جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « desert » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Today, the tourism industry has become so significant that economists refer to it as a hidden export. This hidden export has seen rapid growth in recent years, and many countries consider it a major source of income. It’s important to note that the large economic cycles driven by tourism can directly enhance the economy and are often more efficient than other income sources for a country, such as oil (Kareemi & Karimi, 2017, p. 32). Desert tourism is a subset of sustainable tourism. For the purposes of this research, desert tourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.” The outcomes of adopting a responsible approach to desert tourism include minimizing environmental impact, fostering environmental and cultural awareness and respect, providing positive experiences for both visitors and host communities, generating financial benefits for the protection of nature and natural resources, empowering local communities politically, and acquainting visitors with the political, environmental, and social climate of the host countries. South Khorasan province boasts numerous natural and historical attractions. Proper management of these attractions can significantly contribute to the development of the tourism industry in this province. This research aims to identify the factors that influence the appeal of sports tourism in the Ferdows desert region.

The methodology employed in this research is descriptive, utilizing a survey approach. The statistical population encompasses all sports tourists in the desert area of Ferdous city. Ferdous is a city situated in the north of South Khorasan province. It includes two cities, Ferdous and Islamieh, and the villages of Baghistan, Barun, and Khanekuk, with Ferdous city as the center. The sampling method in this research is probabilistic. Given that the statistical population comprises all sports tourists in the Ferdous desert region, and considering the number of sports tourism areas in Ferdous, 10 sports tourism areas were initially selected. From each area, 40 individuals were randomly chosen as subjects from among the tourists. To determine the sample size for this research, Cochran’s formula was utilized. Based on the classification made in the community section, the number of the statistical sample was approximately 400 people, according to the unlimited statistical population. The questionnaire used in this research is researcher-made and consists of 24 questions. These questions are graded based on a 5-point Likert scale. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by five professors and sports management experts, and the construct validity was appropriately measured and reported through confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. In this research, SPSS was used to measure descriptive statistics (such as abundance and frequency percentage), and the Structural Equation Model was used to measure inferential statistics with Amos software.

The model developed was validated for the purpose of first-order confirmatory factor analysis of the questionnaire on factors influencing the development of sports tourism, using standard coefficients. All indicators fall within the desired range, confirming the appropriateness of the research measurement model in fitting the collected data. Therefore, the structural model can be fitted to the data in the next step. The goodness of fit index was 0.041, confirming the model’s fit. Also, when the result of dividing the chi-square calculated by the degrees of freedom (df) value is less than 5, the model’s fit is confirmed. In this research, the value of this index is 1.66, supporting the model’s fit. Additionally, when the standard fit index, adaptive fit, criterion fit, relative fit, and goodness of fit are calculated to be higher than or equal to 0.9, the model's appropriate fit is confirmed. The three identified dimensions of factors affecting the development of sports tourism in this study, namely natural attractions, cultural and managerial factors, and infrastructural factors, have influence coefficients of 0.49, 0.34, and 0.19, respectively, on the explanation of this concept. These are high-impact factors and indicate that all three dimensions identified in the formation of the concept of sports tourism in the Ferdows desert region play a relatively similar role. All indicators fall within the desired range, confirming the appropriateness of the research's structural model in fitting the collected data. Therefore, this model can be used to respond to research hypotheses.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence the development of sports tourism in the Ferdows desert region. The desert offers a lesser-known tourism potential. The tourism sector has been regarded as the driving force behind the development of cities on the fringes of the Iranian desert. This study assesses the factors that influence the development of sports tourism, and the study’s innovation lies in the application of these factors to desert sports. The results of this study indicate the influence of cultural and managerial factors on sports tourism, with a 34% impact rate. A proposed solution in this field is to invest effectively in cultural and managerial fields in desert regions, transforming half of Iran into a tourism hub in desert areas, attracting domestic and foreign tourists to these areas. Ferdows city, with its pristine desert location and natural attractions, can serve as a platform for desert-specific sports and multilateral desert tournaments. Additionally, considering the city’s cultural ambiance and effective management system, tourism, particularly sports tourism, can be integrated into urban development plans, enabling the construction of numerous recreational and tourist facilities in the region. Moreover, by training human resources, employing experts, and implementing proper management strategies and decisions, a significant step can be taken towards the development of this crucial sector.

