جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اراک » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

More than half of the world lives in urban areas. In many developing countries, many people migrate to urban centers every day, and the rate of urbanization is increasing in both developed and developing countries. But the urban population imposes huge challenges on natural resources and causes social and environmental problems in urban areas. Therefore, increasing the rate of urbanization is associated with many challenges. In Iran, the rate of urbanization has almost doubled over the past 30 years. Unstable urban income, urban poverty, marginalization and inappropriate urban housing are considered as major challenges of urban development in Iran. Determining urban boundaries is one of the solutions used in policies known as curbing the growth of cities or managing urban growth.

The current review research was conducted with the aim of investigating the importance of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding urban development and the role of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding the development of Arak city. The city of Arak is the capital of the central province, which is surrounded by mountains on three sides and desert on the other side, and is not capable of development in many ways. Therefore, the population density has increased in the central and inner parts of the city. The value of land development index for Arak city is high and the level of morphological adaptation is lower.

The findings show that if special construction criteria are applied to very large areas, a large population can be accommodated in the worn-out fabric. Such a process also causes the development of the city in a systematic pattern. It is necessary that the municipality does not ignore the creation of public spaces and uses, and by creating public spaces in the neighborhoods, it creates participation among the residents. Reforms such as the demolition of old buildings and the establishment of high-rise structures require careful monitoring so that the tissue density does not exceed the permissible limit.

Providing housing in the form of neighborhood-oriented, citizen-oriented, law-oriented planning is more important than ever before. On a macro scale, the planning and management of micro-urban units will have better and more tangible and far more presentable and understandable results in improving the quality of life of the citizens of Arak. The aim of the research was to investigate the supply of urban housing in the form of neighborhood-oriented planning in Arak city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data is collected by documentary and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population of the research was 384 citizens and 10 specialists, urban affairs experts and university professors related to the subject, who were selected by simple random sampling. In order to determine the validity, the questionnaire was given to professors and experts, and some items were modified with their opinion and its content validity was confirmed. The reliability of the research tool (questionnaire) was evaluated with SPSS software and the Cronbach's alpha test was equal to 0.896. This value is suitable for research tools. Data analysis was done using the factor analysis process. Based on the method of analysis, physical-infrastructural dimensions with coefficient, transportation system, safe housing, environmental, management, local community, identification and location and access respectively, (28/95), (6/16), (7.34), (5.29), (6.83), (6.83), (5.14) and (5.93) percent of the variance explained.

The topic of spending leisure time is one of the important needs of citizens in the contemporary era, which faces many problems in developing countries. This research aims to introduce a comprehensive and efficient tool for evaluating and understanding the quality of urban open spaces related to leisure time. The current research is applied and, in terms of method, descriptive-analytical, and has been conducted with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. To collect data, the exploratory walking technique was used in the open spaces of Arak city. In this research, the proposed model for the analysis and investigation of urban open spaces has been compiled and confirmed by using Lisrel software and checking the fit indices of structural models. The results of this research can effectively help urban planners and managers in creating less imperfect open spaces.Based on the findings from examining suitability indicators in the analysis of the quality of open spaces in Arak city, the component of environmental qualities acted independently, while the component of functional qualities—form and experience-aesthetic—are correlated. Additionally, the component of "experiential-aesthetic" qualities has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time. Among the 45 indicators of quality examined, the indicator "existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and facilities for creating climatic comfort" has the greatest effect in improving the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time in Arak. This item is considered part of the criterion of "comfort and coziness" from the component of aesthetic-experiential qualities. 

 In addition to the importance they place on working time, citizens also have a special importance in using their time outside of work (leisure). A large part of leisure activities are carried out in open urban spaces, and these spaces have an effective role in promoting a positive quality of urban life due to the opportunities they provide to their users in all fields, especially leisure. In open urban spaces, quality is commensurate with the extent to which users' needs are estimated and the use of opportunities that motivate the design and construction of space, and the challenges of providing high quality services in these spaces seem more difficult when urban planners and designers The demands of the stakeholders are not properly informed. Therefore, in urban open spaces, quality is not only related to facilities, techniques and procedures, but also includes the desires and wishes of users. With the advent of modernity and the rapid growth of urbanization , the issue of leisure in many cities of developing countries has become a major problem. Therefore, the most important necessity of this research is to address this issue and find solutions to evaluate and improve the quality of urban open spaces and take advantage of this potential in order to develop leisure time and meet the needs of users. 

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and methodologically, it is a descriptive-analytical research that has been done with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the process of this research, first, the considered relationships and correlations between the variables of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were proposed as a structural model based on the theoretical foundations of the research. In this model, how the quality indicators affect the constructive criteria and the main components of quality are drawn and then in order to evaluate the significance of the predicted correlations, the necessary data in the study sample (open spaces of Arak city - Iran), with The use of exploratory walking technique has been collected and the structural model has been analyzed and evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis method (quantitative method) and LISREL software.

