire-26 and the Self-Body Multidimensional Relationship Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance using SPSS software, Version 22. The results revealed that mean scores of eating disorders in female athletes were lower than those in non-athlete females, while the mean scores of body image in athlete females were higher than in non-athlete females (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that exercise can contribute to the reduction of eating disorders and improvement of body image in females.

Since the anxiety is one of the effective factors in athletes, The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on reducing anxiety in Martial Athletes.
The research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and control group. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all Martial Athletes in Ardabil in 2022. 30 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned in experimental and control group (15 people in each group). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was implemented in 10 sessions, each session lasting 20 minutes, but the control group received no training. Data was collected using State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire (Moritz, 1990), which were administered in two stages of pre-test and post-test. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).
The results showed that there was a significant difference between the post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group. In other words, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) led to a significant increase in the self-confidence scores and a significant decrease in the physical and cognitive anxiety scores of the athletes (P<0.05).
According to the results of this study, the treatment of transcranial direct current stimulation is an effective intervention on reducing anxiety in Martial Athletes and is a suitable, low-cost and accessible way that athletes can use.

The purpose of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT) on improving Attention and Planning in Children with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder.

This was an experimental study with the pre- and post-test design and group control. The study population consisted of children ages 7-12 years old was diagnosed with ADHD in Ardebil city. Among them, 30 were selected by Convenience Sampling method. They were randomly assigned to equal rations in the intervention and control group. The research instruments were: Short Form and Revised Conforming Rating Scale for Parents (CPRS-R: S), Toulouse. Pieron’s attentional Test and Tower of London. Intervention group received Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT) in 10 sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).

Results showed that cognitive behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT) had significant impact on the improving attention and planning in students with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (P<0/05) and the students who received Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT) in the experimental group had higher levels of planning and attention than the students in the control group.

The findings indicated that Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy (CBPT) can be considered as an effective way to improve the attention and planning of students with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of mind theory training on social skills and emotion regulation of male students with learning disabilities.

The method of the present study was an experimental design with pretest-posttest design along with control group. The statistical population of the study included all male students with learning disabilities in primary school in Ardabil city in the academic year 1399-1400 (N=250). Among them, 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (N= 15) and control (N= 15) groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of Mind Theory Training (Hale & Tager-Flusberg, 2003). Granefski cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (2002) and Matson social skills questionnaire (1983) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results of analysis of covariance showed a significant difference between two groups in social skills and emotional regulation (P< 0/05). The students who were trained in mind theory in the experimental group had higher levels of social skills and emotion regulation, compared to the students in the control group.

  According to the results, it can be said that Mind Theory Training has been effective in increasing the use of positive emotional strategies and improving social skills. These results have important suggestions for using these skills training as an intervention method in schools and educational centers.

Migraine as one of the most common types of headaches with high prevalence has significant impact on the lives of patients. The current study aimed to compare the anxiety sensitivity, alexithymia and sleep quality in patients with migraine headache and normal people.

The current study is casual-comparative research. The statistical population of this study was all patients with migraine headache, who were referred to the neurology clinic of Ardabil in 2020. 65 patients with migraine, who were referred to the neurology clinic of Ardabil and 65 people from normal people were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected by anxiety sensitivity inventory-revised, Toronto alexithymia scale-20 and Pittsburgh sleep quality index and were analyzed via multivariate analysis of variance analysis.

Findings indicated that there is significant difference between the anxiety sensitivity, alexithymia and sleep quality in patients with migraine and normal people (P< 0/05).

