فهرست مطالب somayeh keshavarz

The coronavirus pandemic significantly affected the education and healthcare sectors, with a notable impact on the mental health of teachers and nurses. The virus has deeply affected people’s mental health and its negative effects are still felt. This study aims to compare the psychological well-being, cognitive flexibility, and coping styles between female nurses and teachers in Tehran.

The study’s statistical population consisted of 50 female teachers and 50 female nurses in Tehran in 2022. Data were collected using the Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (Ryff, 1989), the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis et al., 2010), and the Coping Styles Questionnaire (Cassidy and Long, 1996). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The study revealed significant differences between teachers and nurses in terms of psychological well-being and cognitive flexibility. Specifically, significant differences were found in the components of psychological well-being, including environmental mastery, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. For cognitive flexibility, significant differences were observed in the perception of different options, perception of controllability, and perception of behavior justification. Additionally, teachers and nurses showed significant differences in problem-solving helplessness, problem-solving control, problem-solving confidence, and avoidance coping styles. However, no significant differences were found in creativity and orientation coping styles between the two groups. Overall, teachers exhibited higher levels of psychological well-being and cognitive flexibility compared to nurses.

The results of this study indicate that both nurses and teachers, who were directly impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, experienced significant psychological strain and damage. However, nurses, who faced greater work-related stress due to their direct exposure to the virus, exhibited lower cognitive flexibility and psychological well-being compared to teachers. Nurses also tended to use more emotion-focused coping strategies. Therefore, when developing therapeutic interventions for those affected by the pandemic, special attention should be given to the psychological health of these high-risk groups, particularly nurses.

This study aims to examine the mediating effect of marital intimacy on the association between Affective control and marital adjustment. The study employs a correlation-based approach utilizing path analysis modelling. The population being studied consisted of all married individuals residing in Karaj city. A total of 220 couples were chosen as research participants through an internet survey employing the convenience sampling method. The data were obtained utilizing three questionnaires: the Affective Control Scale (Williams et al., 1997), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (Spanier, 1976), and the Marital Intimacy Scale (Thompson & Walker, 1989). The data was analyzed using the path analysis method with the assistance of AMOS software. The study's findings suggest an indirect relationship between the regulation of emotions and the level of marital adjustment in couples. This relationship is mediated by marital intimacy, as evidenced by the significant beta coefficient of -0.26 (p = 0.001). Furthermore, the study demonstrated the significant impact of affect control (β=-0.39, P=0.001) and marital intimacy (β=0.61, P=0.001) on marital adjustment. Couples that demonstrated emotional regulation skills had heightened levels of intimacy in their relationship, leading to increased frequency and quality of intimate interactions. That is, the heightened level of intimacy contributed to the improvement of marital adjustment. When developing psychological interventions to enhance marital adjustment, it is crucial to consider significant elements, including affective control and intimacy.

The purpose of the research was to investigate the relationship between the perception of the quality of attachment and social anxiety of adolescents with the mediating role of spiritual well-being. The current research mothod was a correlational of structural equation modelling. The statistical population of the present study included all teenagers studying in secondary schools of Mazandaran province of Iran in the academic year of 2022-2023, A sample of 300 students who were selected as available method and completed questionnaires of attachment to parents and peers, spiritual well-being and adolescent social anxiety. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between adolescents' social anxiety and the quality of attachment perception with the mediation of spiritual well-being. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the perception of attachment quality and spiritual well-being and between spiritual well-being and social anxiety of adolescents. Also, the direct effect of perception of attachment quality on social anxiety of adolescents was confirmed. According to the results, it is suggested that psychologists, in therapeutic interventions for social anxiety disorder in adolescents, pay special attention to the role of influencing variables, including the perception of the quality of attachment and spiritual well-being.

The purpose of the current research was to compare the personality traits, ambiguity tolerance and life expectancy of people satisfied and dissatisfied with the corona vaccine injection.

The current research was of comparative causal type. The statistical population of the present study included all vaccinated people in Karaj city. Among the statistical population, and according to Cochran’s formula, 306 people were selected using available sampling method. The data collection tools were Neo Personality Questionnaire, Snyder et al.’s Life Expectancy Questionnaire and McLean’s Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for data analysis.

