جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رمان پسامدرن » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

 The investigation of literary works with the rhizomatic approach is one of the new methods in the analysis of literary texts. In this approach, the discontinuities created through literary techniques in the text of the work are analyzed to show that the form of some literary works is based on discontinuity and centripetalism, and does not follow the organic unity as seen in the form of modern and realist works. It is formed in a discrete collection of various and heterogeneous elements in coexistence with each other to express the coexistence of different and contrasting voices alongside each other, without being silenced by a central voice in the text and in unity with that voice. Koch Shamar is one of the postmodern novels of the decade. Ninety is in Persian literature. The purpose of this article is to investigate the formal strategies of Koch Shamar"s novel with a rhizomatic approach to analyze the eccentric form of this novel.

 This article has analyzed the novel with the most important components of the rhizomatic approach of Gilles Deleuze, one of the post-structuralist theorists, using a descriptive-analytical method. These components include: connection and becoming, multiplicity, non-significant discontinuity and mapping.

 The findings of this research show that due to the author"s different view of narration and the different use of storytelling techniques such as: how the narrator is present, characterization, linguistic elements and micro-narratives; Rhizome components are expanded in the text of the novel.

 Rhizome components are distributed in horizontal lines and in relation to each other, without a central order and with various arrangements, on the level of the novel, and the form of the novel is in a rhizome collection without following the organic unity of realist and modern novels. have shaped and pushed the novel towards multiple voices.

Introduction and goal:

Chaos theory is one of the new scientific theories born of the developments of the modern era, which examines complex systems and has a direct relationship with mathematical studies and believes in the existence of order in chaos. After the development of studies on the theory of chaos, the field of application of this theory expanded and entered the human sciences as well. Literature was one of the fields that was influenced by this theory, and literary and critical studies influenced by this theory came to the conclusion that literary works are not free of chaos and disorder. Novel is one of the literary genres that is the best example for the application of chaos theory due to its dynamic and unstable system. Due to their different, innovative and complex narrative structure compared to classic and modern novels, postmodern novels are considered the most obvious literary texts that reflect a kind of order in chaos in their inner world. Some features of postmodern novels such as "accident, chaos, uncertainty, stereotyping, ambiguity and complexity" (Hasan, 2018: 106; Nowzari, 2011: 110) distinguish them from other novels. In these novels, the method of narration is non-linear and probability prevails over certainty.Arab storytellers also turned to the postmodern narrative style and wrote countless works according to postmodern principles. Ibrahim Nasrallah is one of the most prominent postmodern story writers of Arabic literature who has used the postmodern narrative style in many of his works, and his novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” also has the most important postmodern components. With the non-linear narration of the events of this story and the multiple use of time failures, Nasrallah transforms the world inside his story into a world of a thousand of pieces, which, despite being multiplicity, chaos and disorder, has a certain order and coherence. The characters of this story are different parts of a whole unit whose actions affect each other's lifestyle and destiny. With the help of a special narrative method, Nasrallah wants to create a post-modern atmosphere in his story, to depict the wide-ranging developments of the new age in a metaphorical form and with the language of a novel, and to express the impact of human actions on the environment and the environment on humans, and also the perspective of the modern world. Based on the theory of chaos and its four characteristics, this article tries to analyze the formation of the world in the story of “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” and its relationship with the external and real world and the political, social, economic, cultural and environmental transformations in the new and ultra-developed world, and also the goals of the author to analyze the creation of such a postmodern story. This research tries to provide proper answers to these questions:1- How does the application of chaos theory in the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” highlight the postmodern components of this novel?
2- How does Nasrallah explain the rule of order in disorder in the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya”?

The present study tries to analyze the narrative style of the novel “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” with a descriptive and analytical method, relying on the foundations of the scientific theory of chaos. It analyzes the reflection of the four characteristics of the chaos theory, i.e. the butterfly wing effect, strange attractions, self-immortal and dynamic adaptation in this novel and expresses their role in strengthening post-modern dimension.

Nasrallah creates a fragmented and postmodern world in the story of “Harb al-Kalb al-Thanya” and metaphorically refers to the extensive changes in the real world of the new age. The events of this chaotic world move in different and multidirectional channels, and countless and uncertain environmental, human and non-human causes, political issues and long-term social and economic plans of countries are repeated in a coherent framework and in the form of strange attractions in different forms and in time and space. They take on the effect of butterfly wing under the influence of sensitivity to their initial conditions, and lead to a big event called the second dog war.

