shahpar geravandi

Although there are acceptable infrastructures for precision agriculture in Iran, its adoption always has faced challenges and obstacles. A review of previous literature showed the issue of acceptance of these technologies not only in Iran but also in other overseas research has been studied in a one-dimensional and superficial manner. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the issue of attitude to use one of the most important and practical technologies of precision agriculture, i.e. UAV, from a new perspective and using the PNTC-AUTAUT model. For this purpose, descriptive cross-sectional survey method was used. The statistical population was the potato farmers of Kermanshah city (N=596), according to Morgan's table, 234 of them were studied using systematic random sampling. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha test, AVE, and CR, respectively. The results of structural equation modeling showed that except for the factors: of community influence and perceived need, all the items raised in the model have a significant effect on the intention to use UAV technology. In this regard, the variables of perceived risks and perceived benefits of using technology with values of 0.248 and 0.244 have the greatest effect on the intention to use drone technology. Also, the mediating variable of required technical specifications has the greatest effect on the attitude to use drone technology. Based on the extracted results, it is suggested that by providing a suitable platform such as favorable investment, training of farmers, and promoting experts in the field of agriculture, the path forward to the use of new technologies, especially drone technology, can be shortened.

Implementation of land reforms in Iran has brought about significant social and geographical changes in rural villages across the country. These changes have predominantly disrupted the existing social structures in these rural areas. While several studies have been conducted on this subject, few have explored the local perspective and the context-specific nature of these social structures. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of land reforms on the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village in Kermanshah Province. The research adopted a qualitative paradigm and employed a descriptive-exploratory methodology. The study population comprised individuals, who possessed a deep understanding of the village and had resided there for over 50 years, with their lands being subject to land reform laws. These individuals were selected through purposive sampling and data were collected through individual and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Content analysis was conducted for data analysis. The research findings revealed that prior to land reforms, the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village had encompassed a ruling class (consisting of landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers), independents (including landowners, independent farmers, and settlers), and followers (comprising tenant farmers, sharecroppers, day laborers, and migrants). However, after the implementation of land reforms, this classification had undergone changes, resulting in a social structure characterized by landowners (comprising large and small landowners, as well as water rights holders), followers (including agricultural laborers and settlers), and educated individuals (comprising educators, teachers, physicians, and supporters). Furthermore, the results indicated that although land reforms had mitigated social inequalities to some extent and partially fulfilled people's expectations, landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers continued to wield social status and power within the community. Based on these research findings, it is recommended that planners and policymakers give due consideration to the geographical factor in social structuring during land reforms.

Improper handling of agricultural residues can lead to irreversible environmental damage. This study investigates the impact of two training methods, in-person and remote, on the management of agricultural residues among wheat farmers in Ravansar County during the 2022-2023 agricultural years. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) was used as a comprehensive framework to assess farmers' decisions and behaviors throughout the training process.This research employed a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design with a control group. The study population comprised 400 wheat farmers from Ravansar County. According to Krejcie and Morgan's table, 180 participants were randomly selected and divided into three groups of 60 (two experimental groups: in-person and remote, and one control group). Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire, measuring constructs such as self-efficacy (16 items), stages of change (18 items), decision-making balance (22 items), and behavior (6 items). The data were analyzed using SPSS18 software and statistical tests, including paired and independent t-tests, ANOVA, HSD test, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.The results indicated that remote training based on the Transtheoretical Model was more effective in improving self-efficacy and stages of change, while in-person training yielded better results in decision-making balance. However, both groups showed similar outcomes in the behavior construct. These findings suggest that remote training in agricultural residue management during pandemics can be an effective approach to reducing the practice of burning agricultural residues among farmers by enhancing self-efficacy and translating theoretical knowledge into practical behaviors.