Today, even the simplest human activities, such as walking, can have destructive consequences. Human movement on the earth may be done for economic, tourism, military purposes, etc. However, these movements lead to the trampling of the land and have consequences such as changes in the abundance and richness of vegetation, increase in runoff and soil density, and changes in erosion. In addition, the surface of the landforms is disturbed and with a sharp decrease in the threshold of shear speed, their vulnerability to wind erosion increases dramatically. Determining the sensitivity of landforms requires accurate tools, time and a lot of money, while the use of photography in monitoring the amount of changes in landforms can save time and money. The research that has been done so far in relation to trampling is generally based on two approaches. The first approach is the experimental method, that is, small undisturbed parts are selected in the study area and trampled according to the requirements of the experiment. The second method involves making long-term observations of the tracks that have been trodden. Chale Masileh is a part of the desert areas of the country, which is trampled by humans for various reasons. Economic activities such as harvesting potassium, magnesium and other materials from the bed of the salt lake, tourist areas such as Maranjab in the south of the region and military activities and holding large military maneuvers are among them. However, there is still no detailed information about the areas sensitive to trampling. Therefore, the current research tries to investigate the sensitivity of different desert landforms to trampling using a low-cost and fast method because in order to use and manage desert areas, it is necessary to understand the sensitivity of landforms.

The studied area mainly includes Mesila pit. The geographic coordinates of the salt lake as an index point in this hole are 30°34° north latitude and 50°51° east longitude. In this research, various materials, data and tools have been used in different stages of the research. The geomorphological map of the study area, and field data were collected in field operations using camera, tripod, GPS and plot. ArcMap, SNAP software were used to prepare the data, and Python 3.10 programming environment was used to run the model and draw graphs and outputs. 13 landforms were selected in different positions of the region. In the next step, an undisturbed area in the landform was selected and photographed, then trampled with 25 passes and a second photograph was taken. After recording the images by entering fourteen features for each pixel, the data was prepared to participate/to be applied in the model implementation. In the implementation of the model, 75% of the pixels were used as training data and the remaining 25% as test data. The ratio of changed pixels to unchanged pixels was considered as the change rate.

Evaluation of model efficiency using model relative performance characteristic curves (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) shows that the values of 0.99 to 0.88 indicate the very good efficiency of the model in all samples. The RMSE value for the samples shows that in all the samples the mean square error value is less than 0.5, which confirms the good accuracy of the model in predicting the changed pixels. In addition, the average percentage of accuracy for samples using -k10 shows that the accuracy of the model in each sample is more than 80%. The importance of the image texture features in predicting the changed values in the photographed samples shows that in most samples the feature of the local standard deviation of the image of dissimilarity was the most important factor

Determining the sensitivity of the landforms of desert areas to human trampling is important for the management of these areas. To achieve this purpose, it is very useful to use low-cost, fast and accurate methods such as taking pictures and using machine learning algorithms. This study shows that the XGboost model and the photography method can measure the amount of landform changes with an accuracy of over 90%. These changes are determined according to the texture of the images and do not measure changes in height or soil density. However, it determines the number of changed pixels even when it is barely visible to the eye. On the other hand, the results of this method are the result of the influence of all effective variables such as slope, humidity, roughness, etc. While changes in altitude or density can be affected by one of the mentioned factors. The changes in different landforms based on the results of the model show that the least change is in the plowed land, which consists of very hard mud and salt. The surface of this landform is naturally very messy and uneven. The changes in the comparison of the two photos before and after trampling in this sample are hardly visible. The changed areas mostly correspond to the microslopes and small peaks that have been subjected to the most pressure in each pass. The amount of changes in the landform of sandy surfaces with a small amount of vegetation is 85%, which shows the most/highest changes among the samples. The key feature of this landform is the separation of land surface materials and vegetation.

