جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « موضوع » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

In an article titled " Non-contradiction Paradox", Mahdi Azimi mentioned Mulla Sadra's words are in response to the non-contradiction Paradox. Azimi says that Mulla Sadra examines the statement “the aggregation of the pair of contradictories is impossible” then using the subject-predicate structure Mulla Sadra tries to solve the paradox by distinction between two type of predication called ‘awwali’ and ‘shayi’. Azimi considers the paradox to be the result of its structure and proposes the structure □~(A&~A) for the statement “the aggregation of the pair of contradictories is impossible”. In this structure, there is no need for a subject for a paradox to occur. But firstly, he rejects the subject-predicate structure for that statement without any reason. Secondly, Muslim philosophers mention the proposed structure along with the previous structure for the principle of Non-contradiction but the proposed structure does not produce a paradox that requires a solution. Thirdly, with a closer look, there is a paradox on the proposed structure. Fourthly, □~(A&~A) is not a complete translation of the principle of Non-contradiction.

In recent years, considerable attention has been given to compounding by linguists worldwide. While Persian linguists have extensively studied root and verbal compounds, phrasal compounds have received relatively little attention, possibly due to the lack of correspondence between the structures of phrasal compounds and common compound standards. This article aims to describe and analyze contemporary Persian phrasal compounds using a dataset of 281 phrasal compound words (135 synthetic and 146 root compound words).

This article studies stative, activity, accomplishment and achievement lexical aspects based on evidence from Persian and represents aspectual tree diagrams for them. Data analysis shows that events have various stative-dynamic interpretations. Internal argument does not play any role in stative aspectual events and collocation of these events with durative adverbs indicates their atelic and lack of aspectual interpretation domain while internal argument contrary to external one plays a role in aspectual interpretation of dynamic activity, accomplishment and achievement events. [±quantity] of internal argument against definite or indefinite argument has an effect on aspectual interpretation of events. Aspectual projection and [±telicity] of an event are located on predication phrase and external argument is out of aspect and domain of aspectual interpretation. Activity events have only the aspectual feature while the achievement and accomplishment events holds both and aspectual features. These events contrary to stative events have no aspectual features.  The and aspectual features of accomplishment events are located on different nodes having structural dominance on each other while the and aspectual features of achievement events are located on one node and they have no dominance on each other. The variability of lexical aspect between dynamic and static events and the ambiguous aspectual interpretation of activity-achievement and activity-accomplishment events proves that lexical meaning of verbs does not play a role in determining lexical aspect. Moreover, the existence of two different structures for the same meaning confirms that lexical aspect is syntactic.

Since the discovery and representation of subjects contained in information resources is the most important goal in information description, analysis and retrieval systems, and since subject search is the most common type of user search in databases and library catalogs, in this study what is "subject" and how to analyze and extract subject matters in the process of determining subject keywords for an information resource, as well as some research and operational perspectives are discussed.

This conceptual paper uses documentary research method to examine the concepts of "subject" and "subject analysis", presented in a selection of related research works in the field of Information Science, as well as considering some corresponding concepts in the field of Computer Science and Natural Language Processing.

Despite various interpretations of what "subject" is, which some assume to be an axiom, and its definition unnecessary, there is consensus, explicitly or implicitly, on its meaning of "aboutness". Subject analysis of information resources, as part of the indexing process, is the analysis and identification of stated topics and concepts and/or obvious features of the information source that may involve manpower, computer algorithms designed to identify textual terms or the combination of the two is done. Each of these methods has its strengths and weaknesses. Search and retrieval problems due to the multiplicity of subject analysis tools and keyword assignment, low usage rate of standard descriptive schemas, inconsistencies between indexed terms assigned by a single indexer at different times, as well as between multiple indexers for the same information resource, human error in general, the inconsistency of users’ search terms with the assigned keywords, and the lack of on time description of resources due to the growing production of them are among the weaknesses of the human subject analysis approach. The application of automated methods of artificial intelligence and natural language processing offers promising prospects for increasing speed and consistency in various processes of describing and organizing information, including the extraction of subject keywords. However, evaluating the efficiency of the output of these methods, alone or in comparison with the keywords of human production, specially from the perspective of users, is required.

In the competition of machine algorithms with the human mind in the analysis and recognition of resource subjects, the human mind excels; whether it is an indexer who expresses in his own language what the source is about, or a designer who can design a machine that mimics the computational steps of his mind to saves time and resources. Libraries and information centers can, far from rushing to replace conventional processes and procedures, use the various methods and tools available from the Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning fields to design and develop automated systems for indexing and extracting or assigning subject keywords - and in the larger perspective, automated classification- to use resources (financial, human, and time) for the ultimate goal of maximizing productivity, shortening the subject access path to resources for users, and facilitating the description process.