The results showed that there is a significant difference between ambiguity tolerance, factorial thinking subscales of life expectancy and neuroticism and agreeableness personality traits in the satisfied and dissatisfied groups of corona vaccination.

According to the results, it can be concluded that psychological factors can be effective in the level of satisfaction with vaccination and paying attention to these factors in epidemics such as the corona epidemic can help health professionals to encourage people to inject vaccines.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting marital satisfaction based on empathy, social cognition and communication skills with the mediating role of broad autism phenotype among parents of children with autism disorder.

The current research was descriptive-correlation and structural equations in terms of its fundamental purpose and in terms of data analysis. The statistical population of the present study included parents of autistic children in Tehran and Qazvin was in 2023, among whom 200 parents (based on the opinions of experts) were selected as the research sample using available sampling method. Data using whith marital satisfaction questionnaire (Hudson, 1992), empathy interest scale (Baron Cohen, 2003), mind reading scale through eyes (Baron Cohen, 2001), communication skills questionnaire (Queen Dam, 2004) and Autism in adults (Baron Cohen, 2001) was compiled. The collected data was analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS software.

The results showed that the fit of the proposed conceptual model was confirmed. Examining the direct paths of the relationship between the investigated variables showed that the variables of empathy, social cognition and communication skills are related to marital satisfaction. The results of investigating the indirect paths showed that the broad phenotype of autism plays a mediating role in the relationship between the variables of empathy, social cognition and interpersonal skills with marital satisfaction in parents of autistic children.

The present study confirmed the proposed model and showed that parents of autistic children experience challenges in their marital relationship due to the problems they have in the field of empathy, social cognition and communication skills and as a result report lower marital satisfaction.

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between competence perception and academic self-efficacy in third grade elementary school children with the mediating role of academic motivation.

The present research method is correlation of structural equation modeling and population of the present study included the first-grade elementary students of Qazvin city in 2022-2023. Based on the theory of Tabachnick and Fidell (2001), they considered the sufficient minimum sample size 200 for structural equation modeling. Therefore, 223 participants were selected through available sampling method. The research instruments included Harter's competence perception questionnaires (1982), Morgan Jing's academic self-efficacy (1988) and Harter's motivation for academic progress (1980). To analyze the model, structural equation modeling method and AMOS 24 software were used.

The results showed that academic motivation mediated the relationship between students' perception of competence and academic self-efficacy. Also, the results of the research indicated that the direct relationship between competence perceptions and academic self-efficacy and academic motivation, as well as the direct relationship between academic motivation and academic self-efficacy of students, is statistically significant.

The current results have provided a valuable idea for researchers and educators about issues related to academic self-efficacy for students and have supported the importance of the perception of competence and academic motivation in relation to academic self-efficacy of students.

This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of family emotional atmosphere on the association between communication patterns and distress tolerance in married women. The study employed a correlational design and utilized path analysis. The research sample comprised 217 married women residing in Tehran in the year 1400, who were selected using convenience sampling methodology. The research instruments included the Couple's Communication Patterns, the Family Emotional Atmosphere, and Distress Tolerance. The results of the path analysis revealed a statistically significant association between communication patterns and distress tolerance, with the emotional atmosphere of the family serving as a mediator in this relationship. The mediating role of family emotional atmosphere is found to be significant in the relationship between non-reciprocal constructive relationship and distress tolerance (P=0.22, β=0.001) and the relationship between mutual avoidance and distress tolerance (P=0.001, β=-0.19). The research findings suggest an idea for implementing an intervention targeting contributing and causal factors, specifically communication patterns and the emotional atmosphere within families, which impact the distress tolerance of married women.