 The best and most effective way to control wind erosion is to increase vegetation to cover the land surface. The roughness of the land surface is increased by vegetation. Because it increases the friction that causes a decrease in wind speed on the surface of the ground and the carrying capacity of sediments by the wind. By determining resistant species and more adapted to dry conditions, it will be possible to establish vegetation in these areas in different non-desertification projects to control and reduce wind erosion.

 In this research, in one of the critical centers of wind erosion in Gonabad County in northeastern Iran, investigated the performance of a biological project of non-desertification operations with Haloxylon aphyllum, Haloxylon persicum, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Nitraria schoberi, Atriplex canescens and annual plants in different intensities of the drought for 2004 to 2021. At first, using the RDI index, drought intensities were determined in March, April, and May in the studied period. In the next step, the maximum, average, and minimum values of NDVI, TDVI, SAVI, and EVI indices were calculated using Landsat satellite images and data processing ENVI 5.3 software in each of the covered areas by desired specie in the studied months. In the final stage, the values of these vegetation indices were compared and analyzed for drought intensities in the areas and months.

 Based on the results, in all the indices, the area covered by Seidlitzia rosmarinus had a better condition than in other areas in the very dry drought intensity and with the highest value of 0.341 in the EVI index. But in the medium and mild drought intensities, the area covered with the Haloxylon sp had a better condition than in other areas and with the highest value of 0.456 in the TDVI index. However, all studied vegetation indicators did not show any significant difference between the planted areas. In March with the very dry condition, vegetation was more dependent on the intensity of dry conditions in February. The severity of the drought in February caused the values of all vegetation indicators in March in the studied areas to be negative, except in the annual species area. In March, the SAVI index, in April TDVI index, and in May TDVI and EVI indices had better ability to distinguish vegetation cover. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that in March, there was a significant difference between high, medium, and mild dry conditions only for the TDVI index at the level of 5% and the SAVI index at the level of 1%. In April, the NDVI and SAVI indices at the level of 1% and the EVI index at the level of 5% showed a significant difference between the three dry conditions. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that in May, only the SAVI index had a significant difference at the level of 1% between the moderate and mild dry conditions.

 The results confirmed the ability of vegetation indices obtained from Landsat satellite imagery to monitor the vegetation changes due to the drought. All the indices showed changes in the vegetation in the drought conditions, but no difference was seen between the vegetation areas. The resistance of the species to drought was one of the main reasons that caused there to be no significant difference between the vegetation areas, but the difference between the drought conditions was significant. Due to the adaptation and resistance of desert species to drought conditions, their sensitivity to drought in dry and desert areas is lower than in humid areas. In the condition that February is affected by drought, the cover conditions of annual plant species in the studied area in March were better than in other areas. But in March with very dry or moderate drought conditions, the cover conditions of Seidlitzia rosmarinus species were better coverage than in other areas. Based on the results, in the continuation and occurrence of moderate to high drought in April and May, the area of Seidlitzia rosmarinus showed a better cover than in other areas. In the condition of continued drought in March, annual plants do not have a chance to grow and the species that can use the moisture reserve in the deeper soil will have more opportunity to cover the surface of the ground, which this research showed that among the species in this area, Seidlitzia rosmarinus has more ability. Therefore, the principle of mixed planting and preventing single planting in the desert restoration and non-desertification projects should be emphasized and implemented.

Given that a significant portion of Iran comprises desert landscapes, desertification presents an opportunity for local businesses and economic activities to thrive. Consequently, this research aims to investigate the individual and social factors influencing the adoption of desert sports tourism among students at Mazandaran University. The research employed the Alam Talab questionnaire (2014) as its primary tool, the validity of which was established through the input of sports tourism experts, and its reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS version 26 and PLS version 4. The results indicated that the model, with a coefficient of determination (R-squared) value of 0.114, fits as a weak model, suggesting that individual and social factors do not significantly influence the adoption of desert sports tourism among Mazandaran University students. To enhance the appeal of desert sports tourism, it is recommended to engage in effective media advertising, improve safety and security measures, offer tours with suitable and affordable amenities, and enhance the overall attractiveness of desert sports tourism to potential participants.

