فهرست مطالب seyed javad emam jomeh zadeh

From a geopolitical and geostrategic point of view, Iraq is located in a bottleneck and faces unique geographic restrictions in accessing open waters and international rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates are the main source of water needs of this country, which originate from Turkey. The Tigris and Euphrates watershed is one of the most important watersheds in the Middle East.
The dispute over the manner and amount of exploitation of the three coastal countries (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) which resulted from the disintegration of the Ottoman government, has a long history.
Turkey has built 14 large dams on the Euphrates tributaries and 8 large dams on the Tigris tributaries by implementing the Gap project. Following Turkey's exploitation of the Atatürk Dam (Turkey's largest dam) in 1992, the issue of "environmental security" has been one of the most important concerns of affected countries, especially Iraq.
Following the exploitation of this big dam and 13 other dams, as well as the construction of three dams by Syria, the Euphrates flow to Iraq has decreased by about 90% in recent years.
Ilisu Dam (Turkey's second largest dam) is built on the Tigris River, and if the capacity of this dam is fully utilized, the natural flow of the Tigris to Iraq will decrease by 56%.
With the completion of the Gap project, Turkey will be able to control more than the average annual flow of natural flows in the Tigris and Euphrates in this country. Turkey's dam constructions have led to widespread problems in various dimensions in the region and affected countries, especially Iraq, due to its location in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates watershed and the environment.
The purpose of the research is to explain the effects of Turkey's dam construction on Iraq's national security.This research is important because after Iraq and Syria, Iran is the third country affected by Turkey's dam construction because internal and external factors affecting Iraq's national security for reasons such as long border, cultural, historical, religious commonalities, economic exchanges and significant commercial and political and security interests have similar and extensive effects on Iran's national security.
Iran has vital interests in Iraq, and no country is as influential as Iraq in terms of securing Iran's interests and national security, therefore, a threat to Iraq's vital interests is a threat to Iran's vital interests.
The research has tried to answer the main question that Turkey's dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have had on Iraq's national security and the hypothesis of the research is based on this axis that Turkey has controlled the sources of power production through extensive dams on the branches of the international rivers Tigris and Euphrates and developed policies with the aim of strengthening and perpetuating the "geopolitical position" in the course of interaction and conflict with beneficiary countries of Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq, should use economic, political and security issues as a means of pressure in negotiations and the manner and extent of exploitation of the mentioned rivers. Turkey's dam building policy on Tigris and Euphrates is considered as an independent variable and Iraq's national security is considered as a dependent variable.
This research is of a qualitative type, which analyzed the data and explained the topic with a descriptive-analytical method and applied approach. Information gathering has been collected using library resources and scanning documents, books, articles, media and electronic resources.
The lack, change and destruction of environmental elements are among the most important factors that threaten the life and survival of human societies and governments. Mastery over water resources is mastery of an element that has a vital and strategic role.
Water has a significant role and importance in the environment, sustainable economic development, cultural-social development, political-security stability and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Therefore, the competition of the governments to acquire, exploit and dominate the common water resources due to the vital role and strategic importance of water has created the ground for conflict and conflict between the stakeholders. Since the 1960s and following Turkey's extensive dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates, water leverage has been used as a tool to exert pressure against Iraq.
The problems caused by the water shortage crisis in combination with factors such as the decrease in precipitation due to climate change, the destruction of vegetation and forests, soil erosion due to the decrease in humidity, air pollution due to the change and destruction of environmental elements, and the devastating consequences of three wars in the last four decades. , Iraqis' indiscriminate exploitation of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the agricultural, industrial and urban sectors, pollution of water resources and exhaustion of the water storage and transmission network, the process of destruction of natural ecosystems and the destruction of environmental elements of this country, accelerating and has intensified and the health, livelihood and security of the residents of the affected area have been jeopardized to a significant extent. The location of this country in the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates is a geopolitical bottleneck and a factor for threatening this country.
Turkey, Syria and Iran have superior geopolitical advantages over this country due to being located upstream of the rivers entering Iraq. Environmental elements have a transboundary nature, therefore, managing and controlling challenges requires bilateral, regional and international cooperation. Environmental security is related to water security, food security, job security, sustainable economic development and in the macro dimension with the interests and national security of countries and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Considering the five parts of Bozan's theory, the military, political, economic, social and environmental power of Turkey has increased against the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq. Based on Homer Dixon's theory, three factors: environmental destruction, population increase and unequal social distribution of resources due to lack and change of environmental resources and six factors: climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases, destruction of Ozone layer, destruction and reduction of agricultural lands, destruction of  forests, reduction and pollution of fresh water sources and reduction of fishing due to destruction of fisheries following widespread climate change, the possibility of conflicts turning into violent conflicts between Turkey and the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates with this country, between each other, especially Iraq and Turkey, has been strengthened in case of lack of understanding, agreement and constructive interaction. According to Mackinder's theory, the use of power generation resources using natural (energy resources), human and environmental factors (dam construction) has achieved the goal of Turkish hegemony to a significant extent. Based on Ratzel's theory, Turkey has strengthened its national and regional power and vital space against the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates, especially in the face of Iraq. Blocking the natural flow of the international channels of the Tigris and Euphrates is an existential threat, and the demand for Iraq's natural and historical water rights in order to preserve survival, manage and reduce the harmful consequences of this threat is that the emergency measures of the policy makers of this country, regional countries, regional and international organizations and Institutions defending human rights and environmental rights and the United Nations are effective.