In general, in the study of structural models, the purpose is to determine whether the theoretical relationships between the variables that were considered by the researcher in the conceptual framework stage (proposed initial model) have been confirmed by the data or not? Therefore, the result of the study of two structural measurement models and a structural model of path analysis, which is extracted from the proposed model by considering the cause-and-effect relationships of variables and the main purpose of the research. Based on the fit standards obtained from (fit andicated) software file, the mentioned structural models have been approved and as a result, the explanatory power of the proposed model and the quality components of open spaces for spending leisure time in the studied sample (spaces The city of Arak) is also approved.Based on the factor load and the coefficient of effect of the predicted correlations between hidden and obvious variables, in the approved structural models, the most effective components as well as indicators of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were identified. In addition, according to the information obtained from the study of the structural model of the aforementioned path analysis, the independence and dependence of the effect of quality components on the main purpose of the research is also explained.

Based on the structural model of measuring the impact of the main components of qualities on the main purpose of research in urban open spaces, indicates the existence of an acceptable relationship between these variables, and in the open spaces of Arak, among the three main components "functional-formal", " Experimental-aesthetic "and" environmental ", the component" experimental-aesthetic "due to the higher factor load it has gained, has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for leisure.The direct and non-correlated effect of the environmental quality component on the quality of urban open spaces for leisure is confirmed, and it can be said that the variables related to the environmental quality component, in the studied sample, act independently and are influenced by other components. Do not have. In similar studies, no research has been found that indicates the independent performance of environmental components compared to other components on the quality of open spaces.Also, according to the approved structural measurement models, it can be said that among the indicators (items) extracted from the research literature, which are considered as obvious variables affecting the quality of urban open spaces, the item "lack of input control" They do not have the necessary fit to the space with the specified timing "and the statement" the presence of general signs and readability in the space ". This means that according to the data extracted from the open spaces of Arak city, these species do not have the explanatory power of the concept of quality in open urban spaces in the studied sample.Considering the factor loads obtained for each of the indicators, in the approved structural models, it can be concluded that the indicator "Existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the existence of facilities for creating climate comfort", among all 45 items Surveys have the greatest impact on improving the quality of outdoor spaces for leisure, and city managers and planners need to pay more attention to them. This index is a component of the "comfort and convenience" criterion, a component of "experimental-aesthetic" qualities; It is consistent with the studies of Ian Bentley et al. (1990) as "The Possibility of Personalizing Space", Roger Transick (1986) as "Space Enclosure" and Peralia et al. (2019) as "Comfort".

The goal of this study is to support indigenous knowledge for the economic development of the village and the use of power and participation of the people, management and technical and local capacities. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and survey methodology with questionnaire tools. The statistical population is used by rural geography experts in Farmahin. The results show that in the components related to indigenous knowledge, the participatory component is lower. This means that this component does not have the desired limit. The level of significance obtained indicates that the mean obtained is lower than the desired mean and the indigenous knowledge in Farmihan is not in a good condition. There is the most correlation between the components of supervision and co-existence and the least correlation between participation and co-existence in the indigenous knowledge of the region, so the research hypothesis is rejected.

The purpose of this research is to get acquainted with the proud life of Ayatollah Sheikh Abdul Karim Haeri Yazdi, the founder of Qom seminary.Research It is a review and is a documentary and library study. Hazrat Ayatollah Sheikh Abdul Karim Haeri is one of the prominent scholars and clerics who has played a significant role in the contemporary history of Iran, the establishment of the seminary of Qom and even the history of Shiism. This great Shiite scholar has spent 16 years of his blessed life in the city of Arak. Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Abdul Karim Haeri Mehrjerdi is a descendant of Shiite scholars whose eternal heritage is the seminary of Qom. Perhaps the best interpretation that can be given to him is that the origins of Islamic thought in Iran are due to his noble efforts. Instead of clashing with the ruling power, it paved the way for the emergence of great people, each of whom was the source of change in the continuation of the path. Be an Islamic system.