 This research was conducted to identify the challenges and problems of tourism management in the desert destination of Baft city.

 The research is developmental in terms of purpose and survey in terms of nature. The research's statistical population includes the Baft city council and municipality members. The number of statistical samples was calculated to be 30 people. Data was collected through interviews, and data classification and analysis were done through interpretive analysis and Maxqda software in open coding.

  From a total of 30 interview texts, 437 codes have been collected, divided into eight main categories under the title of identifying the challenges and problems of the Baft Desert tourism destination. In this way, "the lack of access to water resources" in desert areas is the highest, with 120 codes. Also, the findings indicate that tourism opportunities in desert areas should be organized based on desert geography and existing crises, marketing and development goals, local education, and human resource development. In this way, possible damages to the destination can be identified and corrected to develop as much as possible.

 It has been observed that the management of tourism in this particular destination is facing certain challenges. Therefore, the basic resources of the destination, characteristics, and competitive skills should be determined so that aligning the business goals with the long-term sustainable development goals causes the fragile destination to become an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and tourist-friendly destination.

Innovation:

 This research is the only research that has been done on tourism management in Baft city, and its results are effective in the sustainable and long-term development of tourism in this destination.

The general moral principles express universal values from which other values are derived. Many disagreements as to ethical theories have their roots in the kind of explanation given for these principles. There are six general moral principles (perfection, freedom, do-not-harm, public interests, desert, and justice) interconnected in such a way that none of them can be justified without explaining their relation to others. The principle of perfection ethically requires one to attain material and immaterial perfections. Freedom to achieve middle and final aims is defended by the principle of freedom based on principle of perfection. The limits of the principle of freedom are shown by the principle of do-not-harm. The principle of public interests helps people not to be deprived of public interests. Public interests are allocated by the principle of desert on strong grounds. Finally, harmony and balance among other principles are preserved by the principle of justice. Explaining general normative principles, this article aims to show their interconnection from an Islamic standpoint by adopting a descriptive-analytic method.

Music is one of the prominent features of language and music of speech is one of the most prominent manifestations of poetry. Poetry does not have much effect and beauty without having musical aspects. One of the main characteristics of Nimayi poetry, in comparison with classical poetry, is the evolution in the types of verbal music and the use of its types. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner, the types of music (external, lateral, internal and spiritual) in Nosrat Rahmani's "Koch va Kavir" collection have been studied. The results show that Rahmani in this collection has used internal music (types of repetitions and puns) to create a kind of unity in the axis of companionship and the effect of his words. To create fit, beauty and rhythm of his poems, he has used external and side music. In this section, Rahmani has used about twelve prosody weights. Most of his quatrains in this collection are without "rows" and only the rhyme forms the side music. He has also used the aesthetic elements of speech such as (simile, metaphor, proportion, paradox, sensuality, symbol, permissible and contradiction) to add semantic richness and strengthen the spiritual music of his words. And finally, the use of pure and beautiful combinations with respect to the connection with music and imagination, has caused it to be closer to the ultimate goal of poetry.

The book "Desert" is one of the "literary-lyrical" and introverted works of Aye Shariati. In writing "Desert" based on the fluid flow of the mind, he has tried to appear as a literary and artistic text. Descriptiveness, sentimentality, and the use of literary works, including similes, metaphors, and guarantees, are the predominant features of the text of the Desert.This literary research, with the aim of educating teachers, is the ninth lesson of Persian book 3, the twelfth grade of the second theoretical middle school, entitled Kavir, has been the focus of research and has studied that lesson in three areas: "linguistic, literary and intellectual". . The research method is descriptive along with the analysis of research findings. In addition, by examining the linguistic and literary elements and their arrangement and order, in various fields, such as historiography, lexicography, grammar and grammar, slang, lexicography, word-writing, word-writing, word-writing Has been paid.