Turkey's construction of dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has intensified the process of environmental degradation in large parts of the Middle East, especially Iraq and Syria.The full operation of the Ilisu Dam will further reduce the inflow of stagnant water from the Tigris, Euphrates and Arvand to the country and destroy the environment in the wider Middle East. Environmental damage due to the spread of dust emissions in large areas of Iran, especially in the west and southwest of the country is a serious threat to Iran's national security. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method and seeks to answer the question: What effects does the construction of the Turkish dam on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have on Iran's national security? The research findings indicate that the problems imposed on Iraq due to having a long border and common interests in different dimensions, have similar and wide-ranging effects on Iran's national security. It is necessary for Iran and Iraq to adopt the same position towards Turkey due to having large-scale barriers, attracting the attention of other interested countries, and to persuade this country to respect the water rights of the affected countries on the manner and amount of use of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Turkey has taken maximum advantage of these rivers in the absence of the collective will of the beneficiary countries.

The analysis of authoritarianism in political systems, using theories presented in the field of philosophy of language, has been the main basis of this article. The main question of this article was: which components in poststructuralism can be used to start the process of passing authoritarianism and what will this transition look like from a poststructuralist point of view? In order to reach the answer, first by using the descriptive method of poststructuralism, of course, based on the views of Wittgenstein and Derrida, explanations are provided and an attempt has been made to determine the components inside it. After that, an attempt has been made to analyze authoritarianism in politicalsystems by using the components of poststructuralism. After that, the transition from authoritarianism has been considered and an attempt has been made to provide explanations about how to transition from a poststructuralist point of view. In the end, there are explanations about the type of government that is closer to the characteristics of poststructuralism. The main result of this article is that there are features of poststructuralism that paying attention to them in the field of politics can be a way to overcome authoritarianism. The social nature of language, changeability, evolvability, decentralization, endless differences, and lack of semantic fixation are some of the characteristics.

The historical and sociological study of the Safavid period is of special importance due to the closeness of the political and social with today's issues. The main reason for this closeness and importance is the widespread shadow of the religion and propagation jurisprudence of that time. Therefore, it is important to study the religious approaches of that time, especially the writings, works and attitudes of Allameh Majlisi as one of the greatest clerics of that time. Thus, in the face of questions such as the reason for the spread of superstition in the religious community of the Safavid era, the social influence of the current epistemological system that has been influenced by religion and jurisprudence is also important. The belief of this research is that the approach of the clerics of the Safavid period to religion was like a comprehensive encyclopedia that has the possibility of explicit and direct answers to everything. This comprehensive approach, which focused on narratives, gradually led to the decline of rational-based epistemological systems and created the conditions for the spread of superstition.Due to the importance of studying these issues under historical attitude, the present study tries to explain this process in the theoretical framework of historical sociology.

Today, the absence of violence and war is considered as a negative, minimal and inadequate definition of peace, but the same basic and minimal ideal is not achieved by itself; Rather, it requires the talent and ability to understand the ugliness of violence and war, as well as the perception of the harmful effects of militancy by decision-making human actors in a critical situation. In the context of the severe lack of interdisciplinary research and the level of micro-analysis, this article raises the question, "How will the presence of genetic dysfunctions in political actors, including the dysfunction of genes affecting empathy, affect international peace?"