Information and telecommunication technology development and expansion of digital technology in daily communications and interactions have affected every aspects of man’s life. Without these communicational technologies, following the everyday life is not easy. Dairy farm products are essential for daily nutrient needs of individuals and the industry is also deeply changed by information technology. The present descriptive survey study is an attempt to examine the effects of digital empowering on Intelligence Business. The study population was of dairy farms (industrial and traditional) units in Kermanshah City (n=152). Sampling was done though stratified sampling. Data gathering was done using a researcher-designed questionnaire of which the validity and reliability were supported by a panel of experts and Cronbach’s alpha. The collected data was analyzed in SPSS18 and Amos. As the findings showed, there was a positive and significant relationship between technical capabilities and legal, economic, and psychological factors (CI = 99%). Moreover, there was a positive and significant relationship between intelligence Business and economic factors and technical competencies (CI = 99%). The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers and officials.

Land reform in the 40s is one of the most important development programs in the country which was implemented as the most comprehensive and serious action in the Iranian agriculture and had effects on rural morphology. Therefore, the present study has analyzed the effects of land reform on the morphological structure of Shiyan rural area. The present qualitative research is of descriptive-analytical. The study population consisted of informants and people over 50 years old in the area who had sufficient knowledge about land reform. Using purpose sampling, data were collected through in-depth individual interviews, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and field evidence. Data were analyzed using graph and analysis of interviews and photos. The results of this study showed that land reform has changed the morphology of the village in terms of agricultural morphology, housing and architecture and village texture. Thus, the fragmentation of cultivation units, the disappearance of commercial cultivation of single products and the creation of cultivation diversity, caused a change in the cultivation pattern and production tools in this village. Also, the use of urban architecture and non-native materials in the reconstruction of housing has changed the use of housing and destroyed the original identity of the village. On the other hand, the texture of the village has changed and crawled towards the main road. Therefore, it is recommended that planners and policy makers of rural development programs, before designing and implementing such programs, consider the environmental conditions and capacities of the region and, accordingly, provide proprietary applications.

The present quantitative-qualitative study tries to identify the stimuli that affect the change of agricultural lands control. The data were collected with; depth unstructured individual interviews, focus groups, group discussion with 32 landlords and direct observations. These data were coded using the conventional content analysis method and finally 40 key concepts were extracted related to effective stimuli. Then, the identified concepts in the form of a questionnaire were given to the cases of study. Data were collected and converted to fuzzy numbers according to the type and intensity of the effect. In the next step, the matrix was implemented obtained in Mental Modeler software and the corresponding fuzzy cognitive map was designed. The results showed that the most important stimuli in changing agricultural land control are: Landlord age, uncertainty about fixed income, landlord quality of life, land consolidation and strict rules for tenants. Also, according to the results, the most important Impressionable stimuli in changing the control of arable lands include; agricultural risks, youth migration, production unit cost and inefficiency of government agencies. According to the research results, planners and policymakers are advised to provide more facilities for young people in rural areas due to the importance of owner age in changing the control of agricultural lands, and by empowering and skills of young people and familiarizing them with income-generating crops. He encouraged them to stay in the village and create attractions.

Agricultural development is one of the most important priorities in the national development programs of developing countries. This cannot be achieved without applying and using new technologies in the agricultural sector through precision agriculture. Since the acceptance and application of this type of technology is facing challenges and obstacles; The aim of this quantitative study is to "investigate the factors influencing the adoption of UAV technology in two retrospective and prospective perspectives". The required information was collected in the form of questionnaires made by the researcher among the potato farmers of Kermanshah city. In order to analyze the data, the statistical method of logistic regression was used. The findings indicated that only three variables of perceived risks, the intention to use drones and the perceived need for technology were effective on the acceptance of drone technology, so that by reducing each of these variables, the possibility of increasing the adoption of drone technology among farmers. Potatoes work more. Therefore, holding promotional courses and granting financial facilities to potato farmers can be effective in facilitating the adoption of drone technology.

This qualitative research aims to investigate the causes and consequences of the expansion of tenancy in the Mahidasht region.

In this study, the fault tree analysis technique (FTA) was used to investigate the reasons for the expansion of the tenancy phenomenon in the region. Also, the event analysis technique (ETA) was used to investigate the consequences of developing this exploitation system. Data were collected through unstructured in-depth individual interviews, focus groups, group discussions and direct observations.

The results showed that the main reasons for creating motivation among farmers are mainly organizational, economic, individual, social and environmental management. In the other side problems include adopting inappropriate agricultural policies, lack of proper government support for farmers, lack of capital and money to provide tools and inputs, lack of skills to carry out profitable crops, lack of storage and lack of cooperation and trust between local people.

