جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « الگوی استقراری » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Interpretation of human’s old behaviors in the past and paying attention to complex and interactive processes between humans and the environment to be understood in terms of their dependence on the components of the natural and ecological environment is the center of modern archaeology’s attention.  Archaeological surveys and analysis of settlement patterns are considered well-known methods in archaeology to help identify these interactive processes.With the studies of the Archaeological Board of the University of Pennsylvania on Hasanlu Hill and the Sandus Plain, the southern basin of Lake Urmia became one of the most important archaeological sites and a basis for chronology in northwestern Iran. Meanwhile, Piranshahr plain on one hand due to its proximity toHasanlu area in the north and Rabat area in the south and on the other hand due to the neighborhood of this area with great powers such as Assyria, Urartu and Mana in the first half of the first millennium BC, Is one of the important areas in terms of archaeological studies of the Iron Age in northwestern Iran. This study examined the Piranshahr plain, assuming that the Iron Age settlements of the Piranshahr plain follow a specific settlement pattern. In this research, using field and library studies and geographical analysis models, a methodical and appropriate interpretation of the distribution of Iron Age areas and the first millennium BCPiranshahr plain was presented. Studies have shown that the Iron Age settlements in the region are most affected by two geographical factors, altitude from sea surface and access to rivers, and this has led to the creation of linear networks in the course of rivers resulting to a suitable choice of height relating to the plain. It was also found that the Iron Age settlements of this plain, following the shape of the roughness and natural geography of the region in the first half of the first millennium BC, by creating a specific settlement hierarchy, tended to form an independent local political unit. The existence of this political unit in modern Assyrian writings as Xubuskie could be identified.

Varamin Plain, located on the Jajroud alluvium, has provided suitable conditions for the establishment of human settlements. The result of sedimentation of this alluvium, which is suitable for cultivation, along with hot and dry weather and favorable environmental conditions, has provided the ability to settle and feed human populations in this plain from the Paleolithic period to the present day. At the end of the 6th millennium and up to the middle of the 5th millennium BC, the culture known as Chashmeh Ali was common in large areas of Iran and even outside the current borders of Iran, which, despite the general similarity, had specific characteristics of each region in details. One of these areas is Varamin plain. The creation or destruction of settlements is under the direct influence of environmental factors, and without knowing these factors it is difficult to identify the social, economic and even spiritual dimensions of ancient humans. In fact, the basis of archaeologists' studies is to search and find the interactions between human societies and the surrounding environment, as well as the technologies that human groups have invented to adapt to the environment. The purpose of this research is to investigate the environmental factors in the formation of Cheshmeh Ali culture settlements in Varamin Plain. Therefore, the most important question is what is the relationship between climatic and environmental structures and the formation of Cheshmeh Ali culture's settlements in Varamin Plain? The present research is descriptive and analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection in this research is the type of objective observation, description, and comparative study which has been analyzed and concluded using both field and library methods, along with the use of geographical software and remote sensing.

The Chalcolithic Age is one of the most important prehistoric periods in Iran. The transformations of this period in the Central Zagros have emerged in continuation of the Neolithic period.  One of the important areas of Central Zagros, which had many settlements related to the Chalcolithic era, is Silakhor plain in the north of Lorestan. Despite the cultural richness of the Silakhor plain during the Chalcolithic Age, no purposeful study has been conducted to clarify the Chalcolithic status of this area. In this regard, in order to clarify the settlement models of the Chalcolithic era of Silakhor plain, this study is presented, which is a summary of Ahmad Parviz’s archaeological studies and purposeful studies by the researchers, In the present study, the authors have tried to find the answer to the following questions: What were the settlement models of Silakhor plain in the Chalcolithic era? How can the changes of settlement models in the old, middle and new periods of the Chalcolithic era of Silakhor plain be analyzed? It seems that several factors including water resources, altitude of Silakhor plain and state’s roads have been effective in the formation of settlements in this area during the Chalcolithic age. Studies conducted in this plain so far have shown 80 ancient sites related to the Copper Stone Age. Some of these sites involve all three periods of old, middle and new Chalcolithic era. The spatial data collected in this research have been studied by GIS science studies method and implemented in ArcGIS 10.3 software. The basis of these studies is the distance of each settlement area from the nearest river and its altitude level from Silakhor plain. These maps have been implemented in all three periods of old, middle and new Chalcolithic Age of Silakhor plain. 