One of the growing areas of Internet-based activities, both in the market and in people's personal lives, is cloud computing. Cloud service is an emerging technology that has attracted a lot of attention worldwide in recent years and provides its services over the Internet. The current research is focused on the relationship between the business model and sustainable cloud services. Therefore, based on the developed models of Buken and Short (2016) and Pellitier et al. (2012), the relationship between the components of the cloud service business model and sustainable development was evaluated. Also, the structural equation modeling strategy with partial least squares (PLS-SEM) was used to evaluate the determining factors of the business model and sustainable cloud services. The results show that the value proposition, value absorption and value creation are based on the acquisition model. And business example work affects. In addition, the effects of valuation, value proposition, economic, social and environmental factors on sustainable cloud service are positive, among which, value proposition has the strongest positive effect and social factors have the strongest negative effect on the sustainable development of cloud service

Distress tolerance is increasingly playing an essential role in the onset and continuing of psychological trauma and prevention and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance with the mediating role of self-esteem in female students.

This research method was fundamental in terms of purpose, and the data collection method was correlation and structural equation modeling. The study population included all ninth-grade female students in District 3 of Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022. The voluntary sampling method selected 220 students as the research sample. A Family Performance Questionnaire (Epstein et al., 1983), Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (Gaher and Simmons, 2005), and Self-Esteem Questionnaire (Rosenberg, 1965) were used to collect data. Structural equation modeling was performed using Amos24 software.

The findings showed that the structural model of the research has a good fit. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between family functioning and self-esteem (t = 9.02 and β = 0.63) and between self-esteem and distress tolerance (t= 6.30 and β= 0.58), but there was no direct relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance (t= 1.96 and β= 0.15). The results also showed an indirect relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance.

According to the results, there is a relationship between family functioning and distress tolerance of female students due to their self-esteem. Special attention to causal factors is suggested in formulating psychological interventions to increase the distress tolerance of female students.

In today’s digital world, there seems to be a thin line between technology use and abuse. There are many people who have extreme internet habits and abnormal moral behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine the mediating role of moral intelligence in the relationship between perceived parenting styles and internet addiction of students in Qazvin province.               

The research method was correlation. The statistical population of all undergraduate and postgraduate students of Qazvin province universities in 2019, among them a sample of 270 students was selected by cluster random sampling method. The research tools were Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (1972), Young Internet Addiction (2011) and Moral Intelligence of Lennick and Kiel (2011). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including demographic indicators and inferential statistics, including path analysis pattern and Sobel test.

The results showed that moral intelligence has a mediating role between students' perceived parenting styles and their internet addiction. This means that moral intelligence has a significant inverse relationship with authoritarian and negligent parenting styles and Internet addiction, and has a significant positive relationship with authoritative parenting style and lack of internet addiction. Also, the proposed model had the desired fit to determine the relationship between the research variables.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that training and promoting moral intelligence can be used as a prevention method or even a treatment method in the form of CBT techniques for internet addiction.

Aim and

Cloud computing has become so important today that it is referred to as the fifth most common industry, after water, electricity, gas and telephone, and its development path is rapidly accelerating the entire IT infrastructure of a city or country. Introduction of new technologies such as IoT, mobile computing, health services, sensor networks and big data (Levitt, 2009; Free Iranian Cloud Computing Society, 2016). According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISI), cloud computing is a model for providing access to a range of computing services and resources such as networks, servers, storage space, and applications on demand through the World Wide Web. It should be done quickly and with the minimum intervention of suppliers and sellers, and according to the needs of consumers, it can be prepared and used (Mel, 2011). A look at the statistics available on cloud computing technology highlights the importance of this field of technology. The authors believe that in a world moving towards sustainable development, sustainability is a winning strategy for business success (Francischelli, Santro and Candello, 2018). Therefore, introducing the business model of sustainable cloud services is one of the ways that can help companies in the cloud services industry to use this model and optimize it with their conditions and facilities to form their competitive advantage and in regional, national supply. And even compete internationally. Therefore, this research provides a framework that helps cloud service industry managers to strengthen their competitiveness in the market by identifying a sustainable business model suitable for their collection, as well as to develop competitive advantages and achieve optimal productivity.  Therefore, in the present study, we seek to identify the factors affecting the development of the cloud services business model to provide a new framework and add new components to the literature in this field.

The present study is a part of applied research. The strategy used in this research is content analysis. Content analysis is a process that leads to the analysis, summarization, classification and inference of specific features of the text. Considers content analysis to be a process of collecting, organizing, and standardizing. Content analysis is more important in humanities and social science research because of the ability to systematically analyze deeper and more complex information and comments, such as semi-instructional interview reports. In this study, exploratory interviews were conducted with 18 key informants to obtain the required information. The sampling process is purposeful and strategic and continues until the process of analysis and exploration reaches theoretical saturation.
 