In this study, the content of library, laboratory and longitudinal genetic researches were studied by qualitative analysis method and finally interpreted by diagnostic methods of psychological dysfunctions.

 All the ethical principles of the research, such as fidelity, honesty and originality of the text were considered during the writing of this research.

Empathy occurs when observing or imagining emotional states in another creates common states in the observer. Given that the genes CNR1, AVPR1A and SLC6A4 are among the genes that are effective in the process of observation and the resulting perceptions, it was observed that if their function is disturbed, the human person faces a lack of empathy.

If in the genetic nature of any of the political actors, there is a dysfunction of expression of CNR1, AVPR1A and SLC6A4 genes, in the stage of "analysis and interpretation", they are incapable of mutual understanding and respect for differences, in the stage of "Decision-making" tends to denigrate, ignore the reaction of others, and design a win-lose game and In the "implementation" stage, it focuses on unilateral decisions in the international system and Makes difficult the ground for establishing and promoting international peace by interactions with lack of empathy.

Policy thinkers have used different methods to study the factors affecting the policy environment in Iran and the Islamic world. The complexity of this environment, different dimensions of political issues, different conditions and factors affecting the studied variables of policy in different societies of the Islamic world require that political analysts be equipped with appropriate methodological approaches to be able to study these multidimensional phenomena in their own context. Check. This article is in response to the question of how to analyze the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Islamic world?The concepts of identity, discourse and relationship with counseling have been discussed and presented and a model in this field has caused her to analyze the systems of the Islamic Republic of Iran.In this way, by reflecting on the concept of discourse and the relationship between knowledge, power, identity and reflection of this relationship in daily life and policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, we can identify, evaluate and rethink the principles of policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Islamic world. .

Terrorism is one of the great threats to the world in the 21st century, which can be exploited through a variety of methods, such as armed action, false media propaganda, and influencing the beliefs and values of society; disrupting the order and security of the community. The terrorist current of ISIS is one of the most important global concerns and a major regional threat, especially in Iraq. Despite the defeat of this group in Iraq, the re-emergence of this terrorist group can never be ignored. It should be borne in mind that despite various social, political and economic crises in Iraq, the ground and opportunity for the re-emergence of this terrorist group may be provided as in the past. Therefore, the main question of this article is: "Is it possible for ISIS to reappear in Iraq, despite its destruction?" The purpose of this study is to "identify and study the most important factors underlying the re-emergence of ISIS in the context of political, security, economic and social crises in Iraq." In this research, descriptive-analytical research method has been used and the general result of the research shows; The continuation of various political, social, economic and security crises in Iraq could pave the way for the re-emergence of ISIS in this country.

Shortly After the Discovery of Genes, and Especially the New Findings in Genetics, it Became Clear that in Addition to Some Appearance and Physical Characteristics, Human Behavior is also Influenced by the Nature of his Internal Genetics. Hence, a New Interest and Motivation was Created Among a Group of Thinkers and Researchers in the Humanities to Study, Research and Defend the Genetic Foundations of Human Behavior, as well as to Combine their Knowledge with the Science of Genetics. Meanwhile, a New Generation of Thinkers and Researchers in Pol.Science and IR, with the Aim of Explaining Political Behaviors Based on the Nature of Human Genetics, began a Series of Studies and Researches that Eventually Led to the Emergence of New Interdisciplinary Knowledge Called "Genopolitics". However, so Far, Scientific Identity and their Achievements have not Been Carefully Studied in Domestic Research. This Study, by Using Tendency as Method, seeks to Snswer the Question: "What System and Discourse, Historical Background, Founders, Achievements and Challenges does Genopolitics Have?" The Findings of this Study Show that "Genopolitics is A Combined, Naturalistic, Empiricist-Rationalist and Justified Positivism Knowledge that has been Explains Political Behavior Based on the Genetic Nature Over more than Four Decades from the Beginning,

Studies about the establishment of International Peace have so far been extensively focused either on the extreme role of the state and political institutions or, if focused on the role of the individual, on environmental factors affecting human activism. However, every human action is also influenced by genetic factors that affect his personality. in the context of the severe lack of interdisciplinary research in international relations and political science, this article raises the question of "What effect will the presence of genetic disorders, including the dysfunction of the Monoamine Oxidase-A (MAOA) Gene in the Genetic Nature of political actors, have on international peace?".