By identifying the causes and consequences of the expansion of the tenancy system and providing practical solutions, this study can lead to achievements for the rural development officials of the province in such a way that by adopting measures such as extensive training to the owners and introduction of new farming methods, providing credits and easing the loan obtaining, creating appropriate insurances, establishing a two-way and proper relationship between the university and Agriculture Jihad with farmers and gaining their trust, providing facilities and welfare health services for the villagers, persuading the owners to stay in the village and engage in the agricultural profession.

Huge costs and time are spent on water resources management projects (WRMP) in Iran, especially water pumping stations(WPS). The success to which Iranian Rural develoing projects such as WPS, are undergoing transformation continues to be strongly debated. Analyzing the causes of project failure is important to better manage them in the future. The main purpose of this study was to find, how local participation can activate WPS projects. In other words, the purpose of this study was to answer the following basic questions; Why has the implementation of rural development projects, including the water pumping station project, not been successful? What factors contribute to the success of these projects? in addition to reviewing literature and documents, in-depth semi-structured interviews with farmers were conducted in Kermanshah,  Iran's Western province. A three-pronged approach was designed to accomplish this purpose. In the first Phase, 46 indicators were discovered by combination of literature and interviews. The next step, 11 indicators were found  in  critical situation, according to the Eisenhower matrix, five indicators of them described urgent and necessary action. But it was important to address how to solve these problems. So in the third stage, practical solutions were extracted through in-depth semi-structured interviews with farmers. We found that the reason for the failure of many rural development projects, including water pumping stations in Iran, is not technical and macro-economic indicators. Because there are prominent technical experts in the field of water in Iran. They have high technical knowledge. But they have only a technical point of view and do not pay attention to the social aspects of project implementation. Neither is the cause of failure in terms of macro-economic indicators. Because the government has allocated a large budget for the implementation of water pumping station projects. In general, the critical indicators, that failure to pay attention to will lead to the failure of water pumping station projects, are social and micro-economic indicators at the local level. Farmers' consensus on improving the status of critical indicators has emphasized the following: “involving stakeholders in planning”, “helping target area to develop income diversification”, “allocating financial resources to stakeholders during projects”, “ using local people as labour ” and “settling legal issues of land ownership”. Comprehensive policy frameworks for the successful implementation of rural development projects, including the water pumping station project, should address the social and economic issues of local people. We argue that the policies in these frameworks should go beyond providing technical support and services, as well as address the socio-economic constraints and challenges of local people in achieving the desired performance and results of project implementation. Using a Participatory Learning Approach is a good way to achieve the goal.

In the past decades, several development schemes have been implemented in the country, one of the most important projects, the development plan of orchards and the network of pumping stations for water. Due to the fact that many of these schemes have failed, the present study was conducted with qualitative approach using a grounded theory to the pathology of the project of the water pumping station of Harsin Pasar village. Data were collected using a deep interview, focus group and direct observation of the researcher, which analyzed the data in two stages of open and axial coding. The study population comprised this research expert involved in the project and the exploitation of Pasar village. snowball in the second stage to achieve theoretical saturation and conceptual richness of interest. The failure of the project was the main issue and phenomenon that researchers had repeatedly dealt with in reviewing and refreshing their field notes. Also, in this study, using the Parpostpaid model of Ali conditions (poor and inefficient planning, organization and poor recruiter of the project, etc.) , The underlying conditions (low social capital of Pasar people, low human capital, pasar people, inappropriate infrastructures and natural capital in the village, the dependence of locals to the state, and...) , The intervention conditions (the benefit of local authorities and powerful, lack of attention to the diversity of income during the implementation of the project, the contractor's commitment to their obligations, the lack of attention to the needs, demands and values of the local population and the prolongation of the project), Strategies (changing the Advisory team, changing the executive team and using the experienced staff, The change of design pattern from gardening to horticulture and agriculture compilation pattern and the consequences were analyzed.