With the help of various time jumps, Nasrallah causes the death of time in the structure of this novel, and the characters and events of this novel show irregular and unexpected behaviors in a non-linear and unpredictable manner, for which no causal relationship and no outcome can be imagined, and this leads to the ambiguity and complexity of the novel and causes the audience to construct the world of this story and consider it as a symbol of the outside world and its characters and events as a creation of the author's mind and find it full of possibilities and without any certainty. By arranging disparate elements side by side extensively, Nasrallah draws a chaotic world whose actors and characters, despite their different nature and independent identity, have a desire to converge and identify with the whole and move in the direction of its goals. This convergence makes the components of this system adapt themselves to any climatic, social and political changes and the laws issued by the Castle System and achieve dynamic and recurring adaptation. From these irregularities, an ultimate and hidden order will emerge and the chaotic world of the story will continue to exist.

Narrative is the main element in a work of fiction. It takes various forms according its type and approach. One of the important forms of narration in the postmodern novel is the use of episodes in which the novelist, instead of narrating the incident in a macro form, narrates the subject in the form of sub-narratives. It avoids dividing the narrative into traditional elements such as introduction, middle and conclusion. In the postmodern method, the author creates a technical and attractive narrative by focusing on the use of different characters, interactions among narrative levels and conceptual and semantic correlations.In fact, an important function of the novel in recent times has been the use of a new method of narration that is different from traditional and past methods. In this period, the narrative has walked away from its famous and conventional form and is based on contradictions, confusion and disruption of logical rules and natural order among the elements of the story. Therefore, in the postmodern period of the novel, it is not enough to know about a genre or a method to study the narrative; rather, different types and methods of narration should be examined separately. This is because today's fiction, unlike the works of the past that followed certain forms and shapes, is not designed in specific formats and structures; there are general features for narration in the postmodern novel. This form of narrative, which leads to the creation of polyphony, is an important goal of the modern novel, and episodic narrative is a tool to achieve it. An author can create different sounds and narratives by using these two techniques simultaneously.The latest trend in the literature, known as "postmodernism," influenced the Arabic novel. Hoda Barakat is a writer who was influenced by this method in her works, especially in the novel "Barid Al-Layl". She was born in Beirut in 1952 and taught journalism there. Now, she lives in Paris. So far, six novels, two plays, a collection of stories and a self-portrait have been published by this author, and her latest work, entitled "Barid Al-Layl", has attracted the attention of literary circles and won the most important award for Arabic novel. Hoda Barakat's novel "Barid Al-Layl" is the latest work by this prominent Lebanese novelist, which, considering its structure, style and other characteristics, is a unique work that won the Booker Prize for Literature. Using a lettering style, the novel is composed of independent and separate episodes and scenes, but they are related in terms of meaning and concept.Following the various deconstructions and aberrations that have occurred in the postmodern narrative, Barakat turned to new methods, including episodic narrative. In this narrative method, the author avoids using a familiar and traditional macro-structure, and the narrative is divided into sections and subsections. Instead of telling a long and connected story, the novelist uses several micro-incidents or presents the same incident in the form of sub-narratives. An important tool for this technique is the letter-writing style, which was why Hoda Barakat adopted the style of episodic narration in the novel "Barid Al-Layl".Research

By recognizing the type and method of narration in the postmodern novel by Hoda Barakat, this study has examined the components of episodic narration as a tool for this technique. This article is written in a descriptive-analytical manner, and examines the style in the novel using new theories about the postmodern novel.

Hoda Barakat's novel "Barid Al-Layl" makes use of the episodic technique and divided the novel into smaller sections. The author has avoided the grand narrative and avoids heroism and the presentation of extraordinary characters. In order to give his work a novel-like form and to show its difference from the short story, he sticks to semantic attachments and the overlap of narrative levels. In fact, in his episodes, the author has used fragmentary narratives that are connected by certain factors. Hoda Barakat has used five to seven sub-narratives in the novel "Barid Al-Layl". The novel is narrated in episodes and sections, each of which has its own independence. The author has avoided the traditional sequences in the plot. With sub-narratives, he has tried to give objectivity to the depth of the displaced tragedy and to approach reality. This is because showing several characters and several events appropriate to this case enhances the credibility of the events. In spite of such multiplicity and sub-narratives in the theme of homelessness and displacement, Barakat has established unity among the sub-narratives and, through the interference of the narrative levels, has created a temporal connection in spite of a narrative break. Using the episode "At the airport" and the final section "Death of the postman", he has highlighted this connection.

