جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « emphasis » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

There is a generative constructional process in both Persian and Kurdish languages, through which some syntactic constructions can be transformed from a simple expression to an emphatic expression without changing the original meaning. This process, which is the proof of a subject through the negation of other states, can be called “affirmative negation". “Sentence to express the concept of obligation", "sentence to express inclusion" and "positive news sentence in the present tense" are among the cases that are transformed from their fundamental and unmarked structure into a marked structure with specific verbal motivations. In this research, within the framework of the markedness approach, the marked form of the mentioned sentences in Persian and Kurdish languages is described and analyzed from the structural and functional aspects in order to determine their difference from the basic and unmarked form in terms of semantic function. The aim is to explain and prove the nature of the construction process of affirmative negation in Persian and Kurdish languages as a structural pattern and to show the performance of this process in construction from unmarked to markedness. The result of the research shows that marking in syntactic constructions does not occur only with the movement of sentence elements, but sometimes it is done through this process, which is one of the processes of emphasis.

Norm deviation is one of the most effective methods of language highlighting and familiarity avoidance in texts, which many prominent writers and poets have utilized in various forms. In Nahj al-Balagha, different types of norm deviation are employed, contributing to the prominence of this literary masterpiece. The wisdom contained in this book possesses valuable insights, technical features, and distinctive artistic and stylistic qualities. In this essay, the wisdom of Nahj al-Balagha is examined in terms of directive norm deviation, including techniques such as ellipsis, conciseness, anticipation and delay, objection, digression, and more. The existing norm deviations in the wisdom contribute to two main processes: enhancing aesthetics and better conveying concepts, resulting in the significant effectiveness and impact of the wisdom. The directive norm deviation present in concise words leads to factors such as broadening meanings, better conveying concepts, providing emphasis and greater influence, highlighting the subject matter, arousing emotions, and capturing the attention of the audience. This is considered one of the primary factors in the prominence, eloquence, and rhetoric of the speech of Imam Ali (peace be upon him).

Al khanssa's is the daughter of Amro son of Al-sharrid. Her name isTamador, but Al-Khanssa is her nick-name. She was born in 575A.D.she died in 24A.h. corresponing to 664A.d. Her two brothers Mouawiah and Sakhr who were killed, so that she elegized them in a lot of her poetry, thus, her poetry was a continuous anthem of grief and sadness on her two brothers especially Sakhr. Therefore, when we read her poetry book, we feel that we are in a funeral ceremony where we hear all kinds at weeping, lamentation, bemoaning, commemoration "eulogy" funeral oration" and elegizing, as if we were in front of death and fate music. Al khanssa user many styles and method that show her confirmation through(repetition, confirming by using unrestricted objet, variety of adjective, letters of inauguration and premonition annexation of a letter, confirmation by form, confirmation by negating the adjective to confirm its opposite and oath confirmation).Some other linguistic aspects that draw the attention in her poetry is interruption bringing forward and backward, eliminating, calling with imperative reply. Let's enter her apparent language that she has wanted to tell. In other word, let's have a look at her body of poetry with a variety of language, syntax and morphology just to discover her innovative soul.

Poetry discourse analysis allows the reader to become aware of the poet's worldview, ideas, beliefs and mental imagery. This issue is doubly evident in relation to Shiite and Ashura poetry, which is often based on the emphasis on the positive pole of the "self" and the marginalization of the negative pole of the "other." The composition of Mohtasham Kashani is one of the masterpieces of Persian literature in which the bipolar system of emphasis and marginalization plays an essential role in shaping its discourse. Since this work was formed in response to the oppression that was inflicted on Imam Hussein (AS) and those around him in the event of Ashura; Thus, its text becomes a linguistic network in which the identity of the "self" is highlighted and the identity of the "other" is marginalized due to the interpretive dimension of the signs and the esteemed awareness of the power of language and levels of discourse. In the present study, an attempt is made to investigate the discourse system of Mohtasham's composition by relying on descriptive-analytical method and by referring to Vandic's theory of critical discourse analysis. The horizontal section of compositional discourse shows that the marginalization of another identity is the prominent pole of compositionalization (61%), which is reinforced by vertical sections that include levels of meaning, propositional structure, grammar, and reasoning.