Construction of water pumping stations (WPS) is one of the most important development projects in rural areas, which are built to draw water from the water supply source, transfer canal water to a higher level or drain the drainage flow. However, most stations faced serious problems and challenges. So, the purpose of this study is strategic planning to revive the project of WPS in Qomsheh village in Kermanshah. The dominant approach is quantitative. The statistical population were all agricultural operators covered by the water pumping station of Qomsheh Droud Faraman village (N=23) and related officials (N=10), which due to the small statistical population by the census method were studied. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire for both groups. The results of t-test showed that all 46 index studied are in unfavorable condition and have a significant difference with the average level of the scale 3. Then, in order to identify effective and critical reagents in the success of the project, the Eisenhower matrix was used. The results showed that 7 reagents are in the critical region of the matrix that are most important, but have low performance. These indicators are: the willingness of the villagers to cooperate with the authorities, improve the living-economic situation of the beneficiaries, create employment in the village, improve the income of the villagers, transfer part of the costs to the operator, specific land ownership, and Avoid duplication and repetition of past mistakes. The achievements of this research can be the basis for proper planning and policy-making to improve future projects of WPS in different villages.

Property conflicts and legal disputes over land ownership constitute one of the most complex issues in the field of agriculture. Adopting a qualitative approach, the present study reviews the literature and field research findings on property conflicts and legal disputes following the Land Reform of 1962 in Mahidasht over the past 60 years. Document analysis and field research evidence from the documents over the period 1885 to 1962 show that landlord system was transformed into the current peasant system as a result of the agrarian reform in 1962 that served as the first transformation in land ownership structure. This subsequently led to conflicts and disputes over fragmented farmlands, and dispersion of even and uneven agricultural lands of different degrees of , fertility. In the meantime, the peasant system failed to meet the farmer’s household needs. In other words, the social changes due to the land reform led to economic changes and the consequent changes in the cultural life of the farmers. The documents in Mahidasht revealed that most of the property ownership documents had been issued during the years 1966-71 and that many of these were conclusive and official. Interviews with 25 local elder farmers further revealed that property conflicts and disputes had arisen after the land reform of 1962 and the subsequent sharing out of the inherited lands. The most important measure found to reduce property conflicts is to register land rights and to implement the Cadastral system.

Due to the increase in population and more wastewater production and the existence of limited water resources, the use of human wastewater in agricultural activities is a necessity. The present qualitative research, while investigating the consequences of the use of wastewater, seeks to develop appropriate strategies for the use of wastewater in agricultural activities in the village of Belan, Kurdestan province. Using the criterion-based sampling method, 14 farmers were studied as a sample. Semi-structured interviews and direct observation were used to collect information. The validity of the findings was confirmed by triangulation and Qualitative data analysis was performed using Maxqda software. The results showed that increasing the area under cultivation, increasing yield, water supply, and less use of chemical fertilizers are positive impacts of wastewater use. Moreover, the increase of pests, increase of weeds, occurrence of physical and mental disorders, unpleasant odor, a decrease in soil quality, pollution of the rural environment, and increase in migration are among the negative impacts of using wastewater. The use of standards for wastewater treatment, preparation of soil sensitivity map, use of the appropriate irrigation method, attention to plant type, and disinfection of wastewater are also among the strategies suggested by users.

The use of precision agriculture has become an undeniable necessity in the agricultural sector today. Paying attention to this issue in student cooperatives is doubly important in terms of skills development and student education. The present article tries to examine the educational needs of the members of 4802 Student Cooperatives of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources regarding precision agriculture. The study population was active student cooperative members in 1400 (N = 121), 98 of whom were studied using stratified sampling method with proportional assignment. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis using Burich model showed that students' knowledge about precision agriculture is at a low level (mean 1.80 and standard deviation 0.85). The results also showed that the subjects studied GPS global positioning system, technologies related to product performance maps, point-to-point measurement of the product, equipping existing machines with automatic control systems and technologies related to weed maps. They have stated as their most important educational need. The results of the regression model also showed that about 71% of the changes in the educational needs of cooperative members are explained by the variables: participation in training courses and access to information resources. Therefore, it is necessary to help strengthen this skill in agricultural students through strategies such as: holding courses and workshops, forming telegram and WhatsApp groups, inviting specialists, and so on..