Some linguistic theories claim that they have the capacity of describing and explaining all kinds of narratives, one of which is Simpson's linguistic-literary model. This essay, in a descriptive-analytic method, studies narratorial mode of The Possible Night by Mohammad Hassan Shahsavari according to the model mentioned, in order to show characteristics of the narrative structure of this postmodern novel and also evaluate the efficiency of Simpson's narrative analysis model in studying postmodern novels. Extracting essential textual instruments like languages and intra-lingual variations, different types of process, modes of speech and thought presentation, words signifying modality, analepses, prolepses and intertextual relations and analyzing them, it showed that this novel is analyzable according to five units of Simpson’s model. Languages and idiolects of characters represent their social and cultural levels, material process has been used more than other processes, this story is narrated in the first-person and from the viewpoint of participating character-narrators, free direct thought is found more than other types of speech and thought presentation, dominating modality is negative and this story involves intertextual relations in different fields such as places, characters and literary, artistic and philosophical works. However, textual structure of this novel is not analyzable through Simpson's model.

Contrary to the French school of comparative literature that assumes only texts having certain conditions can be compared, in the American approach it is possible to compare literary texts with other forms of art such as cinema so this possibility can contribute to a better understanding of literature. Since novels and films have a lot of shared characteristics, they are similar in many aspects and are in fact regarded as two comparable genres. This commonality can pave the ground for reviewing films from the perspective of modern theories on literary criticism so that concepts and jargons commonly used as a means to discuss novels, can also be applied for the critical analysis of films’ structures and themes. On the other hand, we witness a tendency to “postmodernism” in the current critical discussions about novels in our country such that many novelists today show great interest to postmodernist style in writing. Reviewing some of the most important theories on postmodern literature, this study aims to extract 19 techniques used in postmodern novels and then to explore their application in the film “Being a Star” through qualitative analysis. The results of the study showed commonality between literature and cinema (as a visual text) as many techniques used in postmodern novels are also applied in the above film with high frequency.

One of the trends in contemporary novelist streams that mimic a novel western novel in Iranian history literature is a new novel for post - modernism novel. Although this tendency has not been successful in the contemporary Iranian story because of the lack of adequate beds so far in the west, there are sometimes authors who are inclined to present their critical views to society and contemporary human through post - modernism approaches. Aboo Torab Khosravi is one of the writers. His artistic use of the Western romance has transformed his romance into an arena for dialogue and conflict. This research has worked in a descriptive and analytical manner to study the most prominent elements of post - modernism, with regard to the elements of post - modern novelist ,that is Polyphony in » Malekan-e- azab« novel. and the results of the research suggest that this novel s underlying characteristic of is polyphonic design using elements such as narrative technique، Intertextuality، Meta - story and…

Contemporary literature is constantly searching for its own identity. It is this return to oneself that encourages the "broken down" form of the early twentieth century and gives it a certain freshness. From then on, the novelist questions the reader about his novelistic writing and his fabrication within fiction. This process of self-referentiality in Roubaud's novel or lipian trilogy (La Belle Hortense, L'Enlèvement d'Hortense, L'Exil d'Hortense) leads us to the constraint of "Theoria in fabula" which consists in inserting the typical oulipian processes. in fictional fiction. One wonders how this metatextual process develops in Baraheni's novel titled Azade Khanom and His Novelist (second edition). The characteristics of "Theoria in fabula" studied in this article offer an original aspect of the metatextual in Baraheni; This allows us to implement a new readability of the Iranian novel and to draw parallels between the latter and the Oulipian novel.

Multiple character is a disintegrated character made up of bits and pieces of other minor characters to form a unified fictional personage. The present study focuses on the emergence of such a character, its characteristic features and its function in the modernist novel Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine (sorkhy-e to az man) and postmodernist novel Azade and her Writer (Azade khanoom va nevisandehash). This techniques in characterization is a popular one in modernist and postmodernist works. However, there is one main difference: while in the modernist novel the aim is to reveal the disintegrated nature of the character’s mind, in postmodernist novel it tries to probe into the ontological nature of the character. The focus in modernist novel is on the mind of the character using interior monologue and stream of consciousness techniques. In other words, each minor character in the novel tends to represent one of the mental features of the protagonist. In postmodernist novel, however, reality and fiction intermingle: fictional and real characters are treated in the same way.     