One of the rhetorical features of language in writing and speaking is the emphasis on speech. Emphasis occurs in different ways. Nominal groups are one of the tools of emphasis that have received less attention so far. Focus groups in this article are groups in which either the word is made up of repeated phoneme or the word is made up of two or more morphemes or repeated words, or the contents of the group are combined or turned in a way that convey emphasis. Focus groups are accompanied by proportional nouns, synonymous nouns and adjectives, contrasting nouns and adjectives, proportional verbs, and words with musical proportions. This research through providing a list of samples consisting of 1,500 nominal groups, has analyzed their structure, features, origin and function and classified them into different categories. These groups are used for different purposes including creating new meanings, secondary meanings, metaphorical and figurative, expanding meaning, inclusion, circumlocution, brevity; however, it’s most important function is emphasis. Such as emphasizing on the importance of something; feelings and emotions, distance, quantity and quality and intensity.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the scientific approaches in language studies that has raised discourse analysis from the level of text description to the level of interpretation and in terms of scope of research, has developed the level of context from the individual to the macro level, ie society, history and ideology. . The main purpose of discourse analysis is to achieve a new way of studying texts, media, cultures, sciences, politics, society and the like. In this article, Theon van Dyke's socio-cognitive approach was chosen as a special method for this research, because he has found a critical approach to critical discourse analysis. By combining the three concepts of discourse, knowledge, and society, he formed the triangle that formed the basis of his distinctive theory of critical discourse analysis. In this context, the poetic contradictions between Farzadagh and Jarir in the Umayyad period are among the works that can be studied in the field of critical discourse analysis, because they allow the analyst and the critic the relationship between power, ideology and discourse. Reveal it. This article tries to analyze the two satirical contradictions selected by Farzadagh and Jarir by relying on Van Dyke's ideological square which examines the subject of two contradictions from the perspective of self-emphasis (essence) and marginalization of the other (last). And put analysis; to show how the ideology of these two poets is shown in their satirical confrontations. One of the most prominent results we have reached through this article is that highlighting other negative points in both contradictions is much stronger than highlighting its positive points, resulting in a process of polarization and distance between oneself and another has been created. The similarity of formal structures puts the discourse of both contradictions in common contexts, which have similar designs and are a function of power-ideology relations.

In this paper the authors have investigated the impact of the introduction of Shah Nameh on the introduction of Koush Nameh. Tahmidiyeh is one of the most important sections of epic poetry. Beginning to write “In the name of God” at the top of the texts, has a long history and has many evidences in the writings and remnants of ancient Iranian languages. The content of the prefaces of epic poems, in the first place, includes Tahmidiyeh( A general trait in the poetry of Iran); then, a selection of religious beliefs of the epic poet, which has been composed and dealt mainly with the inspiration of Shahnameh style. The present study, is a descriptive approach and based on inductive method in the two texts of Shahnameh and Koush Nameh. It searches the relationship between the introduction of Kouh nameh; and the introduction of Shah Nameh. The paper examines the effectiveness of Koush Nameh introduction from Shah Nameh in the shadow of paratextuality. The results of studying the Tahmidiyeh sections in both poems show that in the initial section of Koush Nameh & Shah Nameh, praising God and counting the names and intrinsic names, attributes and purifications of God have a high and honorable position and the following sections Its collection also; Like praising and honoring the intellect, how it was created, praising the knowledge and value of speech, praising the Prophet (PBUH) and admonition, also has a special effect. Iran shah has followed Ferdowsi in composing the main and internal parts of the introduction of Koush Nameh, in including elements such as: donating the work, the entry of the work, how to access the prose version and referring to the source, as well as praising the king of the era. Finally, with the studies, it was found that the introduction of Koush Nameh in the position of the present text, has explicitly had a great impact on the structure of the absence of Shahnameh in the position of the missing text in how it is structured and Shahnameh has played a fundamental role in reproducing the contents of Koush Nameh.

