جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گرماس » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Greimas, as the most famous theoretician of "narrative semantics", believes that the structure of a narrative, like the structure of a sentence, has its own grammar. By presenting some models such as action pattern, narrative program, semantic square, etc., he tries to structure the relationships between the meaningful signs of a texte, so that we can understand the internal structures of the meaning of the text by transitioning from the surface structure to the deep structure. The narrativity is the main organizing principle of any discourse. Narrative semiotics aims to search for deep, inherent and stable structures in discourses that can be formally manifested at the surface of texts. In this research, by referring to Greimas's narrative semiotics and his famous models, we intend to examine the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True" by Marc Levy. Unlike other literary criticism approaches that search for meaning outside the text, the semiotic approach searches for the mechanism of meaning formation in the text itself and in the deep layers of the text.

Background of study:

In the field of semiotics, narratology and semantics, many studies have been done by researchers in the form of books and articles. Emphasizing the narrative aspect of Greimas's approach, Abbasi has analyzed Persian texts in the books "Samad: The Structure of a Myth" and "Applied Narrative". Sha'iri has done many and extensive studies in this field, among which the books "Semantic of Literature: The Theory and Method of Analyzing Literary Discourse" and several articles such as "From Structuralist Semiotics to Discourse-Semiotics", "A Study of Types of Discourse Systems From the Semiotic Point of View", "Semiotic Analysis of the Process of Recognition in Literary Discourse: A Case Study of Pacheh Khizak written by Sadegh Choubak ".Marc Levy's works have also been the subject of researches with different approaches of literary criticism, among them, we can mention the article by Hassan Zokhtareh and Martine Boyer-Weinmann entitled "A Study of Literary Success in the Contemporary Media Age, Case Study: She and He by Marc Levy". The authors of this article examine the reasons for the success of best-selling novels and successful authors. Ali Abbassi and Mitra Moradi have studied the beginning and end parts of Levy's novel in the article entitled "The Study of the Incipit and the Closure in All Those Things We Never Said by Marc Levy".

In this research, using the models presented by Greimas, we intend to investigate the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True", by the French author, Marc Levy. By conducting this study, we are looking for an answer to the question "how the narrativity as the organizing principle of the discourse has helped to create meaning and reflect the author's desired values". Our hypothesis in this research is that the text consists of a set of semiotic-semantic elements at the surface and deep structures, between which there are meaningful relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this researche is to study the action pattern, narrative program and semantic square in this novel in order to determine how these elements make the discourse meaningful.

The findings of this study show that in this novel we are not facing a simple set of narrative programs, but there is a set of narrative programs that go in parallel to each other, this indicates the complexity of the narrative course of the action subject. By examining the semantic square, we learn that although the actors are temporarily in the position of death, they eventually come out of it and return to life; This reflects the author's positiviste values.

In the period of new criticism and with the formation of new methods of narratology, several patterns emerged in the field of narrative recognition and criticism. In the meantime, Greimas’s model, inspired by Propp’s narratology, and relying on the philosophical principle of contrast, tried to analyze narratives based on the six actants of subject/object (goal), helper/opponent, sender/receiver in a new text analysis system. On the other hand, Suhrawardi, in a pre-textual style, and relying on his philosophical data, used the language of narration and allegory to explain his thoughts in such a way that some of his narrations can be analyzed from the perspective of Greimas. Based on a descriptive-analytical method, this research has analyzed the structure of contrasts in Fi Halat al-Tufulliyah treatise. The results indicated that the structure of this narrative is in a layered and nested form, arisen from the thought characteristic and dominant patterns in Suhrawardi’s mind and the presence of actants in this narrative can perfectly be seen and in some micro-narratives it is in the fluidity of roles. On the other hand, despite the presence of all three action elements in the macro-narrative and micro-narratives, the dominant action element can be considered as a covenant that plays a role in the attractiveness of the narrative compared to that of other Suhrawardi’s treatises. Finally, the object/goal alignment in the macro-narrative and the other four micro-narratives would lead to the prominence of this goal i.e., “reaching peace” in his thought system.