Urban open spaces have great potential for all kinds of urban activities, and one of the important functions of these spaces is leisure time, which has become more important in recent decades due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the revolution that has occurred in the lifestyle of citizens. Dealing with the issue of quality in urban open spaces for spending leisure time, and analyzing and identifying the most important indicators affecting the quality of these spaces can be especially important for managers and urban planners. Therefore, introducing a process that can provide a proper analysis and evaluation of urban open spaces and factors affecting their quality is important and is one of the goals of this research. This research has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative-qualitative approach and as a case study. In this research, using theoretical foundations, 45 indicators of quality in urban open spaces were introduced (as an evaluation checklist) and then, using the exploratory walking technique, the mentioned indicators were evaluated in selected open spaces of Arak city. The necessary data has been collected. Then, by using a factor analysis structural measurement model, the influence coefficient of each indicator has been calculated as the weight of the criteria. And then, using the weight of each index and TOPSIS technique, the studied open spaces have been compared and ranked. In this way, a practical process for analyzing and evaluating the quality of urban open spaces for leisure time has been introduced. Based on the results, it was determined that the indicators "the existence of areas and facilities for games and excitement for all ages" and "the existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the facilities for creating climatic comfort" in improving the quality of urban open spaces for spending leisure time, are the most effective indexers. Also, among the studied open spaces in Arak city, the "Laaleh Amusement Park" and " Shohadaye Gomnaam Park" have won the first and second places, respectively, for spending leisure time.

Today, the increasing level of urban population and migration has caused new challenges in the structure and performance of cities in environmental, socio-cultural, and economic issues. Urban sustainability is a concept that emerged as a new paradigm in the world following the sustainable development plan, and it is an approach that leads to social justice. It is necessary to provide a suitable basis for evaluating and measuring environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability in urban planning and development. Arak metropolis is one of the most polluted cities in the country. The purpose of the present study is to measure the sustainability of Arak city zones from the citizens' point of view to show the quality of different city zones.

The city of Arak, the capital of Markazi Province, has 5 municipal zones and a population of 520,994 in 2016. Regarding geomorphology and geology, Arak is located in a valley surrounded by mountains on three sides and the Miqan desert. With the establishment of several industrial plants, such as machine building and metal industries, in the 1940s, the city became polluted environmentally. The required data and information were collected by secondary and field study using a questionnaire; in order to achieve the objectives of the research, 4 main indicators and 13 sub-indices related to sustainability in Arak were defined from reliable sources in this field and adjusted in the form of a 5-option questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale from very high to very low. The statistical population of the research consists of all the citizens of Arak city who are over 20 years old and have a history of living in Arak city for over 5 years (due to the understanding of the dimensions of the research), which is 384 as sample size. Stratified sampling based on urban neighborhoods were exerted to distribute the questionnaires. In order to measure the validity of the research questionnaire, the opinions of 10 experts commented on the primary version. Also, in order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was exerted, and the reliability coefficient was obtained above 0.70 percent, which confirmed the reliability. Finally, the collected information was analyzed using GIS and SPSS26. To measure indicators for variable, a one-sample t-test and variance test (ANOVA) was used, and Friedman's test was applied to rank indicators and the urban zones. Finally, GIS was applied to display the analysis results in maps regarding the different socio-economic and environmental dimensions.

The research results showed that the average economic sustainability is more than 3, and the upper and lower limits are positive. So, the status of economic sustainability in the 5 zones of Arak is evaluated from medium to high. Also, the average of the variables of environmental and physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability is less than 3, and their lower and upper limits are also negative; Therefore, according to the significance level is less than 0.05, it can be concluded that the average obtained is lower than the value of the test (3) and the status of variables of ecological-environmental sustainability, physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability in the  5 zones of Arak are evaluated as less than average and inappropriate. The finding from the Friedman test revealed that the highest average rating (3.14) is assigned to economic and the lowest average rating (2.05) to physical-infrastructural sustainability.

The theoretical and research background review showed that sustainability is valued concerning economic, social and environmental indicators. Paying attention to sustainability issues as one of the most important factors and drivers for promoting urban development has been the focus of urban planning researchers and city planners in recent years. Environment-friendly policies could strengthen sustainability. The present research showed that the sustainability of the different urban zones of Ark is evident regarding the different dimensions. So, it can be concluded that the following recommendations could improve the situation as strengthening local and indigenous industries compatible with the environment, increasing green space, concerning the limits of factories can reduce pollutants, and closing polluting industries or at least modifying and improving them.

Iran's Islamic Revolution can be considered one of the most comprehensive mass movements in the world history; Because most of the different classes, from clerics to bazaars, students, teachers and the lower classes of the society, participated in it and played an undeniable role in the achievement of the Islamic Revolution. In each of the cities of Iran, according to the social and cultural conditions, different strata of people were active in the struggle against the Pahlavi regime. The city of Arak was no exception to this rule and the people side by side with the clerics and students played an important role in the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the main question that which of the people in the geography of Arak Province were involved in the glorious victory of the Islamic Revolution and what role did they play? The findings of the research indicate that each of the different strata of the people of Arak, including clergymen, students, educators, marketers, workers, women, religious minorities, etc., took part in the revolutionary struggles according to their position and talents and achieved results.