The SOJAS (South-of-Jiroft Archaeological Survey) Project aims to find the relations between the Jiroft Region and the shores of the Persian Gulf by investigating settlements, routes and natural resources in the plains and valleys located south of Jiroft, within the limits of the province of Kerman. Altogether, 209 archaeological sites have been discovered during the seasons of 2015–2018. These are located in several survey zones, among which the plains of Boluk and Faryab are the most prominent. Furthermore, the Varamin strip of the Middle Halil Rud Valley and the Lower Halil Rud Valley proved to be important settlement zones. Large-scale occupation in the region occurred in the Early and Middle Chalcolithic periods, with a first marked increasing in the Late Chalcolithic. During the Early Bronze Age, dense settlement patterns developed in almost all parts of the region. Several sites seem to be related to the procurement and exchange of chlorite artefacts. Of special importance is a probable settlement of miners in the Bagh-e Borj Mountains; an area where natural chlorite outcrops are most abundant. The end of the Early Bronze Age is characterized by a collapse of the settlement systems. Only very few sites existed during the 2nd millennium and the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. A full-scale re-occupation of the entire region occurred during the Achaemenid period. This trend continued into the Arsacid period, when the number of sites was doubled compared to the previous period. This period yielded the largest number of sites in the region. A dense occupation continued during the Sasanian and the Early Islamic to Seljuk periods. After the Seljuk period, a second settlement collapse took place, which left the region with only sparse occupation until modern times, when cities and villages in the region expanded as a consequence of agricultural intensification.

Laalvar region, as part of the great Qomrud River, is referred to a section that differs from the main bed of Qomrud River in topographical structure and geographical environment, and includes an inter-mountain plain and the high rolling terrains around it. This region has always been welcomed by humans due to its favorable environmental conditions, and settlement evidence of different periods can be observed in it. According to archaeological surveys conducted in Laalvar region during two periods in 2008 and 2014, one hundred and eighty five archaeological sites from the fifth millennium BC to the contemporary era were identified, each with one or more settlement periods. However, in terms of extent and importance of the sites, as well as the time span of each period, this region has been very important the historical period, especially the Parthian and Sassanid periods. This can be demonstrated with regard to the presence of monuments such as Khorheh temple, Atashkouh fire temple, Mil-e Milona, etc. One of the most important settlement periods of this region is the Parthian period that according to archaeological research, during this time, on the one hand, the region witnessed an increase in settlement and demographic evidence, and on the other, significant sites such as Khorheh and Jam were also formed. Unfortunately, despite the high importance of this period, no comprehensive and independent studies have been conducted on it so far, and issues such as the reconstruction of the Parthian settlement pattern structure and the factors affecting Parthian sites are still remained unclear. Therefore, based on the data obtained from archaeological activities in the region, and preparation of GIS maps, the authors managed to study and finally analyze and reconstruct the landscape of Laalvar region in Parthian period as well as the environmental patterns of the settlements in this period.

Central Zagros Region is considered as one of the most important areas in the archaeology of prehistory of Iran and Mesopotamia. Our knowledge from the archeology of the area shows that this region plays an important role in the evolution of villages and urban development in the world. The present research aims to study the settlement pattern of the 27 Middle Bronze Age sites in the Kangavar valley through considering their ecological and environmental characteristics as well as their spatial characteristics (rank-size and Shannon entropy analyses). The concentration of sites with centralized system in the south eastern parts of the area and the spatial balances among the sites in the other parts suggests the formation of a cultural-economic organization to imply that the sites such as Godin and Karkhaneh with the centralized systems, in the middle parts of the area have extended the range of its control over the landscape. Inter-regional communications via trading networks as well as other cultural traits which have been seen from the Godin III assemblages could be used as the indications for such organizational complex systems in Iran and Mesopotamia.