One of the major approaches to understanding the structure of narrative is its analysis based on Greimas’s system of binary oppositions. Greimas strived to achieve a comprehensive pattern in analysis of stories by dividing the actants into three binary oppositions and a tripartite division of events. This research aims to comparatively analyze the narrative structure in three Persian epistles of Suhrawardi by applying Greimas theoretical framework. The findings of the research point to the lack of formation of a complete narrative based on the actants in Greimas model. The reason is the dominance of knowledge-building, as the primary goal, over the narration form, as the secondary goal of Suhrawardi. As one of the consequences of this dominance, we can point to the spread of disjunctive progression across the epistles, which also arose from the dominance of discourse over structure. The research also reveals the formation of the same form of narration in terms of the system of actants and the type of layered narration. This style of processing the story indicates Suhrawardi’s understands of the concept of the nine planets and their connection with the soul. The similarity in the object/aim actant as a conceptual matter and the weakness in form indicators are other findings of this comparative study.

Character analysis in fiction has received special attention from critics and analysts of fiction in recent decades. Personality is part of the overall structure of a narrative and one of its aspects is activism. The action in the story and narrative determines the verb of the narrative character. Influenced by Propp, Greimas proposed his theory of narratology. His model of action in this theory can be applied in almost all literary genres, and this feature shows the flexibility and applicability of his model in examining the structural foundations of a text. The purpose and subject of this research is to study the characters of Ermiah's novel by Reza Amirkhani based on Greimas' action pattern. Greimas has designed a model for examining the character's character actions, which consists of three dual patterns: "actor / goal", "actor / actionable" and "friend / counter-actor". The results of the descriptive-analytical article indicate that the characters in this novel have significant value contrasts (war and anti-war). According to Greimas' action of pattern, Ermiah, as an active character in the field of imposed war and holy defense, has moved towards achieving his goal and has figured out the action of the story and put the other components of this pattern on the path of role-playing.

Structural analysis is one of the methods for analyzing literary texts. A branch of interest to structuralists is narratology. Greimas, the Lithuanian semiotician, explains the structure of the narrative and the characters of the story using the dual contrasts and the actantial model. The aim of the current study is to investigate the structures of a story from Marzbān-nāma entitled “Irajasteh and Khosrow” and another story from Haft Peykar entitled “Fitnah and Bahram” using a structuralist approach. The characters and actors in the stories and the similarities and differences of the two stories and the type of actions are evaluated. The result shows that while the two stories have a common deep structure, they are not homogeneous in terms of their surface structure. The subject actor in the story of “Irajasteh and Khosrow” plays an important role in the plot of the story, while in the story of “Fitnah and Bahram” as an active actor, encourages the subject or the hero to act.

Valuable value is in the joints of the surface-structures. Therefore, recognizing the structure of narrative history, describing the nature of the historiography, is one of the most commonly used notices in the analysis of literary texts. The personality of the key element is a rosary with its acts and speech. Germas is one of the experts who has designed the action patterns in reviewing the characters of the story. The question is: is a warrior novel adaptable to the actor's model of the actor? The present article, in an analytical-descriptive manner, has examined the personality in the novel "Salahshoor" by Abdolhossein Industrialzadeh. The results of reflecting the pattern of Grams on this fictional effect suggest that this pattern of action is quite comparable in this novel. The historical novel has several characters that can be classified according to the actor's model of action, with actors, actors, actors, actors, actors, and actors acting in action. In this research, we try to model with the actor of Gremos, Find out the characters in the novel.

In the specialized discussions of semiotics of the Parisian school, two Greimas are commonly spoken: the first Greimas, who has a rigid vision of structuralism, and reveals himself as a structuralist semantics, and the second Greimas, who tends to see phenomenology. And the book imperfection of meaning is the crystallization of this vision. We believe that the basis of Garmas's narrative thought is based on the logic of logocentrism, which is itself based on the concept of economics or centralism, that is, the rotation of value issues in the hands of subjects in a closed system. In this system, the ontological connection of the subject and value issues is reduced to the level of interaction based on "ownership". Gradually, Greimas treats the subject not only as a "pure concept of grammar," but also as an ontological subject, a subject that engages with the world itself and communicates with it instead of with distance and transcendence. In this paper, while proving that Greimas’s narrative thinking is based on the logic of econometric-based logistics, we will focus on how Greimas believes in the "transcendental and proprietary " relation of Descartes' subject with the world in the heat of a phenomenological relation, based on the "being-in-the-world" of the subject.