Understanding divine laws and applying them also requires "thematic knowledge" over and above ijtihād in religious sources. The thematic knowledge being a complement to ijtihād shows the special importance of thematic discussions, especially in social and political domains. According to a proposal, all thematic topics can be arranged and organized under three categories such as "why, what and how the subjects are", because these discussions either refer to the necessity of knowing the subjects (why), or explain the nature of the subjects (what) or examine the way through which the subjects can be identified (how). Also, in order to improve this discussion, one should try to start with "thematic knowledge", continue with "thematization" and put the discussion of creation of new topics on the agenda. In many cases, thematic knowledge is associated with a kind of passivity and contentment with the status quo in the sense that others create the issue and we must simply know it and deduce its Sharīʿa ruling, but thematization is an active movement to manage social issues inasmuch as it enables us to create new and needed issues for us. This article has explained this issue by using the library research method and brainstorming technique (group discussion).

Information structure (IS) investigates the relationship between linguistic forms and mental referents of different utterances. Information structure, on one hand, is concerned with formal aspects of language and, on the other hand, it deals with functional aspects of language. This rather abstract approach, however, has received less attention comparing with tangible aspects of grammar such as morphology and syntax. Furthermore, those dealing with information structure were not consistent in terms of methodology and terminology that they employed. Accordingly, Prague School scholars employed “Functional Sentence Perspective” to refer to information structure. In the same vein, Halliday (2004) called it “Thematic Structure”; Chafe (1976) employed “Information Packaging”; and Vallduvi (1994) referred to this component of grammar as “Informatics”. Another issue to be dealt with in this study is “argument dislocation”. It is intended to investigate the effect of information structure on argument dislocation in Southern Kurdish. A dislocated structure is composed of two parts: detached part and propositional part. In propositional part, there is a pronoun which is co-referent with the dislocated noun phrase. Information structure may be among the key reasons why noun phrases are dislocated and appear as detached NPs in the left and right of sentences. In other words, for any NP, being topical or focal may alter the argument structure of any given clause. Lambrecht (1994: 188) used the term “topic” to refer to the dislocated NPs in the left side of the clause. He also referred to detached NPs in the right side of the clause as “anti- topic”.  

As stated above, the present study is intended to gauge the role of information structure (IS) in the formation of dislocated sentences in southern Kurdish (Kalhori) in Iran. Accordingly, the topical and focal arguments were identified and the possibility of dislocation of these arguments was, also, assessed. Information structure is among the main factors which can affect the syntax of sentences. The present study is theoretically based on the framework presented by Lambrecht (1994, 2001). Methodologically, it is a descriptive- analytic study in which linguistic intuition, observation, targeted interviews and consulting with authentic library sources were employed tools to collect the data. Moreover, the researchers of this study are both native speakers of southern Kurdish (Kalhori) which was an advantage in their judgments and decisions. In some cases, to ensure to make a right decision, a given structure was presented to many native speakers. The data were gathered from southern Kurdish (Kalhori dialect) spoken by people in the city of Eivan in the west of Iran. Kalhori Kurdish is mainly spoken in some parts of Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces in cities such as Kermanshah, Eivan, Gilan-e-Gharb, and Eslam Abad Gharb.

Information structure or information distribution across different sentences may result in syntactic variations and formation of various linguistic forms. All language components including, morphology, syntax, prosody and lexicon can be affected by information distribution. In the present study, an attempt was made to shed light on the role of information structure in the formation of so-called dislocated structures based on data from southern Kurdish in the west of Iran. The results indicated the topical subjects and objects (as the main arguments) are appropriate candidates to undergo left/ right dislocation, while their empty place (in argument structure of the clause) is filled with resumptive pronouns (pro and object enclitics). In contrast, focal arguments (left/right) dislocation would result in an infelicitous discourse. In other words, the detached NP in so-called dislocated structures must have degrees of identifiability to be placed at the beginning of the sentence as a possible topic. Overall, based on the results, two syntactic patterns are possible in southern Kurdish. First, in the presence of focal arguments, an inflexible sequence of (S O V) will be the only syntactic pattern in southern Kurdish. Second, if the arguments are topical, then a more flexible word order and a lot of syntactic dislocations are more probable. The Separation of Role and Reference Principle (SRRP) was proposed by Lambrecht (1994: 184) to refer to so-called dislocated structures. This principle is rooted in a pragmatic rule which states that if you introduce a new referent in a clause, do not talk about it in the same clause (lambrecht, 1994: 185). For our interlocutor, it is easier to process a clause whose new referent is located outside of the clause as a detached NP, because identifying the topic (detached NP) and interpretation of the related proposition take place independently. On the other hand, in terms of articulation, producing such a structure in which a new and non-identifiable topic is introduced independently from its related clause would be easier for the speaker.