 Given that cities are climatically different; Special environmental planning is felt to manage them. Therefore, the study of the impact of political decisions on the geographical space of cities has a fundamental impact on their development and sustainability. Therefore, the relationship between politics and space in the city is one of the important topics studied by geographers of the present age. To examine these relationships, it is important to understand the conditions of natural geography. Cities are divided into three categories in terms of climate, desert cities, mountainous cities and coastal cities that have their own economic, social and environmental characteristics. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, an attempt is made to analyze space policies in desert cities. The question that arises here is what effect do the natural geographical conditions of desert and arid cities, especially the climate, have on the type and method of policies and policies of city managers? The results show that "the type and method of spatial policies in desert and desert cities are different from other cities due to natural geographical conditions. Therefore, desert cities have special conditions and talents, and although they have some limitations compared to other cities; "But Dada's climatic conditions play a fundamental role in formulating and implementing various policies in these cities in order to achieve development and sustainability."

This research is of applied type and the method of data collection in this documentary and library research and the method of information analysis is descriptive-analytical based on qualitative methodology. In this regard, in order to achieve a correct and clear result in this research based on rational inference, an attempt has been made to explain the role of climate in urban policies.

It should be noted that spatial policies are greatly influenced by the role of natural (sustainable) environmental factors. The process of integration and unification has been economic, political and social backwardness under the long-term actions of natural space in general and components such as climate, ruggedness, size and shape of cities in particular. The function of these factors is both positive and constructive and negative and destructive, but in general in desert cities, their destructive role is more on the body of the city.From the development point of view, having different natural capabilities and also benefiting from God-given facilities and talents and how to use them show the status of urban communities in each region. Determining the levels of ownership and development of urban areas and examining the strengths and weaknesses of the conditions of each area in the economic, cultural and political fields, coordinates the optimal allocation of resources and facilities for development.

Rapid developments in today's world have made it impossible to achieve development plans without constant revision. In addition, the facilities, capabilities, and priorities of urban society are constantly changing. Therefore, with the increase in the number of cities, understanding the natural and human geography of the city and determining the extent of scarcity and imbalance at different levels becomes an inevitable necessity. In this regard, attention to climate and urban typology, due to their role in meeting the needs of urban communities and the soul and psyche of citizens, is of great importance in the spatial policy of the city and in order to develop it. Therefore, knowledge of the climate is essential for planning and managing these spaces. In general, a set of cultural, economic, political-managerial and environmental factors are involved in the formulation and implementation of space policies in desert cities. In the socio-cultural sector, the high rate of population growth is important both naturally and in the form of migration to these cities. In fact, these cities, due to their high potential for industrialization and the establishment of various industries, have been attractive to the population. . Also, the geographical and environmental characteristics of these cities mean that they are located in the plains and have a long distance with the surrounding mountains or natural dead ends due to the availability of a lot of land for construction on the one hand and not enough water for agriculture and therefore barren Lands around cities On the other hand, cities have expanded on all sides and have suffered spatial dispersion. It seems that the new projects that are being implemented in these cities have not paid attention to this issue. Drought is one of the main challenges in these areas, which can turn into a crisis if not addressed. The results show that desert and desert cities have potentials in addition to limitations and the type and method of political decisions of those in power in desert and desert cities should be special and different from other cities according to geographical conditions. Therefore, desert cities need special space policies. Since any space can have rankings in the face of various factors (natural-human), therefore, desert and desert cities, due to their special climatic conditions, also have conditions in the political, economic, cultural and environmental fields. They are special. Of course, it can not be said that desert cities only suffer from limitations and shortcomings, but also the potential of desert cities in various fields such as tourism, medicinal plants and construction of industrial factories, construction products, etc. with proper management and planning of city officials and Capital can become real. However, from a geographical point of view, due to the interrelationship between space and politics, collecting areas for business and development development in desert cities is more difficult than coastal and mountainous cities and requires organized and purposeful politico-spatial management. Therefore, the effects of climate on political, economic and cultural issues and on the formation of socio-political structures and contexts of human groups in urban areas can be examined in the context of urban space policies. To take.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Mullah Fahleh of Firoozabad region of Fars province. The standard vegetation index data of Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellites, the precipitation data and Palmer index, which are available as a remote sensing product, were extracted for 1992 to 2020 from the Google Earth Engine. Markov chain method was used to predict future vegetation changes. Using data from 1992 and 2002, the model was first run for 2020 and based on its acceptable performance (the kappa index of 75%), prediction was extended to 2030. The results showed an improving trend in vegetation status, so that the dense cover will increase from 4% in the initial period to 19% in 2030. The results of this study can help rangeland managers in the region to better exploit the region's natural resources and prevent the destruction of this ecosystem.