This paper by Qualitative Analysis of the content by Library Resources, using the Oscar-Mccartney (1983) Gene-Environmental Correlation (rGE) Model.

Given that the regulation of Monoamine Oxidases is important in maintaining mood, its deficiency leads to a wide range of violent and antisocial behaviors; if the dysfunction of the Gene Encoding Monoamine Oxidases leads to its low expression, the individual's behavior is accompanied by some degree of violence and aggression. Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles of research, including fidelity, honesty and originality of the text have been observed in the process of writing this article.

If, in the Genetic Nature of any of the officials and political leaders, there is a disorder of the expression of the Monoamine Oxidase-A (MAOA) Gene, by making their actions violent, leads to such violence by their counterparts and the desire to find or build communities or violent structures for Interaction and coalition will become violent, thus, the establishment of international peace fails.

The globalization and the development of the independent and interdependent discourses have been less considered in comparison to each other. The present study is influenced by the impact of globalization on development. It has chosen Roland Robertson from among the theorists in this field. This paper, with an emphasis on the social aspects of globalization, aims to compare the impact of globalization on the social development of the Islamic Republic of Iran in two administrations led by Khatami and Ahmadinejad from 1997 to 2013. Thus, the independent variable of this study will be the globalization and variability of the social development of Iran in these two administrations. In terms of the theoretical foundations in this research, the patterns of generalization of political development and social development are selected. The research hypothesis was looked at with regard to the world-leading statistics on social development in both administrations, Khatami's approach based on reform and global reform, and Ahmadinejad's approach based on indigenous and local criteria. The research method is comparative. Studies in the present paper show that the trend of globalization in both administrations has contributed to the growth and development of social aspects, and has greased the wheels for a different continuation of this process in Iran as compared to other countries.

Iran is an ancient land and its beginning is back to prehistory. Iran's beginning creation remaining in myths and epics of it, and from the way of Shahnama has been transmitted to us. Formation an ancient land as a country whit a Kingdom, causes relationship whit peoples of neighbor lands and their kingdoms as aliens. This relations, create in two ways of war and peace, and their subcategories This article on the base of Shahnama trying to shows Iran's kingdom policy against the aliens on the base of the discourse of Persepolis political thought, and the empirical process of relationship between Iran and aliens in Kianian kingdom periods (Keikobad, Keikavous and Keikhosro). The method of research is discourse analysis. As the overall result, totality of this relations show that creation and keeping of country that is called Iran, Separating and creating the border between it and the aliens, and its security, is on the base of the principle of survival.

The main purpose of this article was to move on the course of new political sociological developments, postmodern turn and then to use categories of identity through discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe to analyse the Islamic revolution in Iran. In this regard, the shortcomings and the reasons for the shortcomings of revolutionary theories in explaining the success of various revolutions have been pointed out, and then an attempt has been made to provide a model in the field of revolutionary theories to have a higher explanatory power to answer questions and to remove ambiguities. In the present study in order to achieve this model, the issues related to identity and discourse have been combined and from this perspective the reasons for the victory of the Islamic revolution of Iran have been analyzed. Since in the new political sociology, discourses are the mirrors for the representation of conflict and transformation in identities, on the eve of 1979, the discourse of the Islamic revolution of Iran was able to marginalize all other discourses by emphasizing on Islamic identity and revolutionary signs.

Social changes in the global approach to development at the societies level has changed. Today a different social structure is required for the comprehensive development of the organization so that all social forces can be included in this structure. A good governance pattern with a different social and political framework is also in line with these new conditions. Accordingly, the main question of the present article is how good governance patterns affect overall development. Our hypothesis in this study is that in the model of good governance by creating social capital in its triple structure, it leads to the development of administrative, political, economic, social and cultural levels. Thus, in this approach, the state, with its distinctive nature and character and by organizing it rationally facilitates the development of partnership and participation of other social sectors, such as civil society and non-governmental public institutions, and the private sector. And the main feature of the new age and globalization is that decentralization is expected in this structure. Therefore, this research attempts to show by using descriptive-analytical method and using library and documentary sources that the model of good governance as a new approach to development studies emphasizes the state with institutional-managerial aspects and political and legal nature, and along with it, the various social forces that are co-ordinating with the perspective and the horizontal and network structure.