In dislocated structures, detached NPs are “reference- based” due to their semantic content, while the resumtive pronouns which fill the empty position of detached NPs in the argument structure of the clause are “function-based” (Lambrecht, 1994: 187). Unlike left dislocation (LD) which places topical elements in the beginning of the clause (pre-posing), right dislocation (RD) or anti-topic post-poses the topical elements at the end of the clause. Like LD, this process enables the language users to follow “the Separation of Role and Reference Principle” (SRRP) in the appropriate communicative situations. The obtained results based on southern Kurdish proved that the detached NP in RD (unlike RD) would not be new topic or is not indicative of topic discontinuity. The findings of this study proved, also, that the detached NP in LD and RD would be different in terms of their relative identifiability. It was found that the detached NP in RD is more identifiable comparing with the detached NP in LD, while LD is mainly used to introduce possible topics which have not been established as topic in that given context.

Matthew Lipman, the founder of the concept of philosophy for children, has selected the title of philosophy in the philosophy educational program for children different from the general philosophers’ understanding (perception). As far as it can be said that this concept basically cannot be situated in the semantic sphere of the philosophy or it is to a more limited extent than it. The present note with the descriptive-analytic method aims to study the philosophy program for children in relation to and at the level with the position of the philosophy science with emphasizing two components of meaning and subject of philosophy. Also, from the point of the Islamic teaching which teaching system of our country with following and influence of it is formed, it examines its necessity or unnecessity of philosophy teaching for children and its priority, too. The result shows that the philosophy meaning and subject matter in “philosophy for children” is different from its current meaning and subject matter in philosophy science which is being qua being. The subject matter of philosophy in philosophy for children is not going beyond the natural and social environment. Because this program emphasizes not paying attention to metaphysic subjects and issues. While metaphysics and its issues such as the issue of God have been of the basic subjects and it is the pivot of Islamic education. Also, the outcomes of the research show that there is no direct recommendation and order for philosophy teaching in Islamic education. But from the other side, it is not prohibited philosophizing. However, the priority of teachings in Islamic education is not philosophy teaching; the priority is to teach. but the priority is to teach the fundamental beliefs of Islam, religious beliefs, Islamic ethics and manners and training children. Therefore, philosophy for children is not in priority in the Islamic educational system.

bstract: This article studies compounding in different approaches of Generative Grammar, that is, transformational, lexicalist, and government and binding theories. The evidence includes 8579 synthetic and 3974 root compound nouns of contemporary Persian. Results show that grammatical functions and abstract predicates in transformational theories cannot provide suitable mechanisms to form compounds and they deviate from the recoverable principles. Lexicalist approaches cannot explain the compounds made by external and also two arguments. In a strong version of government and binding approaches regarding compounding, the subcategorization frame of a verb is not regarded, the argument is not immediately adjacent to the derived verb stem and the projection principle is also violated. Moreover, the aspect of a compound is derived from inflectional affix which is governed by the inflectional node. In the moderate model of this approach, the derived verb stem is not able to assign the case to a non- adjacent constituent. Data analysis of root and synthetic compound words in Persian proves that morphology- syntax interactional approach explains formation of compounding more efficiently.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the process of symbolization following the experience of absence and internalization of the object in the depression position. The disturbance in the formation of the symbol is a disturbance in the relationship between ego and object. In particular, a disturbance in the distinction between ego and object leads to a disturbance in the distinction between symbol and symbolized subject which leads to objective psychotic thinking. Therefore, it is important to study the process of symbolization in the relationship between ego and object. In this regard, in this article, the evolution of the concept of symbolization was investigated. The first part of this article deals with the issue of Klein's theoretical framework, and after understanding the psychological positions and symbolization in the depressive position, the concept of symbolization from the perspective of Hannah Segal is discussed.

Majd Hamgar is one of the poets of the seventh century AH who was a contemporary of Saadi. He held a high position in the court of the Salghuri kings. A collection of quatrains of this poet - over 610 quatrains - has been written by his grandson among the manuscripts of the Divan of four other poets in four sections. This exquisite edition, available in the British Library, has unique features; and has been considered by researchers. In order to know the important features of these quatrains in terms of subject matter and verse music, this version has been studied. The result is that Majd Hamgar's quatrains have been written on various subjects such as love themes, advice, herds of the world and destiny, satire and description of the beloved; and the poet has given a lot of importance to inner and side music. About half of his quatrains are in rows and a significant part of these quatrains has rhyme in four shutters, or rows and rhymes and in many cases, the end of the third stanza is related to the rhymes of the other stanzas united, as well as the letters, the allied, or in some way. It is a sign of the poet's attention to side music. Regarding the poet's view of external music, it should be said that the poet paid more attention to the shajar akhrab. The weights used in his quatrains are associated with various zehaf.