In addition to the main construction of oath in which one swears to someone or something, it has another form in Persian language. This kind of oath is a conditional construction which, at its first part, is provided with the subject of oath and at the second part, with the act of oath. In this paper, using the "speech act" theory in John Austin's point of view as a theoretical basis and by mentioning examples of literary works as well as examples of slang register, we will specify the conditional construction of oath. The results of the present research show that the form of conditional oath, in comparison with the main form, bears more emphasis and thus is further used in occasions that the addresser tends to emphasize on the subject. 

Oath in Persian has always had a special syntactic construction that has changed over time. The basic complete construction of swearing consists of the following components:  *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)  In this construction, the ‘noun’ is what is sworn by. The ‘sentence’ is subject of the oath, i.e. what the oath is taken for, such as: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by the dust of your feet that I wish to die at your feet’ Apart from the main form mentioned above, the expression of an oath in Persian represents another form through a conditional construction. In a conditional swearing, the subject of the oath (i.e. what the oath is taken for) is stated in the dependent clause, and the act of swearing (i.e. what the oath is taken by) is included in the main clause.   

John Austin’s theory of “speech acts” suggests that, in the human language system, the speech inherently represents the performance of an act. In other words, the expression of words in itself is the doing of the action. Austin calls such speech ‘speech act’, i.e. the speech that carries an action. He argues that when a speaker utters a sentence, three levels of speech acts occur simultaneously: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the meaningful phrases and sentences that are expressed. In illocutionary act, the speaker expresses phrases and sentences to encode a specific meaning. In the perlocutionary act, the speaker influences the audience through the speech. Austin divides the second speech act, i.e. illocutionary act, into five categories: 1. Verdictive: Acts that emphasize the speaker’s commitment to the truth of a proposition, such as ‘express’ and ‘estimate’ verbs. 2. Exercitive: Acts that indicate the exercise of power, right, sovereignty, will and influence and are expressed through such verbs as ‘choose’, ‘advise’, ‘order’, ‘appoint’ and ‘plead’ . 3. Commissive: Acts that indicate the speaker’s commitment to do something and, by expressing them, the speaker obliges oneself to do things. The verbs ‘promise’, ‘commit’ and ‘swear’ fall into this category. 4. Behabitive: Acts that show the types of social behaviors of language speakers, such as the verbs‘apologize’, ‘thank’, ‘sympathize’, ‘insult’, ‘humiliate’, etc. 5. Expositive: Acts that deal with how words are used in language and describe how speech is organized in the conversational process. This type of act includes the following verbs: ‘Argue’, ‘answer’, ‘assume’, ‘accept’ and ‘explain’. Taking of an oath or oath, which is the subject of this inquiry, belongs to the category of commissive acts in which the speaker takes an oath to express their commitment to an issue. Thus, from the point of view of the theory of speech acts, ‘swearing’ is an act that the speaker does with speech. The pragmatics and semantics of the syntactic construction in question confirm that although the form of speech is conditional, it is used for a certain act, which is the expression of an oath.

In this article, the nature and the status of the conditional construction of oath is examined with examples of classical and contemporary Persian literary works. To do this, with a comprehensive plan and a practical approach, we will examine the conditional construction of oath to understand how the components of this syntactic construction may change to encode a different meaning at different tenses and for first-person, second-person and third-person forms.   