Urban open spaces have a high potential for all kinds of urban activities, including leisure time. This issue has become more important with the growth of urbanization and changes in the lifestyle of citizens. And the introduction of indicators explaining the concept of quality in these spaces, and how the relationships between them can be of special importance for urban planners. The current research is a descriptive-analytical study with a quantitative-qualitative approach. In this research, considering the relationship between the quality of open spaces as a goal, and the objective indicators that explain it, as indicators of the concept of quality, a structural measurement model has been proposed. And by using confirmatory factor analysis, the relationship between the introduced indicators and their impact factor on the purpose of the research has been investigated. Based on the findings, among the 45 indicators counted in the theoretical studies, 7 indicators did not have the necessary explanatory power and were removed. And the indicators of the concept of quality reached the number of 38 indicators. In examining the relationships and how these 38 indicators affect each other, it was found that 11 of these indicators are not correlated with other indicators. Also, by examining the factor loadings calculated for the mentioned indexes, it was observed that the index "the existence of land and facilities for play and excitement for all ages" has the greatest impact on the quality of open spaces with an impact factor of 0.66. This index is one of the indicators that have independent and non-correlated performance. Also, some indicators, such as the index of "entertainment activities, sports and physical fitness" with an impact factor of 0.62, although it is not part of the eleven independent indicators, it still has a high impact factor. This issue can be explained in this way, that the importance of the eleven independent indicators is not due to having a higher impact factor, but this importance is due to their independence and non-overlapping of possible shortcomings by other indicators. Therefore, managers and urban planners should be more sensitive to their situation (independent agents).

Iranian big cities suffer from air pollution which causes irreparable damage to the health of citizens. Airflow is a significant parameter in removing pollution from urban spaces and is largely affected by the physical shape of the buildings’ environment. Buildings’ height, density, and enclosure of open spaces are the physical factors that affect airflow of cities. In this research, first, the air pollution distribution map (carbon monoxide) of the city was calculated using Arc GIS software and then considering the different heights of buildings in Arak city, the function of air pollution indicators was analyzed. The results showed that an increase of the average air pollution to the building density coefficient in an area in Arak is equal to 0.013, which means increasing urban density reduces airflow in the environment and stabilizes air pollution. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between the average air pollution in the area and the percentage of the built mass volume. The coefficient obtained from this relationship is equal to 0.085, which indicates how this index affects air pollution. It turns out that the higher the mass-to-space ratio in a range, the greater the amount of pollution in the environment. Since the coefficient obtained for the percentage index of the mass volume is more than the coefficient of building density, it can be concluded that this index can play a more decisive role in an urban area.

Due to the kind of its usage in a relatively long period, the analysis of temperature levels of modern cities is among the most important subjects that can be considered in the field of geography and environment, and its results can be used in promoting the science and solving the problems of today’s societies. The effect of temperature on climate, especially in metropolises, is one of the crucial indexes of this procedure. The rise in the land surface temperature, which is an indicator of the heat intensity, is among the important elements for identifying the changes in weather. The emergence of heat in cities is one of the most known forms of such changes. Urban heat islands are indicated by a temperature inversion and annoying temperatures throughout winters and summers. The temperature of some cities or urban areas has remarkably grown compared to the suburbs or rural areas around them. This phenomenon, called urban heat island, has caused numerous problems. The term “heat island” was proposed by Havard for the first time almost a century ago in 1833 (Sook, 2004: 10). Afterward, numerous studies were carried out in the large and industrialized cities of the world, whose results demonstrated that civilization has exerted significant changes in the meteorological parameters and properties of the ground surface, and consequently, remarkable variations in local climate (Mousavi Baygi et al., 2012: 36).

The present research is aimed at identifying the places with high heat, which have created the known thermal patterns in the city of Arak in Iran. Assessment of the spatial-temporal variations of the urban heat islands can be used as a critical component in the management strategies of natural resources and environmental changes, whose results can be useful for environmental, regional, and urban planners.