Despite the valuable evidences in the northwestern Iran (Ardebil province) archaeology of this region is now remains unknown and its chronological order is located on the basis of the excavations carried out in the Urmia lake basin. Since French archaeologist De Morgan in early 20th century presented a brief report of excavations in pre-historic cemeteries around Namin, no other archaeological researches have been presented on the archaeology of this region and there is no clear understanding of the status of different historic and pre-historic periods. The first part of archaeological surveys of Namin was done in an area of about 1100 square kilometers in the eastern part of the plateau of Azerbaijan in 2015, during which 175 historical sites were identified. The results of fieldwork shows the presence of specific settlement patterns in Bronze and Iron Age by focusing on citadels and existence of vast cemeteries mostly containing burial of megalithic forms. In the study area apart from historical sites a number of Islamic sites also were identified.

Roodbar plain and the mountainous surrounding areas of the southeast of Iran have long been a great place to establish the human settlements due to their suitable climate. Archaeological surveys of Roudbar plain and the mountainous areas around it in the cultural basin of Halilroud were carried out in an area of over 6000 square kilometers and as a result, 53 sites were identified and contributed to the Chalcolithic period. Permanent river of Halialroud and the fertile plain of the southern Roudbar have been the most important factors influencing the formation of the settlement pattern of the Chalcolithic sites in this area. The main pattern of sites distribution in this period are a cluster pattern near Halialroud and its sub-branches in the bed of Roudbar plain and on foots and slopes of the mountains. Given the available evidence including location, extent, amount and density of surface effects it is possible to attribute these sites to permanent or temporary settlements. By studying the pottery types obtained from these sites and comparing it with Yahya's potteries and tall-e Iblis and Mahtotabad we can observe the sequence and continuity of deployment in different stages of the Chalcolithic period. The relation with the centers such as Bardsir valley (Iblis), Soghun plain (Yahya) and Jiroft plain (Mahtotabad) led to the creation of common cultures and cross-cultural interactions during this period. This article attempts to introduce the Chalcolithic settlements of the southern Roudbarplain using the geographical information system (GIS) to reconstruction and analysis of the settlement pattern of this period.

Central Zagros and its eastern regions have relatively a favorable environmental condition for the formation of ancient settlements. One of these regions is Malayer intermountain plain that is located in the vicinity of Hamadan, Nahavand and Boroujerd. According to archaeological evidence, beginning of the setteling in this plain is Chalcolithic period. However, recent studies have identified several sites of the Neolithic in the region. The present study examined the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlement pattern in the southwest of the region. The research is based on the study of archaeological data obtained from the fieldwork of the region. For achieving considered goals, we have used and analyzed geographical information, using Arc GIS 9.2 software and then, for interpretation of data, Excel software was applied. By establish a data bank for the study, which is in the form of geographical information system, we carried out analysis on spatial distribution of the sites. Study of the neighborhoods cultures impact based on archaeological data is the other issues in this research. According to the comparison of data it can be said that cultural interactions have been between the central Zagros region and Kangavar plains. Analysis of the data has also revealed a linear model of sites distributed along the rivers and irrigation canals.

One of the most prominent cultures of Iranian Chalcolithic era is called Bakun which is considered as a vital stage in social- economic ground of change in the prehistoric communities of Iran in Fars. The vicinity of Fars in southern Zagros is considered as one of the richest study centers of Iran and also the Near East, stretching along Susiana plain and central plateau and several restricted plains and located along the river banks of the region and its important plains are Marvdasht and Mamsani that are appropriate to cultivate and nurture livestock and consequently settlement from distant millenniums up to now. The Bakun culture is one of the most important periods of the Chalcolithic cultures and it is an important step in the field of socio-economic Prehistoric communities of Iran. At the same time the culture of Susa I in southwestern and Cheshmeh-Ali in the central plateau is probably the origin of the formation of the first government agencies in the area. This culture represents a characterized painted buff Ware which is decorated with specific roles and conical forms can be and for the first time by Ernst Herzfeld Dual-Bacon on a Tepe some 2 km from Persepolis. In the revision and survey of Bakun of geographical restriction of Fars, an area of 226840 km was studied and consequently 62 of these sites of Fars were investigated and the potteries of Bakun were excavated from 38 sites of these revisions. In order to further study, the impact of environmental factors on the distribution pattern of settlements will have different factors associated with habitat selection further study which project was looking for. For this purpose, the role of these factors were investigated on the basis of available data, using analysis software for geographic information systems (GIS) and their relationship with the absorption of the establishment of areas in which there were Bakun Wares, were studied. It should be noted that extending the surface area of the larger number of sites in areas has not been intended. In order to analysis the settlement patterns of these areas, first of all the relationship between the settlements and the influence rate of environmental factors on their type of selection was measured. As an example the study of the geomorphologic situation of site in the dispersion pattern of sites and the dependency rate of these sites to the rate of sea level represents an increase in the extent of site with the increase of sea level and this is the fact which puts Fars vicinity in a paradox with other sites. However, other factors including distance from the riversides show a moderate model of rainfall rate which is not farfetched. The climate situation of these sites indicates aridness and semi aridness of region. So, that more than 68 percent in arid and semi-arid sites are located in Fars province. However, large centers may be better to analyze the patterns that are related to the other centers. Among 38 sites with the evidence of Bakun culture, 12 sites have an area of less than one hectare, 13 sites have an area of between 1 and 2 ha, and 5 and 8 sites between 2 and 3 and 8 sites have an area of3 hectares. However, 4 sites out of 8 areas of Marvdasht Plain have an area of more three hectares along with smaller sites. These sites are located among relatively narrow valley and smooth plains that a part of this density (lack of space) is created for the same reason. Hence, considering expanded sites that are rich in volume of findings, perhaps they can be considered as central places and influential in the region.