What is needed to know about this type of oath is to answer the following two questions: 1- What is its syntactic form and what are its components? 2- How does each of the syntactic components of this type of swearing change, and in what ways can it be plotted? In other words, in different practical situations, what structural changes might occur in conditional oath constructions to produce different forms of this type of oath? The nature of the conditional type of oath is best revealed when comparing the following examples, which expresses the same subject in both types of oath: The common construction of swearing:   *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘I swear by my life that I will not break my covenant’ Conditional swearing: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘Broken be my back and my soul! If I break my covenant’ The meaning of both sentences is the same, but the way they are expressed is syntactically different. In the conditional construction, the speaker considers breaking the covenant as a curse upon themselves to show that they do not break the covenant. In this syntactic construction of swearing, the dependent clause in which the subject of the oath is raised is not limited in terms of tense: it is used for any subject in all three present, past and future tenses: Present: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘May I be a base-born if I have any other mistake than this’ Past: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article) • ‘May my poetry be ill-gotten if I had written only a poem in my life except with the echo of your name’ Future: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘I would be worse than a dog if I run after bread/sustenance like a dog’ The main clause can be expressed in three forms: ‘declarative’, ‘imperative’ and ‘exclamatory’, each of which can be converted into other forms. The possibility of converting these forms into one another form implies that the speaker feels free to express a story with three different constructions according to the situation: Main clause in the form of a declarative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘I am ignoble if I go with a complain to a stranger’ Main clause in the form of an exclamatory sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘If I have been contaminated by the wine so far, may God’s lawful be unlawful to me!’ Main clause in the form of an imperative sentence: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)
• ‘If this deed of mine is not true, make me die a Jew God’ Although the expression of an oath through the conditional construction is possible in all three grammatical persons, i.e. first, second and third person, in both ‘singular’ and ‘plural’ forms, it is widely used in the first person (singular and plural) and its meaning is clearer in this form. This type of oath is rarely used in the second or third persons, and its meaning is not very clear: First person singular: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘My house may be ruined if I have said such a thing’ First person plural: *(To view this part of the text, refer to the end of the pdf file in the main article)• ‘We are not human if we relinquish our right’   

The present paper illustrated that oath in Persian is not limited to the major common construction rather it has long been encoded through conditionals on special occasions. The conditional construction of swearing in Persian is used for any subject in all three tenses of the past, present, and future, with slight differences in the first-, second- and third-person forms. The main clause in this type of oath expression is always in negative form and can be expressed in declarative, imperative, or exclamatory forms. Rhetorically, this type of oath is used widely in situations where the speaker emphasizes the subject in question and tends to reassure the audience about the subject by removing any doubts. Uncommon abbreviations: SUBJ = subjunctive; DECL = declarative; EXCL = exclamatory; IMPE = imperative; PRS = present; PST = past; FUT = future; PL = plural; SG = single.   

Assessing the different levels of discourse allows for a new understanding of it and discovers the interactions of language with ideological structures. Critical discourse analysis makes it possible to examine the two factors of ideology and power that have an important impact on the superstructure and depth of language in the process of linguistic communication. Theon Wendick, one of the theorists in this field, considers critical discourse analysis as a powerful tool for social analysis. His proposed model is a suitable criterion for analyzing the poetry of the mass party, which is often based on highlighting the positive points of the "self" and marginalizing the negative points of the "other". Mohammad Zohari (1926-1995 AD) is one of the modernist poets attributed to the Tudeh Party, whose bipolar system of emphasis and marginalization plays a key role in shaping his poetic discourse. Research results show that the discourse system in the construction of poisonous poetry is based more on highlighting its positive points and highlighting other negative points, which are reinforced with superstructures that include semantics, propositional structure, grammar and reasoning.

One of the important terms used in the Holy Quran is Shachr('39')an Pronoun, one that gives special emphasis to the speech “Kalam” and it is not used except in very important cases. Some scholars and commentators of the Qurchr('39')an have claimed in numerous cases that Shachr('39')an Pronoun is determined in some verses of the Qurchr('39')an and have brought arguments for this claim. In this paper, which has been carried out by a descriptive-analytical method, in order to examine the validity of this claim, it was first determined that the Shachr('39')an Pronoun, due to ambiguity, being a name and being a pillar of speech has an extraordinary emphatic meaning and goes beyond other means of emphasis, and in many ways cannot be compared. Therefore, the arguments of believers of Shachr('39')an Pronoun to be determined have been mentioned and reviewed in various cases. Then the disapproval of determination of the Shachr('39')an Pronoun in Arabic convention, the incompatibility of the emphasis with the omission and the lack of the need for the pronoun in the claimed cases have been mentioned and proved as incorrect arguments of the claimed pronouns.  In none of the claimed cases, a pronoun is not determined. Through examining the translations of Mesbahzadeh (literally), Mostafavi (free) and Meshkini (interpretive), it became clear that Mostafavichr('39')s translation is more accurate than other translations, and Meshkinichr('39')s translation on this issue is less accurate than other translations.