The studied area, Arak, is the capital of the Markazi Province in Iran, with an area of 304.8 km2 at 1755 m above mean sea level. The city has temperate weather tending to cold and semi-arid. According to enactment in 2011, Arak has five municipal districts.
The research method was analytical-statistical, and an effort was made to evaluate the relationship between land surface temperature and land cover of the city. In order to evaluate the development of hot places in Arak and determine its urban thermal patterns and heat islands in the long term, the data of the satellite images of the Landsat scanners 4, 5, 7, and 8, including the data of the TM scanners of Landsat’s 4 and 5, Landsat 7 (+ETM), and Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS), during the period 1985-2017 were used. These images include two sets of reflective spectral and thermal bands. The thermal bands were used to identify the surface temperature and thermal islands, and the reflective bands were employed to apply the indexes of image processing. The data of the TM, +ETM, and OLI/TIRS scanners were provided in the bands 6, 8, and 11, respectively. The data of the thermal band 6 of Landsats 5 and 7 with wavelengths of 10.40-12.5 micrometers and the band 10 of Landsat 8 with wavelengths of 10.60-11.19 micrometers were used to calculate the surface temperature distribution patterns of Arak. The bands 3 and 4 of Landsats 5 and 7, along with bands 4 and 5 of Landsat 8, were also utilized to calculate the NDVI index (NASA, 2014). In the global imaging system, the images of the area of Arak exist in the 165th And 36th row.
Generally, the following steps were taken to analyze the urban heat islands of Arak:
Calculation of LST and spectral radiance
Conversion of the calculated radiation to Kelvin temperature
Calculation of the temperature levels of five districts of Arak
Calculation of the density percentage of the fourth level of temperature (hot points of the city)
The minimum, maximum, and average temperatures of Arak
Calculation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
Calculation of the urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI)

Evaluation of the land surface temperature changes and patterns
The analysis of the vegetation variations demonstrated that depending on different uses of urban lands, vegetation is in accordance with the temperature level. Generally, the low temperature in the southwest of the city, which was observed in the land surface temperature maps, is caused by the gardens of the cities of Senejan and Karahroud. The eastern and southeastern parts of district 1, which has industrial uses, streets with heavy traffic, and accumulation of uses, and the north of the city, i.e., the north of district 3 with the accumulation of residential uses and heavy traffics, have higher temperatures. Generally, during the studied period on vegetation, all areas having this use, except for the northwestern part, had considerable changes. Most of the vegetation in the studied period was concentrated in districts 4 and 5, which included the gardens of Senejan and Karahroud. However, other parts of the city, including the northwest and, to some extent, the city center and district 1, whose vegetation includes several parks and green spaces, show decreasing changes in temperature. Based on the results obtained from evaluating the urban thermal field variance index (UTFV) of Arak, using 20 land surface temperature (LST) maps and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), obtained from Landsat satellite, (TM), (ETM+), (OLI/TRS), the very hot temperature level of Arak was widely observed mostly in the north, northeast, east, and southeast of district 1, north and northwest of district 3, west and southwest of district 2, and district 5.

The evaluation of the LST maps to identify the hot points and urban thermal patterns revealed that most of the hot points are located in the areas with idle lands in the suburbs. These lands are mostly observed in the recently developed areas of the suburbs, including districts 1 and 3. Inside the city, most of the hot places conform to the formation of thermal patterns close to industrial towns, streets with heavy traffic and high pollution, and residential areas with dense and urban decay. The largest area of the third temperature level is observed in district 1 due to the presence of industrial towns, dense residential towns, cultural and governmental organizations, heavy traffics in the streets, the northern and southern belts in the district, and idle lands in the north and east of the district. The presence of the industrial towns and factories in the city of Arak, especially in district 1, is one of the effective factors in increasing the heat and creating thermal patterns. The thermal patterns in district 1 had the highest intensity in 1988/09/08 and 2017/01/08 during the studied period.

The need for flexibility can be demonstrated from two dimensions, one in theory and the other in the many experiences that have existed throughout the history of architecture. Flexibility requires organization and without it it can lead to confusion and chaos. However, complete flexibility is not possible, because there are boundaries that must preserve the entire system and the main structure. One of the preconditions for flexibility is the separate function of the retaining and separating elements of the building, therefore, the history of flexibility is closely related to the developments and flourishing of skeletal buildings in the new era. Theoretically, there are continuous changes that occur daily, monthly and even annually in environmental and human factors that these changes are generally in the form of three categories: changes in population structure (individuals), changes in rules and standards and Changes in values, architecture in order to adapt to these changes and maintain the quality of space, change is necessary, a change that according to the definitions, is considered flexible. In residential spaces, the ability to adapt the space to the personal needs and tastes of users is essential to maintain the desirability of the space. Factors such as increasing the number of children, change of residents and independence of children from the family, create the need for separation or integration in the housing unit or units. Also, the growth of people's age and change of their tastes is one of the factors that cause physical changes in the residential space.