From the interviews, a total of 245 initial conceptual propositions were obtained in the open coding stage. In the next coding stage, the final code was obtained by merging the obtained codes and removing the irrelevant and redundant items.
The results of the interview showed that sustainable cloud services have 5 main dimensions of economic, social, environmental, governance and ethical and business model design should be done by considering these 5 dimensions.
 Discussion and

The economic dimension refers to the production of goods and services as a prerequisite for improving living conditions; The social dimension refers to the equality of all human beings and their opportunities to access resources according to basic needs such as food, water and development through improved living conditions such as health care and education; The environmental dimension is related to the Earth ecosystem and the reduction of man-made carbon and the environmental imbalance created by the terms pollution, ozone layer, greenhouse gases, non-degradable waste, deforestation, overfishing, and The governance dimension is also related to the ways in which power is spent on managing economic and social resources for development. This issue theoretically dates back to 1990. In fact, when international aid agencies recognized that poor and developing countries were facing many obstacles to their economic development, the concept of governance also found its place as one of the drivers of economic growth and development in various economies. In the context of a favorable political and institutional environment that respects human rights, democratic principles, and the rule of law, good governance is the transparent and accountable management of human beings, nature, economic and financial resources for equitable and sustainable development. The fifth dimension of the identified components goes back to ethical issues; With the growth of information technology, the opportunity for immoral activities in the cloud has also increased and the need to control these activities has become a global concern. On the other hand, the pervasiveness of new computing technologies will transcend geographical areas and, if unable to protect individuals' privacy and pose threats to data security, will cause irreparable damage to the pervasiveness of services and concepts.
Business models express value propositions by identifying the market, identifying value chains, locating the company, combining assets for supply, and determining revenue mechanisms and cost structures.
The identified factors of the present study for the business model in the field of cloud services can be used as a modification of the concept of the usual business model with specific features 1) integration of concepts, principles and goals of sustainability in the sustainable business model and 2) integration of the concept of sustainability in the chain Value considered. Therefore; The main innovation of the present study is that a review of the research literature shows that three of the identified dimensions have been discussed separately in the literature, but two other important factors, which are the governance and ethical dimensions, are essentially in the model literature. Cloud business businesses have not been discussed and therefore it is considered as adding keywords to the cloud business literature. Therefore, in comparison; Findings of Sterwalder and Pignor (2010); Jericho and Forum (2009); Biswas (2015); Buchanan et al. (2014); Boken and Shorts (2016); Joyce and Pacquiao (2016); Gizman and Anchor (2016); Boya and Sinf Gill (2018); Gissdorfer et al. (2018); Ojala and Tirvanen (2011); Kozlowski et al. (2018); Bars et al. (2017); Dig and Egret (2018); Mousavi (2019); Kavichi and Wagononi (2020); Witt and Pilak (2020); Gani et al. (2020); Matilla et al. (2020); Da Silva et al. (2013); Dig and Eggert (2018) are in some ways consistent with the findings of the present study
One of the growing areas of Internet-based activities, both in the market and in people's personal lives, is cloud computing. Cloud service is an emerging technology that has attracted a lot of attention around the world in recent years, and this technology provides services through the Internet. The main purpose of this study is to design a conceptual model of sustainable cloud services business. Therefore, researchers in this study, using the qualitative research method and grounded theory strategy, have identified important factors and components related to the phenomenon of sustainable cloud businesses. After conducting 18 in-depth interviews with experts and specialists in the field of cloud services and sustainable development, 207 codes were floated in the open coding stage and 5 economic, social, and environmental, governance and ethical components were obtained in the central coding stage. Also in the selective coding phase, the 9 components of the Osterwalder business model, including customer segmentation, value proposition, customer relationships, distribution channels, key resources, key activities, revenue streams, cost structure and key partners linked to the five Identified component in axial coding phase and eventually a sustainable cloud services business model emerged.