The verbal prefix par or por and its changed forms (far, fal) in one-prefix verbs as /parastidan/ , /farmoudan/ and two-prefix verbs as /paragandan/, /falakhmidan/ and /forghanidan/ is among dozen prefixes added to the beginning of simple infinitives in Persian Language and other Iranian languages since the ancient Persian language and have added a special meaning to the verb, but with the passage of time and the course of the natural development of the Persian language, and more importantly, the transfer of the cultural and political center of Persian language from its origins in Khorasan and Transoxiana  to the center and west of Iran (Non-Arab Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Fars), where the general people spoke in languages ​​other than Persian, and only bilingual elite, scholars, pots and writers have learned Persian as official, educational, and literary language, many of the prefix infinitives and simple infinitives which had taken prefix have remained unknown and their application in official, literary, and historical texts has been considered sufficient. The simple infinitives as /setidan/, /moodan/, /gandan/, /midan/, /nidan/ have even been abandoned in Khorasan.Searching for the historic prefix / par /por/ in the written texts of Persian language and other languages and dialects (dead and common), and even neighbor (Sanskrit language domain), and its data collection and interpretation and analysis, this term that pundits have placed in the category of )Letters( has been promoted to a compound word of the current root and the )re(suffix

In literary texts, some sentences are more important than others and are thus, highlighted through emphasis. The current study aims at reviewing 3000 verses from Shahnameh to extract the methods and techniques of emphasis. The researcher seeks to find out what structural, rhetorical, or semantic devices are used in the Kamoos Keshani story to show emphasis. The data was collected deductively, and the data analysis was descriptive-analytic. This study categorized the emphasis in Shahnameh into two types: general emphasis and specific emphasis. General emphasis consists of reiteration, apposition, description, hyperbole, contrast, opposition, and limitation. Reiteration is an artistic repetition of the exact words, meanings, synonyms, and a combination of words and meanings. The combination occurs in the repetition of nouns, noun phrases, adjectives, adverbial clauses, and objects. The repetition of meaning or synonym consists of a semantic synonym of two verses. The emphasis of apposition happens through a series of consecutive words. In this study, the words such as 'many', 'hard', 'much', and 'numerous' are known as descriptive. These words function as adjectives if they follow a noun and function as an adverb if they follow a verb. Hyperbole and other related terms such as exaggeration have an implied usage in epics. In Shahnameh, other devices of emphasis are usually along with hyperboles. The second type of emphasis is the specific emphasis which happens through using nouns, inclusion, connecting pronouns, verbs, propounding the verb, prosody, sentence emphasis, sounds, rhetorical questions,  interjections, redundancy,  condition, omitting connectors, emphasis without devices, as well as emphasis through analogy and irony. Also, a transition of the sentence constituents can affect emphasis. The noun emphasis in Shahnameh happens through appositive pronoun, and the inclusion emphasis happens through words such as 'purity', 'thoroughly', 'all', 'anybody', 'anything', 'every', and 'everyone'. The exemplar connectors, in Shahnameh, are only 'particular' and 'in particular'. The techniques of pronoun emphasis are similar to those of noun emphasis. The verb emphasis happens through the verbs with the comparative and superlative adjectives, adverbs, and swears. Moreover, propounding the verb is one of the main techniques of emphasis in Shahnameh. The prosodic emphasis in Shahnameh mostly occurs with the word 'remorse'. Adverbs such as 'correctly' and 'inevitably' are used for the sentence emphasis, and 'never' and 'no' for emphasizing verbs such as 'prohibit' and 'forbid'. Redundancy is also another technique that occurs in Shahnameh based  to show emphasis.