Pollution of wetlands is important because, in addition to damaging the ecosystem of a wetland and destroying living organisms, it can also be dangerous to the health of people living nearby. The entry of chemical fertilizers, municipal sewage, hazardous hospital and industrial wastewater into the wetlands, as well as the disposal of waste in their vicinity, can contaminate the wetland. One of the most important factors that put wetlands in a serious danger and has a very destructive effect on their fauna and flora is biological pollution caused by human activities and land use. Wetlands’ water resources often contain chemical impurities. These impurities are caused by air pollution, soil pollution, or pollutants caused by human activities that are discharged into the environment in the form of solid and liquid waste. In addition to human activities affecting wetland pollution, the natural conditions prevailing in the wetland area are also effective in the chemical composition of wetlands. The rocks above each wetland determine the chemical composition of its water and soil resources.The central wetlands of Iran, including the Mighan Arak wetland, are mostly saline and their salinity has reached the groundwater aquifers of the adjacent plains due to human interference. This phenomenon, which has been a kind of human pollution under the advancing salinity front in aquifers, is seen in most coastal aquifers and central aquifers in Iran. Arak Mighan wetland is one of the wetlands of central Iran that is salty. Local and migratory birds, local animals, and aquatic animals benefit from the Mighan wetland. The most important water sources that feed the wetland are groundwater, treated wastewater from the city of Arak, and surface runoff in the wet months. The purpose of this study is to identify the chemical and biological pollutant variables of wetland water in comparison with drinking standard water to identify chemical and biological pollutant variables and to determine the most important natural and human sources of pollution in wetland water pollution using multivariate statistical analysis.

Arak watershed with an area of ​​5500 Km2 is a closed area. About 62% of the area is covered by highlands, 36% by plains, and 2% by the Mighan wetland. The average annual temperature and rainfall in Arak are 14º and 350 mm, respectively. The wetland consists of two parts: the island in the center, and the lake around the island which has an average water depth of half a meter. The Mighan wetland alluvium with a thickness of 300 meters is located on the limestone rocks of Cretaceous formation. Thirty-two water samples in the fall of 1397 (2018) from different uses (6 island samples, 6 lake samples, 10 agricultural well samples, 1 sample of Amlah company, 2 industrial effluent samples, 4 Arak urban sewage samples, and 3 repeated samples to determine the results tests) were taken from the lagoon and surrounding water resources. The measured variables included: electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfate, fluorine, nitrate and phosphate, bicarbonate, BOD, and COD. The accuracy of the data was about one milligram per liter.The data were analyzed using Excel, Statistica, RockWare, and ArcGIS software. Among the various variables, 11 of the chemical and biological variables were selected and their concentrations in saline and freshwater were compared with the international drinking standards.

The water is concentrated in the Mighan wetland of Arak in the two uses of the ponds (ponds resulting from the extraction of sodium sulfate in the central island) and the lake (around the central island). Uses such as mineral water wastewater, Arak municipal treated wastewater, industrial effluent, and agricultural wells are considered as potential sources of pollution for the water of the Mighan wetland. The high concentration of chemical compounds such as EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl above the drinking standard showed the nature of the salinity of the water in the Mighan wetland. A study of the salinity origin of Mighan water showed that salinizing variables such as SO4 and Cl anions, as well as cations such as Na and K, were related to gypsum and salt rocks in the northern highlands (Ashtian region) of the Mighan area. A similar trend has shown that the dissolution of evaporative minerals from the heights of the Torbat-e Heydariyeh plain and transfer to groundwater has caused all of the plain's waters to be of the sodium chloride and sodium sulfate types. An examination of the inflows of surface water and groundwater to the Mighan wetland showed that the northern waters of the wetland had the SO4-Cl-Na type and the southern waters had HCO3-Ca type. Mixing of surface water and groundwater with the Mighan wetland water has caused the SO4-HCO3-Na-Ca type. The effluent of the Iranian Salt Company (extracting sodium sulfate from the basins of the central island) had high EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl. About 60 percent of the water in the wells around the wetland, which was used for agriculture, was almost salty due to the high EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl. The compatibility of SO4 and Cl agricultural waters was almost salty with SO4 and Cl. The Mighan wetland water indicated the salinity of the region’s wells from the wetland water. A similar trend of groundwater salinization in the Shabestar plain indicated the infiltration of saline water from Lake Urmia into the groundwater aquifer of the adjacent plain.Factor analysis was used to determine the relationship between chemical compounds and to investigate the origin of compounds. In factor analysis, three factors explained 88.9% of the variance. The first factor ( 56.96%) included EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl. Thsecond factor included F, NH3. The third factor included PO4, HCO3. Given the first factor of factor analysis and the effectiveness of variables such as EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl, as well as the increase in this factor in the zoning map to Mighan wetland, it is obvious that the salinity of the wetland and effluent of the company is natural salts, while the salinity of the wells around the Mighan lagoon is the result of  human activity. In the zoning map, the second factor with variables F, NH3 had a focus on the water area of ​​the wetland (island and lake) of Mighan. Also, due to the high share of NH3 (0.91) compared to F (0.84) in factor analysis, the increase in NH3 was the human factor while F was the natural factor. On the other hand, F, SO4, and Na have are found in waters that have been under the influx of brackish water from the Mighan wetland; therefore, F in the water of the wetland has a natural origin. The presence of F in some water of agricultural wells indicated the infiltration of saltwater in the Mighan wetland. On the other hand, NH3 is found in only a small number of water samples in the Mighan wetland (ponds and lakes), which is higher than the standard drinking level. NH3 is a source of organic nitrogen compounds and bacteria. The third factor involved factor analysis of PO4 and HCO3, in which the role of PO4 was more pronounced. The PO4 of Mighan Lake, urban sewage, and industrial wastewater were far higher than the standard. Phosphate was introduced into surface, groundwater, and wetlands through domestic wastewater (containing synthetic cleaners) or agricultural effluents, or industrial wastewater. Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for the growth of algae. More than 70% of the phosphorus compounds in wastewater are due to the use of detergents. Since the concentration of PO4 in treated wastewater is very high, sewage is the source of human pollution in the wetland. On the other hand, the high concentration of PO4 in the water entering the wetland has caused a large growth of plants in the area.The concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3) in the water composition of Mighan Wetland Lake and some wells in the southern part of the Mighan wetland was high while its concentration in other waters was lower than the standard. Bicarbonate indicates thepresence of limestone. Due to the dissolution of calcareous and dolomite rocks, bicarbonate compounds have been obtained that have been directed to surface and groundwater. The southern part of the Mighan wetland is composed of Cretaceous limestone and dolomite rocks, which have been the most important source of bicarbonate of water in the Mighan wetland and wells in the region. High levels of bicarbonate ions are natural contaminations that are not controlled by humans.Studies have shown that in saline waters with a chlorine concentration of more than 35,000 mg per liter, even if there are small amounts of organic matter, the amount of BOD and COD is exaggerated. Since the water of the Mighan wetland has a Cl of more than 35000 mg per liter, so BOD and COD in the water of the wetland have not been suitable criteria for biological pollution.