Twelve seasons of archaeological excavations at Bronze Age urban center of Shahdad, made possible to assign the Lut area as an important region in the archaeology of Iran Recently, an extensive archaeological survey was conducted in a 100×40 Km area on the eastern flank of Kerman range and bordering the western fringes of Lut Desert. The survey was planned in the hope of providing answers to, or at least evidence pertaining to, some regional questions. Our main objectives were to identify the settlement patterns of the region through the ancient times, investigate the human-environment interactions and settlement development during prehistoric times in a region where previous excavations had documented the existence of a significant Early Bronze Age urban center. The survey led to identifying eighty-seven ancient sites dating from the fifth millennium BC to the late Islamic era. Of the recorded sites, twenty-three are assigned to prehistoric times (Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age). This paper discusses the prehistoric settlement patterns and the human-environment interactions on the west of Lut Desert.

This study assumes areas between the Central Zagros region and Central plateau of to play an important role in the shaping social and economic complexity and the formation of urban infrastructure during the late chalcolithic period of the region. Regarding the issue an archaeological survey conducted in the area, 39 sites were identified and were archaeologically analyzed. For spatial data analysis both Rank-size and Entropy analysis index were used. The Rank-size data and their distributional pattern across the area indicated a close relationship between the site size and the settlements functionalities as well as their expansion on the plain and their communications with the adjacent regions. The concave logarithmic graph of Rank-size analysis and increasing Entropy index yielded from the settlement size measurements, resulted in the lack of existence of a concentrative organizational system of production or a high level communicating network for the settlements of the Hamadan Plain during the late chalcolithic period. Thus the result of this analysis indicates the fact that the cultural complexity or production systems of the Late Chalcolithic occupants of the area did not follow the central place or other centralized system of relationships as may have been seen from the other late Chalcolithic sites of Iran.

Of the important purposes of Archaeology, is studying the interaction of communities with each other and the environment; the cultural processes of highlands with more than 2000 m. elevation above sea level is a considerable subject in the Iranian archaeology has not been followed yet. In the present research with environmental approach and using GIS software, on the basis of examining the geographical factors respect to the settlement pattern of Sassanid era, we came to study that why and how Sassanid settlements in the Farsan county, as a region with such intermountain valleys and plain, formed and goes on, and determined which all the geographical factors didn’t possess an equal importance as the most important factors in this process were water and adequate pasture accessibility. That’s it, locating in the close area with enough pasture for pastoral nomad communities, settling in the area with irrigation agriculture potential for the sedentary people, and communicating roads availability for both groups has a considerable role in the formation of settlement pattern of Sassanid Farsan.Compare to the Parthian, Sassanid settlement pattern of the region didn’t show a significant change, except the larger size of Sassanid sites. Respecting this, we have to note that more than half - 51.74 % - of the Sassanid sites of the region formed on Partian settlements; 31 % newly assessed and 17.24 % of them including sites which were occupied once over the prehistoric times.In the continuation process which have been started by the Elymais period, settlement pattern of the region in the Sassanid period; here, on the influence of the developed socio-political system control and probably shaped under Sassanid centralized power investment. Regard to the connection between settlement pattern and the roads, the sites are not necessarily next to the riverbeds. In the Sassanid Period as precedent eras, habitation in mountain slopes and on the hills beside the plain have continued; we apparently saw that the settlements concentration have moved to the center of the plains. In this Period, the size of the sites are greater than before, which is a sign of population growth by the Sassanid period. It seems that the population growth in this period is the consequence of vast exploitation of resources with habitation on the center of the plains and more resources accessibility, using strategic situation of Farsan region and communication roads, which long before identified by nomads. The interaction between this region and other cultural zones, i.e. Khuzestan and Fars in the Sassanid period reflected by the archaeological data, e.g. pottery form and decoration; this similarity is matched with migration roads of the Bakhtiyari tribes.To sum up, there is an important difference between Sassanid settlement pattern and modern patterns of population distribution and cities of Farsan County are consequence of different socio-economic and technologic situation. This case indicates that beside geographical variety, factors like socio-economic interactions and statistic characteristics plays an important role in the site distribution and settlement patterns.