Abstract French structuralist critic Garmas, as a semantist, studied the meaning and structures of semantics and proposed the hypothesis of an action model in order to better reveal the role of the characters in the narrative. In this hypothesis, three relations are combined, the relation of desire, message and action, which consists of three binary models: actor / doable, actor / goal, action / antagonist. Ali Badr's novel "The Jerusalem's lantern" is one of the best contemporary novels in Iraq, which deals with the issue of the Arab-Israeli conflict in its entirety and covers a long period of Palestinian history. He chose the scholars and contemporary intellectuals of the Arab world, which shows his awareness and sensitivity in this selection. The purpose of this article is to analyze this novel and analyze its characters and actions based on Garmas theory of action in a descriptive-analytical method to explain how the production of meaning and formation of novel events by these characters and actors, in addition The audience will understand the role of Edward Saeed, the main character and the real hero throughout the novel, along with other actors, in advancing the narrative towards the author's goals and aspirations. Findings show that the crisis of identity and the search for national identity is the main plot and the core of the novel, which is the main challenge of the characters and actors and the axis and motivation of their actions. The author is in the context of confrontation between characters with

Action in mystical texts occurs under the influence of factors that provide a suitable space for mystical expression. These factors can be the result of inductive, prescriptive, incidental processes or the offspring of tension and state systems. The origin of these factors goes back to the binary oppositions on which the human system of thought is based, and the discussion about it dates back to the time of Aristotle and has continued in the 20th century in the structuralist and semiotic studies of scholars such as Saussure, Freud, Pierce, Morris, Greimas, etc. Therefore, it is based on these oppositions that in a semantic-semiotics approach, we can study the mechanisms of meaning production in discourse systems with different sensory-perceptual, cognitive and aesthetic dimensions. In the present paper, the author examines the discourse systems of the story “Pirchangi” as an example of poetic stories of Masnavi-i Ma’navi by Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi (Rumi), in order to clarify the position of action, tension, existence and state systems in it and to show the transition of the main character from the initial disorder to the organized state at the end of the story. The result of the analysis indicates the prominent role of the state system in the main leap of the story in which the character moves into a state of belief through an “epiphany”. The attractiveness of this story for repeated reading, as Rumi himself points out at the end of the story, owes to the presence of the existential subject.

The investigation of basic narrative structures which were followed regularly between formalists and structuralists in twentieth century, has a salient role in literary researches. Among formalists, Vladimir Propp’s theory, manifested in the book “Morphology of Folktale”, can be mentioned as the first attempt in theorizing narration that later attracted French narrative structuralists' attention. By utilization of Propp method, it was revealed that final narrative structure could be determined. This method in which the functions of narrative design were taken into consideration, was changed in Greimas’s and Bremond’s works. By studying structural semantics and continuing Propp’s researches, Greimas could present actantial model. Also Bremond whose works were based on Propp’s view, completed and revised his opinion according to Propp’s theory. In the present study, by using descriptive-analytical method, Greimas’s and Bremond’s narrative viewpoints will be compared with Propp’s opinion. Then it will be represented how Greimas and Bremond, applied Propp’s perspective as a source for reflecting their comprehensive theories.

Algirdas Julien Greimas, French semanticist, had made a lot of efforts to provide a coherent model for studying the narration. According to him, what is important in recognizing literary text, is not an effective mechanical analysis, but we must look at the process of producing the text up to the transfer and reception of meaning. That is, we should study the discourse systems of the text, which include three types of intelligent, emotional and eventional. In this study, we will examine the process of producing the meaning in the narrative discourse systems based on the model of the study of Greimas by analyzing the semantics of the novel “and if it was true” written by contemporary French novelist Marc Levy, and we are going to answer the question: How action, state and unexpected flows create the discourse of “and if it was true” and create a variety of intelligent, emotional and eventional systems. This novel, due to it’s narrative logic,can be analyzed from the point of view of intelligent, emotional and eventional discourse systems.

Critical Discourse analysis is a new definition of discourse analysis its an important branch of discourse analysis. This approach emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive analysis of discourse Among the interesting aspects of critical discourse are producing or strengthening an ideology, understanding texts in their wider context, and using pragmatic and scientific approach to the text analysis. because analysis of new contexts especially novel have an important role in cultural and social evolution in contemporary world, analysis of contexts in this basic is necessary in contemporary literature.This study codified on the basis of validity discourse analysis, active pattern, Grema's semantic square, and Michel Foucault's discourse analysis theory of power. So on the basis of Grema's active pattern, the structure of the novel and the relationship between the structure and content investigated. Then changeability in the novel process and its semantic square codified. The results showed that the researcher has stated the changeability in the novel on the basis of exact structure and a plot in different ways and the work of activists has been defined as for the aims specified. In this study, the researcher considered the power relations, power and people, and the relationship between them, the role of power in the sexuality problem and its control. The researcher also arise against the Egyptian governor with the critical content and defended women and their gender by condemning the authority view of sexuality problem.