In the present era, economic, political, cultural and social various thoughts, attitudes and activities have passed national boundaries and circulated globally; affected by different thoughts and interact with them. This issues are all influenced by globalization processes. Therefore, globalization in the economic, political, cultural and social dimensions has led to consequences that could create opportunities for different societies. Shiite political Islam also has been able to globally present itself by use globalization opportunities. In this research, we try to use a descriptive- analytical method to explain the concepts of Shiite political Islam and globalization and study their characteristics and aske following question: What opportunities globalization provide for Shiite political Islam? The hypothesis here is that: globalization in the economic, political, cultural and social dimensions have implications and consequences which can create opportunities for different societies; thus in the globalization space Shiite political Islam also has exploit to use advantage of globalization opportunities for its peresantation.

Contemporary approaches interpreted political theory as ignoring political reality, lacking a real problem and more subject of the abstract and metaphysical dignity. The research is opposed to this view and attempting to interpret political theory as engaging in political reality. For this purpose, this study intends to present a discursive conception of ancient Greek political theory and its relationship with political action - as a criterion of political reality. For this reason, the writers, first of all, look at the genealogy of the conditions for the emergence of political theory in ancient Greece. Then, by choosing the concept of polis as the central sign of ancient Greek political theory, explaining the centrality of this concept. The following section attempts to reveal the relation of discourse of the polis with the fundamental elements of the ancient Greek political theory. The last issue is about the quality and the relationship between political theory and political action in ancient Greece. This research uses the assumptions of discourse theory to support its claim.

Deconstruction is a strategy for demonstrating the contribution of philosophy to achieving the meaning of democracy in the postmodern world. It seeks to establish philosophical principles consistent with the principle of tolerating others and democracy in the post-democracy world. Meanwhile, Derrida's ideas in the field of socio-political democracy, such as future democracy and its oncoming challenges, are also rooted in his philosophy. Hence, democracy and deconstruction are the two sides of a coin, and one cannot be understood without the other. This connection is unbreakable and necessary and pivotal to Derrida's thinking about philosophy and politics. The breakthrough has come to suggest new horizons with the critique of modern systems including Western democracies that marginalized forces on the frontiers of democracy can actively participate in determining their own destinies. Contrary to positive methods, the underlying breach does not have a relative relation with the ultimate clarity of the Western society, and it is considered to be the fruits of the linear maturity of history. On the contrary, with the critique of metaphysical systems, it is a strategic breakthrough, so that the inertia of the universe becomes the instrument of successive negotiation. As far as the subject of this article is concerned, it attempts to define the Western metaphysical breakdown, then it shows how Derrida has benefited from this strategy in order to open up the political blockade of Western democratization with ongoing openings. The study of the link between deconstructive philosophy and democracy and how they interact with each other will be the cornerstone of this article.

The Political is not only a concept, but refers to the essence of the ontological relations and political processes in a society. So as understanding the essence and nature of the political in a political community can lead us to the realization of its foundations and political logic. Addressing the political in ancient Greek political communities not only originates our understanding of the quality and structure of the policy in ancient Greece, but it can also reveal the foundations of political thought in ancient Greece. In fact, the political is the product of the political structure of a society along with its political thought. In this regard, theoretical ideas of thinkers such as Karl Schmidt, Jacques Lacan and Chantal Mouffe regarding the political are reviewed. Then the political relations in ancient Greece are mentioned. The police here as determined political structure of ancient Greece is recognized as a political discourse that the political is its reconstructed. In fact, the approach of the present study is the political discourse and the political is considered as a discourse. After indicating the police as a political discourse that reconstructs the outcome political, the emergence of the political in ancient Greece will be discussed.

Concerning the renaissance educations we see humanism and secularism emphasizing on rationality in political and social arena which carry on structural qualitative and quantitative changes. Interest oriented outlook, relative view to religion and spirituality in the world, increasing racial and ethnical conflicts, colonization and exploitation of human and natural resources, and diminishing independence and will of human resulted by instrumental rationality are products of such educations, i.e., cultural globalization. The question in this research rests on which of the liberal democracy and razavi epistemologies are able to affect more on current material and ideological world? The findings in this descriptive –analytical and discourse analytic research show that psychic difficulties, weakening family bases, and social and political normlessness remain the significant consequences of cultural globalization discourse and its central signifier, i.e., humanism. Marxism and neo Marxism could not also solve these problems. Razavi epistemologies as a comprehensive culture with its central signifiers such as friendship, kindness, morality, justice and freedom can find good solutions for the problems.