Geotourism is a branch of ecotourism that emphasizes the tourist value of terrestrial surface systems in line with the values of human geography. For this reason, over the past two decades, various studies and methods have been developed to identify, prioritize, and evaluate geomorphoses in various mountainous, coastal, karstic, desert, and other areas. This study aims to present and develop a comprehensive management model, to study the comprehensive dimensions of geotourism knowledge from identification, evaluation to sustainable management. In this regard, special emphasis is placed on security considerations due to the importance of guaranteeing the implementation of the geotourism management model. To the extent that if the infrastructure conditions and patterns of behavior of the natives are exploited for exploitation, in the absence of security, economic and cultural development cannot be expected from the management of geotourism. The present paper seeks to explore the study and implementation of security issues in the process of compiling and implementing the management model of geotourism in the desert and desert areas of Maranjab with the help of field and office studies. The results showed that before adjusting the components of natural and human management of Maranjab area, it is necessary to first compile the components and challenges of order and security management in this area, including the required measures (operational security, human security ...) and the implementer of this important (armed forces The Islamic Republic of Iran studied the city of Aran and Bidgol.

One of the most important energy sources in the world is solar energy, which is a renewable resource and does not cause any damage to the environment. Which all of these features justify using it as a clean energy source and economically viable cost.. Due to the relatively large area of the Iran in low latitudes and relatively dry climatic conditions, in terms of solar energy utilization it uses excellent conditions. Solar power plants are considered as power generation and transmission networks whose is important that the location features of their construction sites are effective in reducing the risk of investing in solar energy. In this study, using geographic information system and fuzzy valuation method for the criteria and method of weighing (AHP), was considered the potential of the Kavir & desert region and Makran coast for the purpose of obtaining energy from the sun. For this purpose, were used the 14 criteria related to the climatic, infrastructural, and technical and physical conditions of the area. In order to overlap the fuzzy layers were used the usual operators, Gamma, Product and also the Sum Weighted Overlay operator to compare and present the appropriate result. Each of the operators has a different sensitivity to the fuzzy overlap of the layers. For this reason, was considered the Gamma 0.9 operator, due to the high sensitivity for building power plants with high electrical power generation and the Sum Weighted Overlay operator, for the construction of smaller capacity plants. In the overlay map, using the Gamma 0.9 operator, about 2%, and in the overlay map with the weighted operator, about 33% of the study areas were found to be very suitable for the construction of solar power plants.

The geographical location of Yazd province has greatly influenced the creation of spatial and climatic diversity and the provision of appropriate facilities for the formation of various natural and cultural attractions. Nevertheless, these areas need more attention in terms of the potential of tourism development for social sustainability. This research is done with the aim of spatial analysis of tourism capacity of desert areas and its role in social sustainability, and according to its nature, it is an applied type. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Documentary and field data are used to collect data. The data were analyzed quantitatively (one-sample T-test, Pearson test and AHP and Barda methods). The findings show that according to the experts' opinion, the effective indicators in identifying tourism capacities are distance from roads, distance from historical attractions, distance from residential centers, distance from natural attractions, type and soil suitability, distance from water resources , Elevation, direction of gradient, slope, land use and precipitation. The results show that 24 percent of the total area of the area has relatively good capacity and is located in the central, eastern and northeastern parts of the province. The most important criteria that have made these areas selected as optimal areas are the density of natural-ecological elements such as the existence of diverse deserts and deserts, geotops, glacier cirques, and historical-cultural elements such as traditional water reservoirs, markets, shrines and temples And so on. Also, 26% of the area has average power, which is mostly located in the east and northeast of the province. Finally, areas with inappropriate and relatively inappropriate power are found in parts of the eastern province of Karshra that occupy 51% of the total area of the zone. The results of measuring the social sustainability status of desert and desert areas based on indicators (population distribution, transport infrastructure, immigration status and deprivation rate) show that Yazd city has the highest ranking and Ardakan, Bafgh, Mehriz , Taft Meybod and Abarkuhh moderate sustainability, and finally Khatam, Saduj and Bahabad are among the unstable and less developed cities of Yazd province. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between tourism development and social sustainability in different regions of Yazd province at 99% level. This means that areas with demographic, demographic, and low levels of social sustainability have lower attraction and tourism capabilities than other Yazd province cities.