The main concern in the present research is examining the notion of multiple character in the two novels namely the modernist Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine and the postmodernist Azade and her Writer.  Previous studies on these novels do not refer to multiple character. In addition, our search before the study did not show any reference to the same concept. Hence this study seems to be unprecedented in this respect. It should be noted that the technique of introducing multiple character is mainly found in modernist and postmodernist novels and can be considered as playing an important role in epistemological frameworks of these novels. Azade and her Writer (1995), a postmodernist novel by Reza Baraheni, has been the subject of many critical analysis.   
Among the works written on the subject, one can refer to the following: “What is postmodernist novel? Examining narratological features in Azade and her Writer”, “Reversing the

Postmodernist Creativity in Azade and her Writer” both by Hossein Payandeh. The same writer has also written a critique on both Azade and her Writer and Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine in his book Unveiling the Novel. Tadayyoni and Sadeghi have also discussed Azade and her Writer in “The Emergence of the Last Literary School in Iran with an Emphasis on Azade and her Writer” and “Functions of Silence in Reading Persian Literary Texts” respectively.   
Other related works include: “Examining Postmodernist Elements in Azade and her Writer”, by Pirooz, Moghaddasi and Fotovat; “Examining Postmodernist style in Iranian Novels” by Rhimbeigi, Barati, and Nasr-e Esfahani; “Documentary Features and Blurring the Borderline between Reality and Fiction in Postmodernist Narratives with an Empahsis on Azade and her Writer” by Yaghoobijanbehsaraee and Mohammadi; “Society as Reflected in Secrets of my Land and Azade and her Writer before and after the Revolution” by Azadarmaki and Zamanisabzi; “Myth and Demythification in Azade and her Writer” by Shahpar-rad in French; “Having the Future World Ring” by Gooran; “Of a Different Kind” by Hajizadeh as well as Sangi’s “Contextual Analysis of Persian Metanarrative” in her Ph.D. dissertation. Farzad Karimi devotes one whole chapter to Azade and her Writer in his book Postmodernist Fiction in Iran.       
The second novel studied in the present research is Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine by Sepideh Shamloo published in 2006. Our search for related studies yielded two hits: “Feminine Writing Features in Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine” by Ghasemzadeh and Aliakbari and “Identity Analysis in Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine” by Oskouee.
The abovementioned works have shed light on the dark points of the novels especially Oskouee’s article which has fully addressed the psychological aspects of one of the novels. The article by Yaghoobi Janbeh Saraee and Mohammadi has also proved to be of great help in studying the blurred borderline between fiction and reality.
 

The study deals with the concept of multiple character and the way minor characters have contributed to the formation of the protagonist. The results show that the fragmented parts of the multiple character are mental figments. In postmodernist fiction, the multiple character mingle reality and fiction and divers personality features are borrowed from other texts and are intertextually linked to one another.   

Possessing other character features in modernist and postmodernist novels, the multiple character contributes to epistemological and ontological features of modernist and postmodernist novels respectively. Multiple character can be viewed as an innovative way used for characterization among other modernist and postmodernist features. 

Based on the present study, introducing multiple character into Persian modernist and postmodernist novels can enhance the stylistic features of the work. The multiple character in Let Your Ruddiness Be Mine is imaginary in nature resulting from disintegration of the identity. The mental problem can happen in reality although it is not a common one. However, in the mentioned novel it turns out to be a reality and contributes to the dominant epistemological aspect of the work. In Azade and her Writer the multiple character is intertextual in nature. The borderline between reality and fiction is blurred and the real world of the novel has been treated the same as the fictional worlds of other texts. The multiple character here contributes to the dominant ontological aspect of the novel.

The word post-modernism expresses a new era in the history of western civilization، which is known by the feeling of disillusion with modernity and effort to criticize it and seek new authority، and it has significant effects in many grounds. The purpose of this research is to review the phenomenon of post-modernism in the novel “Barari Alhoma” by Ebrahim Nasr-Allah because it is a literary text and contains manifest characteristics of post-modernism and indicates the dominant features of post-modern works and trends of this phenomenon. This writer especially has remarkable ability to express these characteristics artistically and differently. In this research، firstly remarkable techniques of post-modernism in this novel are indicated including exaggeration and overstatement in imagination، multiplicity and plurality instead of unity، lack of a main topic، antagonist، feeling of wrath and being imaginary، denial of causality، etc. Then، we survey some pieces of the story according to the dominant characteristics of post-modernism.