The degree of national identity among academic youth and elite classes is one of the concerns facing governments and multicultural societies such as Iran. This issue, i.e. the degree of sense of belongingness and awareness of components constructing national identity requires investigating psychological, cultural, sociological, and political factors affecting it particularly among the third and fourth generations of the Revolution. Accordingly, the present study is to revise psychological and sociological representations of national identity with a new approach from the perspective of identity styles; the framework in which according to its theorists, individuals interpret their own life experiences appropriate to it and determine their life objectives based on it. It seems that the type of investigation, search, commitment, and decision making about what should be as national values, beliefs, and objectives, and consequently, involvement in important political and social actions, duties, and selections of individuals, can explain the degree of national identity among students. Therefore, the main question of the present study is whether identity styles and predict students’ national identity and which identity style or styles are related with the increase or decrease of individuals’ feeling and awareness of history, politics, culture, and society? The answer can represents some solutions in line with increasing students’ national identity via interdisciplinary studies.
Material & The method employed in the present study is the survey research. Participants were 244 students of the University of Isfahan in 2014-2015 (mean age = 22.96 years; 119 female )who completed tow questionnaires: first was identity styles Inventory (ISI-6G) that Berzonsky(1992) Offered in his Discuss, and The second questionnaire is estimated national identity that Rabbani et al.( 2009) applied in their research. As well as Pearson correlation, analysis variance model (ANOVA), and multivariate regression used to analyze the data.
Discussion of Results & Findings of the research indicate that identity styles can explain up to 31% of students’ national identity. Accordingly, the normative style has the highest positive and synergistic effect, and avoidant style acts in line with the reduction in students’ national identity. This is while self-sufficiency, exploration and active probe, i.e. informational identity style cannot play the significant role for increasing or decreasing national identity. Thus, This study is consistent with those theories that believe that National identity is a concept planed, institutional and Constitutive and determined by oral and formal structures such as the family, schools, and government, So, in this research, national identity is produced and made in social structures For those who have normative style, they have National identity higher than the other styles. It can predict Up to 50 percent of national identity. In normative style, we expect that Individuals give mining about their Country, nation, nationality, culture, history and local values under the influence of authority and social structures.
Also results indicated that differences in mean score of identity styles. Min score in avoidant style more than others and up to average. Also it can Decline national Identity in the Students of the University. It seams that person unresolved crisis in youth and adolescence unable to reflect and emergence her/his commitment and sense about national identity. This category of people haven’t Cognitive stability of national values, to solve social and personal problems and often their burdens and responsibilities half-abandoned.
This study demonstrated that identity styles contributed to Increase and decrease In national identity with normative style and avoidant style Among students of the University, so The study recommended that Public, formal, and training institutions especially University administrators should adopt strategies that strengthen the national value with nice voice, Image and Context. In this time, the Governments cannot defend its territorial integrity and national values only with military force, but According to the mental boundaries of its citizens and strengthen the sense of belonging to local and national elements is necessary.

With the start of the presidency of Barack Obama and his promise to change, America's foreign policy orientation altered from the Middle East to Asia, so that Obama during his presidency has made great efforts to focus United State's attention and resources to Asia-Pacific. What is the reason of America's strategic orientation change under the Obama presidency from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific? Where should be pursued the context of this change? Due to the proximity of the Obama doctrine to political realism principles, the reason of this change must be tracked on the Obama's realistic policies. Therefore, this study tries to show that how Obama's realistic foreign policy changed the strategic orientation of this country by using the analytical - explanatory method. In this regard, after examining the theory of political realism and Obama realistic doctrine, the Pivot to Asia strategy will be explored which represents an important change in the United States foreign policy from the Middle East to Asia-Pacific.

The present century due to new concerns and challenges regarding international human crises and increase in world expectations to adequately, timely and purposeful respond to them, witnesses more signifiant developments compared to the past century. The instrumental use of the concept of human rights to intervene in the internal affarirs of other countries by great powers to ensure their own objectives and national intersts and also deep and serious differences regarding the manner, time and legitimacy of military intervention by the international community have made humanitarian intervention a controvrsial solution for human crises. In this regard, the ratification of responsibility to protect doctrine at the UN 2005 World Summit and its recognition as an accepted international norm, suggests an important step taken by the international community for adopting an approach to solve international human crises. Although the practical test of this doctrine in Lybian crisis and efforts made for applying this model to Syria provoked once again harsh criticisms against great powers, particulary the permanent members of the Security Council, this article while taking a look at responsibility to protect doctrine, tries to conduct a comparative study of approaches taken by P5 to crises in Lybia and Syria.