In today's world, tourism is one of the most important tools for governments to introduce their culture to other nations using cultural, economic, social and security. One of the fundamental principles in tourism development, identification and efficient use of resources and capacities of tourism in the host society. Given that most of Iran's territory is desert, recognizing and principled way to utilize the full potential of deserts and desert, a crucial requirement of tourism development and economic and social development of the region and even the whole country. So far, there has not been fully recognize the attraction of desert areas and be more precise studies on the characteristics of these attractions as well as appropriate infrastructure for the development of the industry carried out in desert areas. Qom province as a province of desert country, has potential resources for tourism development in desert areas and wastelands. Accordingly, this paper is to identify, spatial distribution of desert and wilderness tourist attractions the province and prioritize the capabilities to develop this type of tourism is addressed.

The research method is descriptive - analytical and objective is applied. A library and field data collection (using questionnaires and site visits and direct observation) been carried out. Questionnaires using the Delphi method has been completed by experts including employees Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Qom, managers and senior staff of travel agencies and tourism city of Qom, Qom Province leaders, professors and students of tourism in Qom Province. To study the spatial distribution of tourist attractions Qom province of Getis-Ord model is used and to prioritize capacity in developing desert tourism in tourism and achieve productive economy, the ELECTRE model is used.

According to the findings of the questionnaires and surveys and field visits, Qom Province capabilities to develop tourism in desert areas is classified in 8: 1) settlements or health care; 2) adventure tourism; 3) scientific tourism; 4) sport tourism and held a variety of sports competitions; 5) Tourists visit the attractions of this region in terms of tours; 6) infrastructure and set suitable for artistic and cultural events; 7) be ecotourism and 8) the possibility of attracting public and private investments in relation to the types of tourism. In examining the spatial distribution of tourist attractions Qom province Getis-Ord model results indicated that the Zscore higher than 2.58 and equal to 17.76 is obtained the confidence level (P-value) 0.99 Distribution tourist attractions are clustered in Qom. The focus (clusters) are concentrated in three regions of Qom province that includes: 1) highway near Qom - Tehran (radius of 10 km); 2) highway near Qom - Kashan (radius of 10 km) and 3) the area around the city of Qom (radius of 20 km).Finally prioritization capabilities desert and wilderness tourism in the province based on 86 expert show The relative capabilities in tourism development in desert and wilderness of Qom, the first priority was Three capabilities that include: "Scientific tourism" with a score of ( 5 ), "the possibility of attracting public and private investments in connection with a variety of tourism" with a score of ( 3 ), and "ecotourism" with a score of ( 1 ). The second priority, two capability the same score ( -3 ) are to include "adventure tourism" and "sport tourism and held a variety of sports competitions". The third priority tourism development capabilities in desert and wilderness of Qom three capability with an included "infrastructure and set suitable for artistic and cultural events" and "Tourists visit the attractions of this region in terms of tours" with a score of ( -5 ) and finally "settlements or health care" with a score of ( -7 ) are the last priority.