The narrative Semiotics is based upon the two facts of action and change. Actors often go on by predetermined programs in this field until they reach appropriate meanings. It seems that the dominant discourse is a logical and narrative phenomenon underlying the structure of mythic stories. In this inquiry, we will study the story of the Zahak and Fereydoun from the Shahname composed by Ferdosi from a semiotic perspective and a descriptive-analytic approach to showing that all narrative components of the story go to alter the semantic features. The results showed that the discourse is dynamic, and at the end, the elementary situation changes to a secondary situation. Zahak wishes to attain the throne while Fereydoun wishes to destroy this government: The stages of language transition are described in the four stages of contract, potential, passive, and analytic. The passive-semantic structure of this discourse is dividable into personal, passive and intermediate places according to their locality.

Semiotic Square, as a model trying to analyze and explain the foundation of signification, was ýfirstly developed by Greimas. This model is the logical outcome of the development of binary ýoppositions, and is based on the primary structure of signification. It was first used in the ýstructural analysis of narratives. However, Greimas, Rastier and some other members of Paris ýschool applied it in the field of semiotics of poetry, as well. Nevertheless, researches using ýthis model in the field of Persian literature are mainly concerned with its application in the ýstructural analysis of either prose or verse narratives, and as a consequence, there is no ýcomprehensive research which analyses the process of signification in poetry according to this ýmodel. Hence, after providing the basic assumptions of semiotic model, the present article ýtries to apply it in a semiotic reading of poetry. Therefore, at first the basic components of ýsemiotic square and their combination methods is explained and afterwards the internal ýorganization of the components of a poem by Attar, Mowlavi, and Hafiz is respectively ýanalyzed. Such a research not only provides the possibility of the analysis of the poem's ýstructure, and brings forth some of its latent perspectives, but also offers a reader-oriented ýmodel which indicates how a potent reader recognize and categorize the semantic ýcomponents of the poem so as to arrive at a better understanding. ý

The tale of Nakhjīrān va shīr is one of the long and complicated stories of Masnavi which has a bilateral structure. This symbolic story has a surface structure and deep structure which demand structural patterns to be analyzed. Therefore, the surface structure of the story which is the very short tale of “Kalila and Damna” has been studied due to Propp’s method concluding to this fact that the story is folk which is comparable to that of Propp’s fairytales will be studied. Whereas this story is beyond a simple surface structure, there is some complications so much that Propp’s method is not able to be provided in it, therefore the deep structure of Tzvetan Todorov and Greimas are necessary. The analysis of this story due to two forementioned patterns cause to compare the structure of two different works, the features and other capacity of the story.

The short story of ‘Adab-e Safar’ is one of the most influential stories of the story collection of ‘Tam-e Baroot’. This work, on account of its narrative style, symbolic atmosphere and the fact that it reflects the conflicting thoughts of a woman who is not protected from the social damage of the war, is capable of being reviewed in perspective of contemporary literary theories, such as structuralism. This article, along with a general look into the narrative elements of ‘Adab-e Safar’, will analyze its structure from the view of Barthes’s codes concept. These codes   consist   of   proairetic,   hermeneutic,   connotative,   cultural   or referential, symbolic and semantic codes. In proairetic codes, the axioms of Greimas and its three principles, i.e. performative, convergent and divergent; are exploited. This articles, based on the theories of Barthes and Greimas, presents clear proofs that the sort stories of the Holy War are technically and structurally qualified. The method used for this research is descriptive analytical one, and through note taking from various tomes the instances are analyzed in the story.

Structuralism extends an inclusive perspective in analysis of texts during which all intratextual components are linked to one another and the function of each component depends on the system. Due to its cause and effect basis, coherence and high capacity in structural analysis, narration has always drawn the attention of many narratologists. This paper attempts to study the narrative structure of three Elahi-nameh, Mantiq al-Tayr, and Musibat-nameh poetic works which have similar narrative forms, using the viewpoints of structuralistnarratologists and a descriptive-analytic method. The agreements and rules governing Attar’s narrations are discovered and introduced. This study shows that “journey” is he central and cohesive element of the poetry works in the formal structure of the narration. Thus, the functions and actions are processed within the framework of this element. By adjusting this element in the mystic concept of the poetic works, it is revealed that the presence of mysticism and therefore the concept of “becoming” have remarkably affected the structure of the narration of the poems. The narrative structure of the poems is a layered one in which the linguistic and formal features of the narration has a dialectic relation with allegorical features. This has given a mental and internal aspect to the narration.