Based on the results of this study, it can be said that patients with migraine had more anxiety sensitivity and alexithymia and low sleep quality than normal ones. These findings indicate that physicians and psychotherapist should pay essential attention to the special psychological attributes of patients with migraine headache at the time of prevention and treatment.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of child-parent relation therapy on parenting stress and child- parent relationship of mothers of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. The statistical population was whole mothers of the children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder who referred to the psychological clinic in Ardebil city whom 30 of them were selected using convenience sampling method and assigned randomly in experimental (n=15) and control group (n=15). The research was quasi-experimental study, included pretest, posttest and follow-up with control group. Subjects were measured by Abidin Parenting Stress Index- short form (1983) and Pianta Child-Parent Relationship Scale (1994). The experimental group participated in 10 sessions (60 minutes) of parent – child relationship therapy and the control group didn’t receive any intervention. Follow up was done after a month and a half. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results indicated that child- parent relationship therapy (CPRT) made a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their means scores in parenting stress and child- parent relationship (p < 0/05). The results showed that therapy based on the parent-child relationship could be considered as an effective way to reduce parenting stress and promote the parent-child relationship of mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. This finding should be used to treat mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder. The results were persistent during the follow up.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women with a greate deal of physical and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of holographic reprocessing therapy on cognitive flexibility and posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer.

Methods and Materials: 

This study was a semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and a control group. The statistical population includes all patients with breast cancer after mastectomy who were treated in a oncology and chemotherapy subspecialty center in Tehran in the summer of 1399. Through convenience sampling method, 30 women with breast cancer were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group, while receiving drug treatment, collectively underwent holographic reprocessing therapy in 9 one-hour sessions (two sessions per week) for 5 weeks; But the control group received only drug treatment. Both groups were assessed in pre-test and post-test conditions through the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996). Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in SPSS-23 software.

Ethical Considerations: 

All study subjects signed the written consent form. The Research Ethics Committee of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences approved this study (Code: IR.ARUMS.REC.1399.393).

Results showed that holographic reprocessing therapy was effective on cognitive flexibility (F=42.319, P<0.01) and posttraumatic growth (F=18.300, P<0.01) in women with breast cancer and increased their cognitive flexibility and posttraumatic growth.

Consideration of psychological factors and information processing methods in patients with cancer is highly important. Thus, counselors and psychotherapists are advised to use holographic reprocessing therapy as a complementary treatment which has no side effects along with medical treatments to reduce the psychological and social problems caused by the disease.

Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and Autism are neurodevelopmental disorder that creates many problems for parents and families in term of parenting and parent's mental health. The purpose of this study was to compare the parental stress and anger self-regulation skill in parents of children with ADHD and autism. The research method of the present study was descriptive-causal comparative. 60 parents (30 parents of children with ADHD and 30 parents of children with autism) were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Data were collected by Parenting Stress Questionnaire (Abidin, 1983) and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (Spilberger, 1999). Data were analyzed by t-test. Findings indicated that the scores of parenting stress and anger self-regulation skill were significantly higher in parents of children with Autism than those with ADHD (P<0/05). According to the findings of this study can be concluded that parents of children with Autism compared with parents of children with ADHD have more parenting stress and parents of children with ADHD compared with parents of children with Autism have less anger self-regulation skill which may be caused by the special needs of these children. In this way, planning and implementing appropriate psychological and educational interventions for the parents of these children can be very helpful.

Studies on quality of life, mental health and anxiety and depression in parents of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder have been conducted. But the main issue is that research comparing emotional well-being, marital intimacy, and quality of life of mothers of children with ADHD with mothers of normal children has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to compare the emotional well-being, marital intimacy and quality of life of mothers of children with ADHD with mothers of normal children.

This study was a descriptive causal-comparative study. The statistical population of the study consisted of all mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and mothers of normal children in Ardebil in 2015-2016. Mothers with children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and 60 mothers with normal children were selected as the sample. Data were analyzed using the revised Conner Parent-Short Form Rating Scale (Conners, 1999), Clinical Interview, Emotional Well-being Components' of Keyes and Magyaromo Subjective Well-being Questionnaire (2003), Bougarose's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire (2001), and the Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire. Global Health-Short Form (1998) was collected. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that emotional well-being, marital intimacy and quality of life of mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder were significantly lower than normal mothers (P<0/01).

Mothers of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder have lower levels of emotional well-being, marital intimacy, and quality of life than mothers of normal children