Arak’s treated municipal wastewater, the effluent of the Minerals and Industries Solutions Company, as well as the surrounding groundwater have been the most important sources of human pollution that have the potential to pollute the wetland’s water. Due to the fact that groundwater is located downstream of agricultural lands and large industries, no chemical and biological pollutants from agricultural and industrial effluents have been seen in the water of the Mighan wetland. Arak treated wastewater is the most important source of water entering the wetland, which has introduced phosphate and ammonia into the water of the wetland. Therefore, the water of the Mighan wetland is without chemical and biological pollution and the only effect of the wetland can be the salt forward. This phenomenon is due to the drop in the groundwater level in the region with human intervention. Therefore, basic measures must be taken to raise the groundwater level during the aquifer management operations in the plains around the wetland and to control the drainage of wells and the removal of unauthorized wells.

Various methods developed to convert large-scale data to regional climatic data. In few studies , the results of these methods have been statistically compared. The main purpose of this study was to compare SDSM and LARS-WG models for Downscaling output data of CANE-SM2 and HADGEM2-ES general circulation models under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. For this study, precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature of Arak synoptic station were used as the base period (1980-2005). The results of the predictions of the SDSM and LARS-WG models were compared for three periods (2021-2040, 2041-2060 and 2061-2080). The RMSE, R2, MAE and NSE criteria were used to evaluate the performance of SDSM and LARS-WG models. Based on the results of the evaluation criteria, both models have an acceptable resuts in simulation of climate variables. Downscaling results of both models showed that minimum and maximum temperatures should increased compare to baseline in all scenarios and periods from January to June, but LARS-WG model had a over estimation compared to the SDSM model. Changes in predicted precipitation by SDSM and LARS-WG models did not have a clear trend. According to the results, the SDSM model shows more changes in precipitation, wherase, the LARS-WG model shows more changes in minimum and maximum temperature compared to the base period. Based on the results of this study, it is not possible to determine the exact superiority of each of the models, But SDSM model had a better prediction for precipitation and maximum temperature, while, LARS model had better results for maximum and minimum temperature.in general it can be said that the prediction results of both models are statistically significant (P<0.01) in most cases.