Many Persian learner have difficulty to link sound and symbol. They cannot transform the sounds that they hear into letters and words. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate and analyze the Chinese learner’s dictation based on cognitive model and to provide appropriate solutions. The target population of this study is Chinese learners at Imam Khomeini International University's Persian Language Learning Center and Chinese learners at Beijing Foreign Language Studies University. This research was be descriptive and analytical based on the cognitive framework. The sample of this research is 30 samples dictation of Chinese learners at the elementary and advanced levels of Imam Khomeini University and 15 samples dictation of Chinese learners of Beijing Foreign Language Studies University. In order to do the research, at first researcher investigated dictation of Chinese learners. Then, their dictation errors were identified based on Dr. Mustafa Tabriz’s Classification of Nine Classes. These errors include training, accuracy, auditory memory, auditory sensitivity, visual memory, visual sequence, visual differentiation, inversion, and mirroring. At the end, the obtained data were presented as descriptive statistics and strategies for cognitive approach were provided for each type of dictation errors to improve learners' dictation performance. The results show that the highest percentage of dictation errors is educational problem and then auditory memory and then visual memory. Therefore, it can be said that cognitive strategies can be used as a new and attractive method for learners along with other common methods for dictation disorder with regard to individual differences.

Poor social skills cause aggression, anxiety and depression in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mind theory training on reducing emotional-behavioral problems in preschool students.

Research: 

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control and two-month follow-up group. The statistical population consisted of MullaSadra preschool boys in Ghods city in Tehran province in the academic year 2018-19. Forty preschool students with emotional-behavioral problems were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. All subjects passed 8 training sessions and completed the emotional problems questionnaire three times. The research instruments included the Mental Theory Test and the Rutter Behavioral Disorders Scale. Data were analyzed by MANCOVA and using SPSS23 software.

The results of data analysis showed that mind theory training had an effect on reducing attention deficit disorder, antisocial behavior and social maladaptation in preschool boys and the changes were stable over time.

Based on the findings of this study, mind theory training can be used as a way to reduce the level of emotional-behavioral problems of preschool students.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often experience sensory processing and sensory motor impairments. Various treatments have been offered to children with ASD. Active music therapy is one of the most effective interventions conducted during the treatment. The aim of this study was to study the impact of active music therapy on sensory processing patterns and motor skills in children with ASD level one. The present study is an applied and single-subject research.

This study is an ABA single-subject study. The sample consisted of two ASD boys in the age range of 6-11 years old. The sample selection was based on non-random sampling convenient method. The sample society had been all children with ASD level 1 in the range age of 6-11 years old who had visited Nour Occupational Therapy and Speech-Language Pathology Clinic in Karaj city over the past year. Among the sample society, two boys had been chosen according to their GARS test scores which were between 48-65 and had not received any musical treatment intervention in the last six months and also their both families wanted to participate in the study voluntarily. The entering criterion to be selected as a sample was to gain level one score in GARS scale. The sessions had been performed for three months and each session had been held three times a week and each session lasted 90 minutes. The data were collected by Sensory Profile 2 and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Proficiency. Tests were evaluated with respect to different baselines. During the study, visual review of the charts (falling and rising pattern of the dependent variable), improvement percentage index, variability and efficiency rate had been utilized. In order to analyze the data, first, the collected raw data had been presented in the form charts. After that, the stability and process index had been plotted for the charts of each subject in baseline, intervention and evaluating situation. Then, by using stability and process index, the stability rate and the processing direction of data had been identified. Finally, the data were analyzed by plotting process and explaining the effectiveness rate along with analyzing intra-situation and inter-situation subjects.

Findings showed that the active music therapy had significant impact on the sensory processing patterns as well as large and small motor skills and coordination of upper limb joints in both subjects.