The goal of this study was to analyze the environmental behavior of elementary school students in green schools using Ajzen theory of planned behavior (TPB). This quantitative study was conducted through a cross-sectional descriptive survey using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. The study had a statistical population of 229 elementary students. One hundred students were selected as the sample based on the table by Krejcie and Morgan. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software through Path Diagram Analysis. The findings indicated that attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (self-efficiency) had positive and significant association with intention. However, there was no significant relationship between intention and frequency of environmental behavior. The findings in this model suggest that other undiscovered factors may be involved in environmental behavior. Modifying the three components of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control will therefore lead to the development and enhancement of intention for environmental behaviors. Other effective factors on environmental behavior, however, should be explored in further studies to minimize environmental damage and modify the course of environmental damage.

Today, digital marketing has created a dramatic upward trend in business relationships. Prevalence of coronary disease increased this trend and inevitably, the exchange of many goods, including agricultural products, done electronically. The purpose of this mixed-method research (qualitative-quantitative) is to identify and analyze the factors affecting the digital marketing development of agricultural products in Kermanshah province. The study population consisted of experts, stakeholders and producers in the agricultural sector who are active in the field of digital marketing (29 people). Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. In order to analyze data, content analysis and fuzzy were used. Findings showed that 14 factors affect the development of digital marketing that the first to third priorities are: training and improving the digital marketing environment, providing the necessary facilities and infrastructure and developing legal frameworks. The findings of this study can provide appropriate solutions for the development of digital marketing management of agricultural products.

In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of model sites in Dehloran city using the Kirk Patrick model. For this purpose, two groups of individuals were selected as the study population. first group; Rapeseed farmers of Abbas plain, Mosian and Markazi of Dehloran city (N = 175) and the second group; Managers and experts were involved in the implementation of the canola model site. According to the findings, at the confidence level (99.), it can be claimed that according to the views of rapeseed site users, in both components, satisfaction with the site's training and satisfaction with the attitude of the trainers have had a favorable and satisfactory response. . Also, the results of analysis of variance showed that the difference in knowledge scores of rapeseed site users in the two stages before and after training is statistically significant (p> .01) and the level of awareness of site users in the post-training stage. It was more than before training. In addition, the results showed that the value of the third level (behavior) and the fourth level (results) is higher than the value of test 3 and at the confidence level (.95) it can be claimed that from the perspective of managers behavior and predetermined results This course has been completed. According to the results of the present study, planners and policy makers are suggested to develop and promote these sites and provide more support to them.

Population growth, drought, climate change, and mismanagement policies have strongly affected the existing water resources. One of the most effective ways to achieve the goals of agricultural water management is setting up and optimizing irrigation and drainage networks for agricultural water. Water experts consider construction and establishment of water pumping stations in rural areas as one of the important principles of optimal agricultural water management. However, despite the costs incurred, the evidence shows that most of these networks have faced many problems and beneficiaries’ participations in the maintenance of installations have been minimal. Moreover, in the design and implementation of these projects, social studies of the involved regions and the main stakeholders’ opinions about these projects seem to have been ignored. As a result, the efficiency and productivity of such stations, as well as investment in the development of water resources, have decreased. In this regard, several pumping stations have been built for developing gardens in Kermanshah Province, but almost all of them are inactive for reasons such as the lack of technical and accurate engineering. The only water pumping station which is ready to operate is in Ghomsheh Village, but many problems occurring from the time of its approval to implementation have led to the villagers’ distrust and pessimism towards the implementation of the project. After taking some steps, the villagers have refused to participate in the project and have not accepted it. However, based on the available evidence, construction of a water pumping station can have positive benefits for stakeholders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to perform a Root Cause Analysis (RCA) of the factors limiting the success of the project of water pumping station in the village of Ghomsheh Faraman and provide solutions to overcome the mentioned problems.