The rapid growth of urbanization and process of globalization has brought expansion of the competitiveness conception at international, national, regional and local levels by the last century. According to the intercommunication among different environmental, social and economic aspects, inattention to other sectors, but more attention to the economic field though, causes an increase in peripheral and social damage in urban and regional systems. Through the last decades, Iran has also faced with the plenty of problems of unsuccessful economic development, which has led to social and environmental damage. So that it is essential for managers and urban planners to consider peripheral and social indicators in order of economic development. In the present research, an attempt has been made to determine sustainable competitive activities for the Arak metropolitan area in which it is tried to extract the most appropriate indicators using documentary methods and content analysis to measure the condition of development and competitiveness of Arak metropolitan. Field activities has been extracted by using spatial coefficient, share change analysis, export to other provinces, and natural capacity of the region. Finally, using TOPSIS method, and basing on the two criteria of economic activities through first competition and its sustainability in superior economic activities, sustainable activities with competitive advantage were determined for using in the region. Accordingly, the activities of industrial production (manufacturing), electricity, gas, steam, air conditioning, drinking water supply and purification, transportation, warehousing, agricultural activities, forestry and aquaculture have been considered.

Mighan Arak wetland  is a closed area where all runoff and groundwater are directed to the wetland. Major cities such as Arak and Ashtian, industrial towns such as Arak, Khairabad and Aibak Abad, as well as large agricultural activities are located  in upstream of wetland  and sewage and wastewater containing heavy metals enter the Mighan wetland.In addition, the Mighan wetland has ecotourism attractions, as migratory birds as well as geo-tourists as the sodium sulfate mine. To determine the severity of contamination of pollutant metals and contaminant sources in Mighan wetland, water samples were taken from saline water applications including ponds, Mighan lake and Amlah company sewage and freshwater inputs to wetland such as municipal wastewater, water agriculture.Concentrations of toxicants such as Hg, As, Pb, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined by atomic absorption. Comparison of these elements with the international drinking water standard indicates that the wetland is desirable. But evaluation of pollution indices, contamination degree and contamination threshold showed that the wetland was contaminated with elements such as Hg, As and Pb. The most important sources of contaminants being municipal wastewater and agricultural effluent.

The present study investigates the Ta’zieh (mourning) ritual in the cities and villages of Markazi Province and the performance of traveling Ta’zieh or passion play in the city of Arak. This study was conducted using the library method and based on related oral reports and written documents. It is worth mentioning that the Ta’zieh tradition is performed in Arak similar to the way it is performed in other corners of Iran. The history of this ritual in Arak goes back to the date of establishing this city during the reign of Fathali Shah Qajar. However, it was previously performed in the villages surrounding Arak, from which no written records, possibly except for Ta’zieh texts, are available. Between 1962-1981, Ta’zieh was not performed openly and in public in this city and was, in fact, forbidden there. Nevertheless, since 1981 Ta’ziyeh and Shabih Khani (lamentation) are officially performed in their traditional forms in Arak.

Today, along with the growth and development of information and communication technologies, consumerism is introduced as a special style and context of life and the consumption of special and unnecessary goods is promoted in society, which ultimately leads to an upward trend in consumer behaviors and The culture of consumerism is spreading. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between information and communication technologies and consumerism.  In this research, the theories of Simmel, Bourdieu, Veblen and Giddens have been used as a theoretical framework. The study method for data collection is survey. The statistical population consisted of all the staff of Arak University of Medical Sciences, numbering 450 people, who were interviewed by a researcher-made questionnaire using a researcher-made questionnaire. The obtained reliability coefficient for all variables is higher than 0.7 and is statistically confirmed. According to the descriptive findings, the average result for the variable of information and communication technology use is 40.16 and for the consumerism variable are 50.32. The results of correlation test showed that the linear relationship between the variables of information technologies and communication with consumerism with a significance level of less than 0.05 and with 99% confidence was statistically significant. Also, the results of regression analysis indicate that the variables of Internet usage (with beta coefficient of 0.158), mobile phone usage (with beta coefficient of 0.390), TV network usage (with beta coefficient of 0.298 and age (with beta coefficient of -1/130), respectively, had the greatest effect on the dependent variable. The variables of internet usage, mobile usage, TV usage and age have been able to explain 22% of the changes in consumerism.

A number of theoretical and practical solutions were presented in response to the problems of urban sprawl and its negative results. Urban Smart growth theory provided infill development with the aim to guide a part of regional growth in urban centers and reduce the pressure of physical growth on the rural and undeveloped urban areas trying to emphasize on the development of cities and utilization of the existing infrastructure. Lack of accurate and efficient method for calculating capacity development and relying on development planning based on potential rather than capacity were intensified the need to develop the operational process to assess the development capacity. Because of the extent of this issue and the importance of the social dimension in the development process, in this paper has been paid to developing a framework for measuring the social capacity of infill development. Since there is no consensus on the index measured, primary index were collected after studying international sources and Delphi method were used to achieve consensus among experts (In partnership with 21 experts). In order to quantify the measurement of capacity development, AHP scoring method was used. The questionnaires (Statistical population consisted of 375 residents) were distributed. Information collected was analyzed through GIS geographic information system.