Tourism with minimal pollution can lead to the development of sustainable and the significant achievements and financial security they provide. For this reason, the development of tourism as one of the components and measures are developed at a global level. Iran general and Qom specifically despite its attractions and capabilities of this subject is not innocent And will be able to optimize the use of existing capabilities and the expansion of facilities and the removal of barriers, in order to achieve an effective strides forward. Approach to religious authorities in Qom and tourism industry operators, as well as indirect support and advocacy officials atmosphere, all made to be used all the functionality Tourism Or possibly in their assessment of many activities that do not fit in the framework ignored. The result of this approach to development of tourism, one hundred percent control density tourism activities in the city of Qom Province with a religious approach and neglect of our abilities province. Continuation of this trend is not consistent with the principles and criteria for sustainable development The findings showed Qom province due to additional features and in particular natural and historical endowments, could be positive background of many legitimate activities and leisure - Tourism in the desert and wilderness areas in order to respond to the needs of leisure and other provinces and even other countries in the region provide a wide range And lead to more consistency tourists. Results showed there a lot of potential resources in desert areas Qom Province that they can use to organize and latent demand for the use of their native said, and also provide a potential target markets for tourism in the province to create diversity and distribution of tourists in the province just focused on several specific points that are currently not and the level of facilities. This will first and foremost lead to sustainable development and led some deserted areas of the capital and credit resources will increase.

"Cities" are among the phenomena of space that have a special place in geographic studies. Therefore, the interrelationship between politics and space in the city is one of the most important issues studied by political geographers of the present era. To understand these relationships, understanding the natural geography is very effective. In this paper, we try to analyze the geography of the city with emphasis on the typology of cities in terms of climate and location. The question raised here is whether the natural geographic conditions, especially the weather, are effective in the manner and policy of urban executives? In this descriptive-analytical method, this fundamental research studies the climatic conditions of desert, mountainous, coastal cities and their impacts on political, economic, cultural and environmental areas and on the decisions of power holders in general. We seek to answer the question, "How does climate influence the type and manner of policies and policy making of urban managers?" The hypothesis raised in answer to this question is that "natural geographical conditions, especially climate, in the type and method of policies." And policymaking is effective for urban managers. " The results show that the importance of recognizing the existing status of cities and their (natural) geographical location in order to plan well for the future on the one hand, and the importance of scale in achieving development with respect to the importance and necessity of policy making, on the other. That geographic space and policy development are closely linked. "

In recent decades, with the development of various methods in the field of satellite image classification and change detection, there has been an increasing advancement in choosing the best and accurate method for preparation of maps of lands use and land cover. The aim of this study is to compare some algorithms which are used in land cover classification in arid lands of Ardakan plain, Yazd. For this purpose, the satellite images of the plain were categorized into four classes of bare lands, residential areas, rangelands, agricultural and road. Then, training samples were collected by using 1: 20000 aerial photos, satellite images, and Google Earth as well as through field visits Next, considering the characteristics of the images, the land use classes in the study area were defined. After the amount of differentiation of the classes was determined, land cover classification was done through Mahalanobis distance, maximum likelihood, support vector machine, minimum distance, binary encoding, parallelepiped, neural network, and spectral angel mapper. The results of the accuracy assessment of these eight methods showed that maximum likelihood, Mahalanobis distance, and support vector machine have the best performance in land use mapping in arid lands.

Moral luck, which is a new concept in moral philosophy, challenges our ordinary moral evaluation. According to human's moral intuition, people are only evaluated for their controllable behaviors. However, while people have no control over results of their behaviors, results are effective in our moral judgments. This issue, in its turn, raises an essential question in criminal law: are people responsible for their behaviors in cases they have no control over the results of their behaviors? While theorists who agree with moral resultant luck are trying to theorize the existing and prominent practices in penal codes, others who oppose this idea attempt to neutralize the role of results in criminal responsibility. As a result, they believe that criminal legal systems should impose equal punishment on offenders who commit the same conducts regardless of different results as far as they simply stem from moral luck. Consequently, if the proponents' arguments in favor of moral resultant luck are persuasive, the prominent approach in criminal law would be established. On the other hand, if the opponents' opinions against moral resultant luck are stronger, then significant changes would happen in penal code and criminal titles.