This study was a qualitative research and a case study in terms of obtaining facts and data processing. The study population included the beneficiaries covering the water pumping station of Ghomsheh Village, 15 people in Darood Faraman and 11 officials, who were involved in the implementation of this project. The sampling method was purposeful based on semi-structured interviews and the focus groups were used to collect the data. Fifteen and 11 individual interviews with the villagers and the officials involved in the water pumping station were done, respectively. The average time of the interviews was 40-50 min. The researcher also conducted 2 and 2 focus group interviews with the community of beneficiaries (6-8 people) and the project-related officials (6-7 people), respectively. To analyze the data, the RCA technique was utilized. Root analysis is the process of a structured investigation that aims to identify the real cause of a problem. It is a multi-stage process that includes: 1) problem identification; 2) information gathering; 3) information analysis; and 4) cause-and-effect analysis. To identify the main problem, the interviews were conducted with the project beneficiaries and officials. Then, each of the relevant interviews was transcribed and the key concepts and root causes were extracted after summarizing them. Upon identifying the problem, cause, and root cause during a re-interview with the project beneficiaries and officials, the revitalization strategies of the project implementation were extracted.

A necessary condition for the growth and development of any community, including the village of Ghomsheh Faraman, is creating jobs, which, despite its high importance, has poorly and negatively been done in the mentioned village, thus resulting in increased unemployment and the villagers’ decreased incomes. Construction of this station has not only led to the villagers’ unemployment, but also enhanced their migration and addiction, as well as divorce in some cases. Researchers’ findings in this regard have shown that the project incompatibility with the beneficiaries’ main profession has extended its duration, labors’ abandonment from the village, and lack of diversity of activities in the village as the root of the problems reducing rural incomes and augmenting unemployment. Another major problem for the project of water pumping station in Ghomsheh Faraman Village has been the villagers’ unwillingness to cooperate with the authorities, which was found to be the dominant and main problem contributing to the project inefficiency in this study. The people’s reluctance towards the project implementation, the beneficiaries’ indecision for accomplishing it, the profiteering views of some of them, their pessimism and distrust towards the officials, as well as the officials’ empty promises and ignorance towards the beneficiaries’ protests and demands were the roots of the problem. Nonetheless, this had not prevented the project construction and implementation, despite the users’ reluctance towards horticulture and even the existence of inadequate feasibility studies, which had temporarily resulted in the waste of resources, stagnation of the station, increased unemployment and migration, return to the primary cultivation method, and the beneficiaries’ pessimism and distrust towards the project. After 8 years from the construction of the project, still, no gardens have been constructed and the agricultural lands have been stagnated, while the beneficiaries have remained undecided whether to continue the path and construct the gardens or return to the primary cultivation method. They are still reluctant to cooperate with the authorities. Another issue was the uncertainty of land ownership. In the lands covered by the station, the issue of ownership was very important with some needs to be considered. Huge investments had been made to control, regulate, transfer, and distribute water by water pumping stations.The beneficiaries’ participation in the station-related planning was one of the joint strategies expressed by the two groups, which, if implemented, could have a very positive effect on the beneficiaries’ participation, which could then increase their desire for gardening, accepting the station costs, reducing the project time and cost, creating the villagers’ sense of ownership and responsibility so as to take care of the tools and facilities required for the project. Farmers' involvement in irrigation projects is essential since it can enhance their abilities to plan, reduce operating and maintenance costs, and increase their sense of responsibility. To solve the main problems, i.e., lack of diversity of activities in the village and the officials and farmers’ involvement in the project,  a joint strategy of the Agricultural Jihad Organization to assist the villagers in the construction of a cattle ranch, as well as growing mushrooms and bees is needed. If such businesses are launched, the villagers’ income would increase and the economic pressures could decrease. In addition, creating jobs in the village could reduce unemployment and poverty, improve life quality, and ultimately lower rural migration. A legal solution to the problem of land ownership was another joint strategy proposed by the officials and beneficiaries of the project to address the root of the problem resulting from lack of attention to the customary-property laws. Implementation of this strategy would give hope to the villagers to realize their rights with the help of the authorities, better accept legal votes by the relevant institutions in this area, and have less opposition in launching and reviving the project. The legal solution to the problem of land ownership would make them feel secure about their properties. Another joint strategy presented by the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project was to solve the root of the problem of management instability. Hiring a professional and consistent manager for the mentioned station would shorten the time of garden construction and implementation of the second phase, while solving the challenges and problems of the project more easily because of the manager's familiarity with the project implementation process.