Humans, since their creation, have experienced different political systems. But, in this arena, no system has enjoyed a particularly status to the extent that democracy has. This political system is surely the most factual system among different human systems and enjoys a lot of fluidity and revision. Furthermore, there is no doubt regarding this issue that a democratic system has been established in Iran and has been growing in terms of nature. In addition, it seems that the training in families is the key to open the future; therefore, it is expected that the family system of each human society grows and train future humans and prepares the present generation for the future. The task of families is to empower all members of a society to develop their hidden potentials and provide grounds for realizing them in humans and also to empower the society in identifying its creativities and potentials. Accordingly, deeply political advancement and development in societies for attaining determined aims far from radicalism, particularly in the domains of societies ad politics, will not be possible without paying attention to the family structure and training methods dominant over this structure. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of different upbringing methods in families on the democratic perspectives among male and female citizens of the City of Isfahan in 2015. By dividing upbringing methods into three types of authoritative, tyrannical, and easygoing methods, the results indicate that authoritative methods with the coefficient 49.0 causes the increase in the democratic perspectives, but tyrannical methods with the coefficient -18.0 causes the decrease in democratic perspectives among citizens. In addition, other findings indicate that although the results of the research among men are consistent with the general results of the research, tyrannical methods have no significant correlation with democratic perspectives among studied women.

The U.S. missile defense shield scheme is one of the most strategic topics in the field of international security. Developments related to it and the extension of its domain to the Western borders of Russia after 2007 have overshadowed relations between the United States and Russia. Given the above situation, this article tries to answer some key questions: first, what are the motives and reasons of the deployment of this system in Eastern Europe, what changes have been occurred during the last decade regarding this scheme, how the views and behavior of Russia and the U.S. in this regard can be evaluated and finally which policies justifies the actions made by the two countries in the present and future conditions? In response to these questions, the authors indicate that sensitivities regarding this subject could be analyzed by adopting an attitude based on strategic concerns and international security considerations. Therefore, with the alssumption that the deployment of missile defense system in Europe is intended to reduce Russias strategic capabilities and to constrain its maneuvering power, it seems that the rivalry between the U.S. and Russia in the geostrategic region of Eastern and Central Europe can be explained by the models based on balance of power and deterring threats. Also given some new incentives such as Ukraine crisis and increasing differences between the two countries, this article tries to explore the factors causing concerns in both countries based on a descriptive-analytical method while studying the background and different dimensions of this scheme as well as Russias missile and defense capabilities.

The studies of scholars show that social links and interactions have had a positive effect on political behavior. In this context, Tocqueville argues that development requires human capital in general and civil skills in particular. This paper is going to find whether social capital can also have the same effect on political development in general and political participation and behavior in particular. According to the logic of “weak ties”, organized participation through individual link with a wider range of people leads to increase in social capital among a group of citizens. Thus, when political participation increases among people it is finally conducive to increase cooperative activities among them. Accordingly, this study seeks to find the relationship between social networks and political behavior of the students. For testing the hypotheses regarding the relationship between social links and political participation, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used. Findings show that although the two dimensions of social capital (structural and communicational) have meaningful relationship with political participation dimensions (indifferent, formal and active), communicational social capital has more effect on political behavior of the students.

There are different view point about the main reason of revolutions in North Africa and the Middle East. In accordance some of them of them, these revolutions had little to do with Islamic religious compounds, and like other revolutions, liberation struggle against tyranny, corruption, inefficiency, political and social injustice, and the ravages of poverty are main reason of struggles in revolutionary countries communities that are following to achieve freedom and a ruled based government in accordance democratic principles and standards. In contrast, others believe a principal role for religious groups and forces in this revolutions, and they cited revolutionary rhetoric, place and time of protests and demonstrations, and ultimately result of elections in revolutionary countries. In this regard the main question posed in this study to examine the role of religion and religious force in shaping this revolutions and ultimately its structural implications, particularly in the regional dimension especially on regional polarization around Shia – Sunni religious differences.