In this paper, attempts have been made to reconstruct and formulate the various Islamic thinkers' interpretations and interpretations of the meaning of Islamic social science from the perspective of Morteza Motahari. In this regard, the meaning and concept of Islamic social science is described from the angles of Motahari's perspective, so that in one impression, he presented four interpretations of the concept of Islamic sciences based on the criteria of subject and goal, theorist. In another reading, Motahari writes that Islam has two kinds of links with social science: one direct link, since Islam has a theoretical circle of knowledge and practical rulings about the social world, the other is the indirect linkage through ethical recommendations such as trust, chastity , Justice, Goodness and self sacrifice. His other conception lies in the statement that Islam is not a sociological school; since in the Hebrew Book of Islam, no social material has been expressed in terms of common sociological terminology and in its usual language and within the framework of conventional divisions. , But at the same time, the great deal of social science is completely inferential and extracted from the Holy Qur'an.

Logical propositions are divided qualitatively into affirmative and negative types, and each of them is also divided into three attributive-predicate, privative-predicate, and negative-predicate types. Nevertheless, there are serious disagreements among philosophers and logicians regarding their structure and content, which demands more research. Neither is there any unanimity as to the number of the constitutive components of the truth of propositions and the components necessary for their realization. The number of components of a proposition is determined based on the difference between simple questions and affirmative and negative compound questions. Moreover, some thinkers maintain that the judicial relation is an affirmative and ontological relation in all propositions, whether affirmative or negative. However, some others believe that it is affirmative only in affirmative propositions, while it is negative and non-existential in negative propositions. Furthermore, the conditional or non-conditional nature of the actualization of modified affirmative propositions has been propounded, and the negative-predicate proposition has been debated. The structure of a negative-predicate proposition, when pronounced, is similar to a negative attributive proposition but is different from it regarding its content and signification. The content of a negative attributive proposition pertains to the elimination and interruption of the affirmation judgment, while the content of a negative-attributive proposition focuses on affirmation of negation. Khwajah Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī and ‘Allāmah Ṭabātabā’ī, the contemporary philosopher, do not accept such aproposition as a logical proposition.

This study investigates the nature and structure of Persian incorporation within the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM) as a fully synthetic approach that considers morphology as syntax. In this approach, the Root selects for an argument, and then the Root must be merged with that argument or adjunct before it merges with its category-determining feature bundle. So Roots allow being incorporated into them. They are not yet included in any category. In order to become nominal or verbal, they have to incorporate further into a category-creating head. Some linguists (Arkan, 2006; Karimi, 1997; Shaghaghi, 2007; Spencer, 1991, 1995) considered the incorporation process as a morphological phenomenon because within the framework of Baker's synthetic theory, data from their understudied languages violates Baker's syntactic principles, but DM can describe incorporated constructions inconsistent with syntactic conditions of Baker’s synthetic theory. It seems that DM, unlike previous approaches, can solve some challenges, such as combining the syntactic function of incorporated construction of concrete structures (Gerdts, 1988), changing the syntactic function of the element derived from incorporation (Baker, 1988), and some restrictions on modifier stranding for merging with verbs (Baker, 1988, 1996). The analysis made in this article shows that syntactic approaches need to be reconsidered to explain incorporation.

In the modern period, contemporary researchers of Aristotle’s philosophy have paid greater attention to the concept of prime matter, which is surrounded by a number of challenging discussions. In this paper, the authors have compared the two concepts of matter and potency, which are very close to each other, in Aristotle’s philosophy. Researchers have generally ignored the duality and separation of these two concepts from each other, while attending to their differences makes the explanation of the challenging issues in relation to Aristotelian prime matter much easier. One of such distinctions is the hypokeimenon or substratum nature of Aristotelian matter which prevents its confusion with the concept of potency due to its independence. In Aristotle’s writings, the terms hyle and dunamis (matter and potential) have always been used alongside each other, which has made it difficult to distinguish them from each other. However, it must be taken into consideration that this distinction plays a fundamental role in understanding prime matter and the related challenging problems, such as the quality of the combination of matter and form and the identity of new substance. Some philosophers, such as Ibn Sīnā, have paid attention to the various features of matter and differentiated them from each other. Among contemporary philosophers, Murtaḍa Muṭahharī has also posed some discussions in this regard, which are emphasized in this paper. An analysis of such views demonstrates that prime matter cannot be merely the same as absolute potency; rather, it is also a loci for receiving form. Hence, based on Aristotelian principles, the survival of prime matter is necessary.