To identify the root causes of inefficiency of the water pumping station in Ghomsheh Village and provide a strategy for solving them, the RCA technique was employed. Following the interviews with the beneficiaries and officials involved in the project, 7 problems of the station inefficiency were identified: lack of the villagers’ willingness to cooperate with the authorities, farmers’ decreased incomes and increased unemployment, lack of land ownership, repetitions of the process and past mistakes, loss of the beneficiaries’ economic livelihood, and imposition of part of the costs on them. Also, such executive strategies as involving the operators in the planning of the station, determining the amount of land covered by the station in the second phase, helping the villagers to establish agricultural projects, finding a legal solution to the problem of agricultural land ownership, beginning and ending the second phase at the announced deadline, using a professional and consistent manager until the end of the project, etc. were proposed.

Hobby farms or second rural homes account for a new kind of urban life that is growing rapidly in suburban areas due to their relative vicinity to urban areas and pleasant climate. Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth of such second homes across Iran, in general, and in Kermanshah Province, in particular.  Surveys indicate that a great portion of such residences lack the required construction permits; hence, their development might have dire environmental and economic consequences for the target rural areas. It was the objective of the present study to investigate the future trend of hobby farm development in agricultural zones in Kermanshah Province. For this purpose, the Fuzzy Delphi method was used in three rounds. For population studies, 20 experts in land use conservation were selected based on criterion sampling. Moreover, expert answers were converted into definitive quantities using the fuzzy statistical method. The findings showed that environmental pollution due to wastewater release and waste disposal into agricultural environments, land use changes leading to farms or orchards being wiped out, rising farm land prices, and increasing unemployment in rural areas are among the already known consequences that are highly likely to occur in future. The manuscript concludes with practicable suggestions to planners and authorities as measures to reduce the irreparable consequences; these include adopting deterrent measures and punitive laws to ban land sales, implementing participatory programs, and empowering local communities to preserve their agricultural property.

  The development of digital marketing in recent decades has changed the structure of many businesses and has helped to develop entrepreneurial activities and business innovation. With the spread of Covid 19 around the world, attention to digital marketing has become increasingly important. Although digital marketing has had a far-reaching impact on farmers' productive activities in recent years, many farmers are still deprived of its services. Providing models for digital marketing in agricultural entrepreneurship can be considered by planners in reducing barriers for farmers in the digital trade network. . Therefore, the present article was conducted with the aim of providing a framework for digital marketing in agricultural entrepreneurship using the previous literature review method. Studies have shown that the digital marketing model of agricultural products includes the agricultural entrepreneur, the entrepreneurial process and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Entrepreneurial traits and skills include a range of personal characteristics to competencies and competencies and act as the driving force of the individual. The entrepreneurial process, which involves changing existing processes for digitalization, emphasizes business digitalisation, digital product delivery, marketing, and digital advertising, and provides the resources needed to use digital services and education and information. Needed to enhance digital marketing skills. The entrepreneurial ecosystem includes the social, cultural, economic, and political context of a society that affects a business and includes environmental support, institutional structures, and infrastructure

In recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many obstacles. In the present study، an attempt was made to examine the obstacles to the development of conservation agriculture from the mental dimension of the experts of the Research Center. The target population was the experts of Sararud Research Center in Kermanshah in 2019-2020 who were studied purposefully. In this regard, Q methodology was used. This method is one of the mixed research methods. Based on the findings of the Q-factor results، the number and manner of groupings show that the range of mindsets and opinions of experts regarding barriers to conservation agriculture have differences and similarities. Therefore، according to the purpose of studying Q and the criterion of interpretability of factors or groups, 5 categories (technology-centric، tradition-oriented، knowledge-centered, cognitive-centric, institution-centered) of the mentality and beliefs of experts in Sararud Research Center Kermanshah has been obtained. Each group had different mindsets and attitudes about barriers to the development of conservation agriculture. Given the prevailing mental model identified (central institution)، it is recommended that the government provide incentives and grants (loans، etc) to beneficiaries so that they can apply the method conservation agricultural farms.