The mean of the large motor skills and more improvement in upper limb coordination had shown the least enhancement percentage. Furthermore, in sensory processing patterns an average improvement rate had been displayed specifically in components of sensory and sensitivity sensory. Findings of the current study indicated that active music therapy has significant impact on the enhancement of sensory processing pattern and motor skills in children with level one Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Child labour refers to the exploitation of children through any form of work that deprives them of their childhood, and threatens their mental, physical, and educational health. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on self-esteem, empathy, and forgiveness in child labour.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the present study consisted of all 10 to 14 years old girls engaged in child labor in Tehran in 2019. The research sample consisted of 24 girls who were selected through convenience sampling, based on the inclusion criteria. The instruments used included Coopersmithchr('39')s Self Esteem Inventory (1967), Forgiveness Questionnaire (Rye et al., 2001) and Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983). Initially, all children were pre-tested. Then, the experimental group received eight 60-min sessions of compassion-focused therapy (Gilbert, 2009), while the control group underwent no intervention. Finally, the  post-test was conducted on both groups. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis in SPSS19.

Statistical findings indicated significant differences between experimental and the control group in terms of self-esteem (F=47.69، P ≤ 0.001). Also, the results showed that the mean difference of empathy and forgiveness variables between the experimental and control groups was not statistically significant.

Considering that self-esteem has widespread effects on childrenchr('39')s success in many areas, including the quality of interpersonal relations, education, and adaptation, it can be concluded that in affected children who have a lot of shame and self-criticism, compassion-focused therapy increases the self-esteem, by modifying and enhancing their interpersonal interactions.

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of disorders that begin during the developmental period and before a child enters school and lead to impairment in individual, social, academic and professional functioning. The presence of a child with a disability in the family causes problems and tensions in the relationships between family members and the normal routin of their daily lives. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation in the relationship between resilience and academic buoyancy with loneliness in siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

For this purpose, in a descriptive-correlational research project, among siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders living in Tehran and Karaj in 2019, 200 subjects aged 9 to 18 years were selected by convenience sampling method. The research instruments included the Child and Adolescent Resiliency Questionnaire (Ungar & Linberg, 2009), Academic Buoyancy (Dehghanizadeh & Hossein Chari, 2012), Feeling Lonely (Ashroohkemar, 2010), Fear of Negative Evaluation (Larry, 1983). Data were analyzed using path analysis modeling.

The results showed that resilience and academic buoyancy had a significant negative effect; and fear of negative evaluation had a significant positive effect on loneliness (p <0.01). Also, the indirect relationship between resilience and academic buoyancy with loneliness in siblings of children with neurodevelopmental disorders is confirmed by the mediation of fear of negative evaluation (p <0.05).

In developing psychological interventions to improve loneliness in children, special attention should be paid to resilience and academic buoyancy and the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation. The presence of a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder in the family will have a profound effect on other family members, and environmental conditions such as family and community environment, emotional support of parents and friends, accessibility of facilities, and social and financial support can have significant effects on family functioning.

Learning disorder is one of the common disorders in students, which can lead to the occurrence of educational problems and secondary disorders in them. Based on psychopathological criteria, dyscalculia is one of the subcategories of learning disorder. Children with this disorder have problems in perception of spatial relations and in different cognitive abilities. Therefore, the present research aimed to compare the cognitive-perceptual abilities like numerical processing, implicit and explicit memory, active and passive memory, conservation ability, and visual-spatial skills in children with dyscalculia and normal students.    

This study was of causal- comparative design. The sample consisted of 70 students with learning disorder selected by convenience sampling from centers for learning disability in Karaj and Qazvin and 80 normal students selected by multistage random sampling. The used instruments included Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WIS), Visual- Spatial Memory Test (Cornoldi, 1995), Active - Passive Memory Test (Cornoldi, 1995), Explicit and Implicit Memory Test (Snodgrass and Vanderwart, 1980), Iran Key Math Diagnostic Test (Cornoli et al., 1976), Numerosity Processing Speed Test (Cappelletti et al., 2007), and Conservation of Liquid Task with Bogardo and Russ method (1991). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance.

The findings demonstrated that there were significant differences between the groups in terms of liquid conservation, explicit memory, active memory, numerical processing speed, and visual-spatial skills (p <0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the groups in the components of passive and implicit memory (p <0.05).

Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the children with dyscalculia have more problems in conservation ability, visual-spatial ability, and numerical processing speed. These deficits are not related to the intelligence but to the executive functions, especially the active memory. Therefore, it can be suggested that these components are among the distinctive characteristics of this group of students with special learning disability and should be paid special attention at the time of identification and planning for treatment.