The revival of Chalcolithic sites have a particular importance in tracing the settlement patterns of the region، in the aegis of special biological features and replacing in environmental elements. By depicting the special features، the characteristics of plain of Hamedan and its strength in Northern plain (Kaboodarhang) must be hinted. This plain is determined as a joint fund between Central Zagros Region and Central Plateau of Iran، because of the situation and its replacement in an individual climate. Approach to the research، Based on surface survey data analysis purposes GIS and then combine them with data from environmental assessments. Which finally leads to the Analysis Catchment sites.

Khorasan province and in particular Dargaz plain which is located among the cultural area of southwestern central Asia (Turkmenistan mountainous), northeastern of central plateau and northeastern Iran is one of the unexplored but important regions in archaeological investigation in Iran. Climate characteristics of the region, its special geographical conditions and its important location caused this region to receive attention from human’s groups long time ago. Therefore, our records of the changes of the region in different periods of prehistory and its mode of relationship with other cultural area are incomplete. So archaeological investigation and archaeological excavation is very necessary. Archaeological survey’s and settlement pattern analysis is one certain method in archaeology for understanding cultural contacts at prehistoric periods. Information and awareness of settlement pattern of Dargaz plain could improve the perception of its cultural landscapes. In the past, this kind of analysis was done through traditional methods but nowadays analysis of settlement pattern is done by different software like ArcGIS that results in real and accurate information. In this article, we are working with the results of archaeological surveys of Dargaz plain and analysis of them with ArcGIS. In this study, the influence of soil, water and also a certain height range created a specific pattern.

In the face of strategic and geopolitical importance of Nishapur, this city was not much taken into consideration by the archeologists of the historic period. The analysis of the new findings of the ancient castle of Sasanian Nishapur as well as the identification of some Sasanian settlements in the plain of Nishapur can make it possible to re-configure the eco-political structures of the communities that populated this area of Iran to a large extent. This paper assesses how the the interaction occurred between Nishapur and its hinterland by ceramic analysis in the framework of the quantitative models such as regression analysis and rank-size model. According to the historical records and archeological analysis, the magnitude of Nishapur's influence on its hinterland brings it to mind that the pattern of eco-political interaction in Nishapur's hinterland at the time of Sasaninas have resembled the core-periphery model.

This article discusses the settlement patterns of the middle chalcolithic sites in the Talvar river Basin in an area expanding from the river tributaries to its fairly lower bed eastwardly. The river basin is mostly placed within the both counties of Dehgolan and Ghorveh in Kurdestan Province. The archaeological investigations indicated the rise of occupation and presumably even its beginning in the chalcolithic period coinciding with various ways of life sustenance. In terms of size, elevation and access to the environmental resources, the middle chalcolithic sites (34 sites) could be divided in to several different groups. This issue is possibly based on the different ways of life sustenance. The earliest evidence in the region goes back to the middle chalcolithic period, but this result should not be known finally as both natural and cultural post-depositional alternations such as erosion, sedimentation and cultivation could play an important role. This article, however, is based on the yielded data collected as the result of archaeological investigations by provincial ICHO and also the first author who undertook a survey to write his Ph.D dissertation.