In the past decades, several development projects have been implemented in the country, one of the most important of which is the garden development plan and the network of water pumping stations. Considering the high cost and budget allocated for this project, the evidence and documentation of the Agricultural Jihad Office indicate that the project has failed to achieve the desired goals and has led to failure. The present study, with a qualitative approach and using root analysis method, investigated the causes of stagnation in Pasar Harsin village water pumping station project. In order to collect data, in-depth interviews, focus group and direct observation of the researcher were used and analyzed by content analysis. The study population of this study is experts involved in the project and beneficiaries of Pasar village. Also, in interviews, purposive sampling techniques have been used to achieve theoretical saturation and conceptual richness. Based on the research findings, the main causes of the stagnation of this project were inappropriate atmosphere and the prevailing atmosphere during the project. The results of root-e-analysis show that this factor has led to other key problems that have played a major role in the stagnation of pasar project in the form of causal-handicapped relationship, including the lack of financial resources of the project. Poor and inefficient planning, lack of attention to income diversity during the implementation of the project, inappropriate atmosphere and prevailing space during the project, prolongation of the project, lack of training to beneficiaries, instability of responsibility and management, poor organization and recruitment of the project, selection Inefficient contractors and impossibility before the project were noted.

Research on the relationship between dual-labor market, food security, and general health in rural areas has been scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dual-labor market increases the income and consequently the food security of rural households and whether it also improves the general health of the heads of these households. To achieve this goal, a descriptive cross-sectional survey with comparative designs was performed to study the relationship between research variables. The statistical population comprised of the heads of rural households living in the rural district of Mahidasht in Kermanshah County, Kermanshah province, Iran. Overall, 283 household heads who were chosen by the systematic sampling method were interviewed. Food security and general health were measured using the 18-item Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM-18) and the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The validity of the research instrument was assessed and confirmed by the expert panel at Razi University and its reliability was established using the Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was performed using SPSS16 and AMOS. The results showed that dual-labor market significantly increases the income of the household heads who work in secondary labor forces, and as a result, they enjoy a higher degree of food security in their households. However, a closer examination showed that the income generated from secondary labor market has a significant inverse correlation with the general health of these household heads, as they are more likely to suffer from severe depression, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction.

Over 90 percent of the agrarian system in the west of Iran is based on family farming. Thus, rural people in this region are dependent on agricultural resources, pastoral systems, and nonfarm activities for their livelihood, which has heightened their vulnerability to climate change. Therefore, this study aims to measure the livelihood resilience of family farming to climate change in Mahidasht. For this purpose, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2018. A total of 338 wheat farmers were selected for interview on the basis of a systematic random sampling method. The instrument developed by the Speranza module was translated into the Persian language. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Results revealed that the capacity for learning was improved compared to the other components of livelihood resilience. However, less than half of all participants (44.51) did not have adequate self-organization. Based on the results, the framework proposed for measuring livelihood resilience has a holistic view and can measure all aspects of resilience. It is, thus, recommended to use this framework in the research related to this field. Moreover, livelihood resilience to climate change was found to be influenced by gender, marital status, age, and level of education. Hence, it is recommended to local planners and relevant authorities to consider these differences when developing livelihood resilience plans in the region and design their plans based on these differences.

Cash-rent farming has developed during recent years in Iran; this phenomenon has had a greater impact especially in fertile regions with the abundant sources of water and soil. Meanwhile, Kermanshah province ranks as one of the agricultural centers in the country that is no exception when it comes to having fertile lands. During recent years, the farmers of Mahidasht district in Kermanshah County have rented their agricultural lands. So, the aim of the present qualitative study is to investigate the consequences of this phenomenon in Mahidasht district. For this purpose, the event tree analysis technique (ETA) was used. The required data was gathered through singular unstructured in-depth interviews, concentrated groups, group discussion with 32 of district landlords, and direct observation. Generally, the results showed that the development of the cash-rent farming phenomenon has two groups of consequences in the studied district: environmental and sociocultural consequences. The environmental and sociocultural problems include changes in the soil structure and pattern, changes in the quality and quantity of water sources, the incidence of plant pests and diseases, increase in the migration from rural areas to towns, social difficulties in rural areas and increase in the legal implications between landlords and tenants. Finally, it should be noted that our findings support the Marshallian perspective.