Children's health and illness is effective in the health and illness of future generations. Therefore, mental health and study on the adaptation of children to their growth and fertility at adulthood, and the lack of attention to the growth conditions of childhood will bring irreparable harm to mental health of the community. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most controversial mental disorders in childhood and has a profound impact on the lives of thousands of children and their families. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety and impulsivity disorders with interaction with peers in students with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The research method was descriptive–correlational. The statistical population included all students with aged 8 to 11 years old who was referred to the clinics in Karaj (Alborz province, Iran), among whom 100 subjects were selected as samples of the study. Using available sampling method. The criteria for entry into the study included children aged 8 to 11 years old, the choice of girls and boys in the same way and having no history of physical diseases. Research instruments included Weinberger and Schwartz self–restraint questionnaire (1990), Behmehherr anxiety disorders (1991), and the social skills of Truscat (1989). Self–sufficiency scale has a general scale and 4 sub–scales. Sub–scales of this test, which are similar but distinct structures, are suppressing anger, impulse control, others' attitudes and accountability. On a 5–point Likert scale, the subjects expressed their acceptance or opposition to each of the phrases. In the present study, the subconsciousness of impulse control was used to examine the impulsivity of these children. Low scores in impulse control, indicating high impulsivity and high scores in impulse control indicate low impulsivity. Weinberger has reported a correlation coefficient of this scale 0.91. The retest reliability was also observed at a two–week interval 0.89 and reported 0.76 in a 7–month interval. The content validity and reliability of this questionnaire were 0.82 and its reliability was as high as 0.88. The social skills questionnaire is a 56–item test that consists of three subscales of social inadequacy, social skills, and communication with peers in the child's personality questionnaire (Truskat, 1989). The lowest score is zero and the highest score is 56. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha value was 0.88. Anxiety–related anxiety disorder questionnaire, a self–reporting tool, was developed by Birmahler (1999) to assess the symptoms of anxiety disorders according to DSM–IV criteria in children aged 8 to 17 years and includes a general anxiety scale and five subscales (anxiety Pervasive, separation anxiety, school of panache, social anxiety and panic/physical impairment). The current form of this test, which is mostly used in research, has 41 entries. In the present study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total anxiety scale was 0.90 and the internal consistency of the sub–scales was in the range from 0.75 to 0.80. The social skills questionnaire is a 56–item test that consists of three subscales of social inadequacy, social skills, and communication with peers in the child's personality questionnaire (Truskat, 1989). The lowest score is zero and the highest score is 56. In this study, the Cronbach's alpha value was 0.88. In this research, descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviations and inferential statistics including analysis of multi–variable regression analysis were used to describe, categorize and analyze the data obtained from descriptive statistics.

The results showed that interaction with peers was significant only with two components related to anxiety–related disorders, namely: social anxiety (p=0.031) and school of fear (p=0.044). There was also a negative and significant relationship between interaction with peers and impulsivity (p<0.001).

In order to have effective interaction with others, the individual must be taken into consideration and be able to control his impulsive behavior and be responsible for his or her behavior. Regarding the results of generalized anxiety disorder in the first degree and panic disorder, and it is important to predict the lack of positive interaction with peers. Disorders associated with anxiety and impulsivity can be considered as predictors of interaction with peers in children.

La portée exceptionnelle du mythe du Sahara appartient à la littérature de toutes les époques. La littérature française, cependant, dans ce cas, n'est pas d'exception. À cet égard, la nouvelle de Fort Lotfi de l'auteur algérien contemporain, Salim Bachi, est particulièrement intéressante. En exploitant le riche symbolisme de ce mythe, il relate l'expérience particulière d'un soldat dans le désert. En adoptant une méthodologie de recherche descriptive-analytique et en prenant les avantages de l'approche intertextuelle de Michael Riffaterre, cette recherche s’attache à dégager la manière dont le lecteur traverse, pour arriver à l'intertexte et à la signifiance du texte de Bachi. Ce déploiement de variantes analytiques – autour du signe et du signe double – fait du système descriptif un usage fixé par la tradition sémiotique, un rite qui impose le passage du sens à la signifiance. Une étude des structures narratives montre que le passé et l´Histoire n´interviennent pas seulement au niveau thématique mais influencent jusqu´à la forme du récit. Un intérêt tout particulier est porté aux modalités d´une écriture de l´Histoire qui se révèle complexe, entre objectivité historique et fiction. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l'auteur en symbolisant le mythe du Sahara à travers l'établissement d'un réseau et d'un champ sémantique de Sahara tente de poser la question de l'identité dans le récit. Sahara est le symbole de l’éternité et retour à soi. La question de l´identité se pose alors en termes d´héritage historique.