The cases of enna and anna are telling examples of the normative tradition in Arabic syntax. Grammarians believe that enna and anna are both emphatic. According to them, anna can be infinitive, too, and enna is never used infinitively. The main purpose of this article is to show that enna can be used infinitively as well as emphatically and anna is not emphatic but appears at the beginning of a nominal sentence, changing it to an infinitivized sentence. For the sake of clarity for readers, this article explains the conditions of fat'h anna and kasr enna, when they are obligatory and when they are just allowed or being optional. This, very well, shows the prescriptiveness of the traditional Arabic grammars. The article pivots around two points: the first is the reasons that enna is emphatic, and the second is that the claim that enna is never used infinitively is not true. The article uses the descriptive style of Arabic syntax, which stresses the description of language not the application syntactic prescriptions or the close relationship between sounds and meaning. The article proves that there is no justification for anna to be used emphatically and there is no obstacle for enna occasionally used infinitively in the middle of sentences. The article deals with an important point that it is not important whether or not changing to infinitive is possible; what is important is the position of the sentences with enna and the meaning which comes to the mind.

The discourse of literary texts can be viewed from a variety of perspectives and all the dimensions of their various levels can be evaluated. Discourse analysis provides an opportunity for a deep understanding of the text. It helps highlight the author’s discourse and linguistic interactions with ideological structures. The parodies of Jerir and Akhtal are among the texts of Arabic literature based on foregrounding and backgrounsing. These two poets use specific discursive tools in most of their parodies, seeking to foreground their own identity and to background the identity of their rival. This paper discusses some principles of critical discourse analysis, such as the explicit socio-political stance of discourse analysts, and focuses on the dominance of the elite and institutions as they are enacted, legitimated, or reproduced by text and speech. One of the crucial elements of this analysis of the relations between power and discourse is the patterns of access to (public) discourse for different social groups. This article argues that in order to be able to relate power and discourse in an explicit way, we need the “cognitive interface” of models, knowledge, attitudes, ideologies and other social representations of the social mind, which also relate the individual and the social, and the micro- and the macro-levels of social structure. This argument is illustrated with an analysis of parliamentary debates about ethnic affairs. The article attempts to refer to the “ideological square” of van Dijk in order to check out the discursive levels of two parodies by Akhtal and Jerir. The results demonstrate that highlighting negative aspects of the other is of a very high frequency in both texts (66 percent in Jerir’s and 71 percent in Akhtal’s). The difference is that Jerir has been more successful in the use of discursive levels of meaning, formal structures, and grammar.

In this descriptive-analytical method, this paper attempts to introduce the methods and functions of expressive emphasis in the discourse of Hafez's Ghazalat. Emphasis is one of the mechanisms of language that is created in different ways and in different ways and has various rhetorical functions. Emphasizing the emphasis on the meaning of the text helps to better translate the thoughts and thoughts of the speaker. Emphasis is considered as one of the language mechanisms in the context of the "contingent role" and "emotional role" of the language. These roles, respectively, are "audience-focused" and "speaker-oriented" roles that seek to convey thoughts in the text to the audience and express the feelings of the speaker. Each language user uses specific methods to sharpen their words based on the idea and purpose of expressing a subject. Semantic spheres emphasized in the textual context of Hafez Ghazalat are limited to the three strands of "God, Man and Love," but unlike the limitations of these spheres, methods and expressions of emphasis in these poems are diverse and varied. Among these methods, types of repetitions, various methods of confinement and palace, the use of emphasis constraints, quandary and question sentences, imperfect verbs, high degree of certainty, pseudo-immemorial, action verbs, facial verbs, calligraphy, displacement Significant syntactic components of sentences, sentences and delayed vocabulary are more frequent than other methods. The findings of the research show that Hafez used the emphasis in two direct ways "addressed to a particular audience" and indirectly "without considering a particular audience"...