Organic agriculture is one of the strategies of sustainable agriculture that relies on natural methods to control pests and diseases, and the use of synthetic pesticides and herbicides, chemical fertilizers, hormones and antibiotics as possible is prohibited. The aim of this study was to investigate the problems and obstacles in the development of organic farming are evaluated Jalyzkaran city. Applied research and descriptive, correlational, respectively. The research instrument was a questionnaire. The results showed that age, education level, lower consumption of chemical fertilizers, the pesticides, the use of chemical pesticides, the use of chemical pesticides, the impact of classroom-extension, the attitude towards healthy products and the provision of subsidies for inputs and impact tools Organic cultivation is significant

One of the components of research in comparative literature is to study intertextual relations. According to intertextuality approach, no text is self-sufficient. Weve been tried to examine the novel entitled ‘kill all of them’, written by Salim Bashi , with Michael Riffaterre ’s intertextual approach , and with the aim of finding a hidden meaning of the text and Riffaterre’s binary oppositions forms. Thus, Attar’s ‘Conference of the Birds’ was used in reading this novel. In fact, the study is about the application of a story narrated in the novel of Salim Bashi which is based on Attar's ‘Conference’ of the Birds. In this study, we analyze the text and the words interpretants for reading and finding the significance or the subtext meaning of the novel defining the transition from meaning to significance. The findings of the study confirmed the hypothesis that the presence of interpretants invokes intertext. The significance of the novel by Bashi is discovered with a contrast look to intertext. It seems that we can observe the significance Attar reversely. The entire novel is the contrast between the concepts of self-consciousness and faceless human.

In 2010 and 2011 surveys of Fars provience were observed symptoms doubtful to phytoplasma diseases such as virescence and phyllody, floral proliferation, witches’-broom, yellowing and little leaf in eggplant fields. To determination of etiology this symptoms, seven infected eggplant plants from Fasa, Jahrom, Firouzabad, Darab and Sarvestan were planted in suitable pots, transferred to a greenhouse without any insects and used as sources of disease for further studies. The causal agents were transmitted from diseased to healthy eggplants by grafting and from eggplant to periwinkle by dodder. In inoculated eggplants, were appeared big bud, little leaf, yellowing and witches’-broom and in inoculated periwinkles, were appeared virescence, yellowing and witches’-broom. Total DNA were extracted from fresh midrib tissues of naturally infected eggplant, experimentally inoculated periwinkle plants and a healthy eggplant and periwinkle plant. In direct PCR using primer pairs P1/P7, DNA fragments of approximately 1800 bp were amplified from total nucleic acid samples extracted from symptomatic eggplant and periwinkle plants. Periwinkle reaction to inoculation with Eggplant Big Bud (EBB) different isolates was variable as based on difference in severity and type of symptoms in periwinkle, EBB different isolates, were placed in six groups. Direct PCR products of EBB different isolates were digested with AluI, HaeIII and RsaI enzymes. Comparison of RFLP patterns indicated that EBB different isolates place in two groups: Fasa 1, Fasa 2, Fasa 3, Firouzabad, Darab and Sarvestan isolates in one group and Jahrom isolate in other group. Based on disease symptoms, dodder and graft transmission and positive reaction in PCR, eggplant big bud in Fars province has phytoplasmal etiology. This is the first report of the presence of EBB in Fasa, Firouzabad, Darab and Sarvestan. With molecular testings in this study, were confirmed there are at least two phytoplasmas associated with EBB in Fars province. By using more restriction enzymes, it is likely to see more diversity in EBB agent in Fars province.