Introduction In Persian, there are two basic processes to convey the syntactic structure of discourse according to the applied situation and the appropriateness of the addressee: the process of moving components and the process of transformation in structure and form. "Inclusivity" is one of the concepts that by using the process of change in structure and form, the preliminary and simple expression of discourse is converted to emphatic construction. Normal and simple expression of "inclusivity" is or it may be accompanied by signs such as "any" and "all". This simple form is created in situations where it is necessary to emphasize the subject and to make it understandable for audience, with syntactic mechanisms, modifying the basic and simple structure of the sentence that results in another syntactic structure expressing the intended opinion with emphasis. Review of Literature Change in the structure of a discourse is one of the syntactic capacities in Persian that is used for rhetoric purposes. Sometimes the difference between two sentences that express the same concept is not due to the displacement of the components and the lexical arrangement. It is caused by changes in the type and form of the components, such as the affirmation or negation, change in the form and time of the verbs, and in the type of sentences. By moving the components of the word, only different forms of a syntactic structure are obtained, in which the lexical arrangement is different, but the purpose of changing the syntactic structure is to change the nature of the structures without altering the conveyed meaning. Therefore, change in the type and form of the components is thus considered as one of the syntactic capacities of the Persian language in rhetoric. The subject of this research is in the field of syntactic rhetoric and there are many articles and books written in the field, all of which somehow go back to the "theory of semantic knowledge" of Jorjani, known as "syntactic theory (Elm-olMa’ani)", in other words, "the poet's and literary awareness of the syntactic uses of language and the role of each structure in any case" (ShafieiKadkani, 1997, p. 31). Therefore, what is directly related to this research, and the research literature on this subject needs to be pointed out is merely the work on the concept of inclusivity and the process of 'change in structure and form'. In this regard only in the book "an introduction to Persian rhetoric based on Sa’di's speech" on the one hand, there is a brief discussion on "change in form" as one of the contexts of rhetoric in Persian (Mohammadi, 1977, p. 31) and on the other hand, in one discourse, the syntactic structure of articulation has been examined, where both its metaphors are limited and some of its main points have been ignored (ibid., pp. 185-188). Of course, in the third volume of the book "History of Persian Language", Khanleri also mentions sentences made with the semiotic signs of "every" and "everybody" (Nathal-Khanleri, 1987: Vol. 3, pp. 426-436), with the exception that he did not discuss the topic by way of inclusivity and addressed it only from a grammatical point of view. Except for these two cases, no other material has been written on sentences with the meaning of inclusivity. Much research has also been done in relation to the emphasis, which is implicit in the present subject, such as Khosrow Farshidar's articles which have examined the emphasis and curtailing in the Persian language in detail which were published in several editions. His work focuses more on the use of methods such as synonyms, partial repetition of the word for emphasis, the use of accentual terms, and the use of adjectives (Farshidvard, 1975, p. 387). None of the work on the emphasis has been made on the capacity for change in the form and structure of a sentence. Method This article analyzes literary works by citing examples of nature and the underlying structural status of inclusivity. To do this, we examine the concept of inclusivity through a practical approach concerning the change in the syntactic structure of rhetorical expressions to explain the process of converting the simple expression of this concept into an emphatic structure. Results and Discussion The linguistic sign in the basic and ordinary form of expression is that the sentence is accompanied by, or may be accompanied by "any" or "all". In addition to the linguistic sign, there is also a semantic sign, such that the sentence is semantically embodied in a general sentence or in a pervasive concept. The following table illustrates the status of a simple sentence for the notion of inclusivity in both normal and accentual modes to reflect its changes during the transformation of ordinary structure into an emphatic one:  Ordinary form of inclusivity Emphatic form of inclusivity A sentence with an affirmative verb A sentence with a negative verb A sentence with a negative Verb = Negative Inclusivity = Global Negative Note: The attributive verb added to the emphatic structure is always negative   The state of the verbs in the compound sentences of the notion of ordinary and emphatic expression is also shown in the following table:  Ordinary form of inclusivity Emphatic form of inclusivity Follower sentence = positive + Base sentence = positive A) No use of negative attribution: Both negative sentences   B) Use of the negative attribute verb: follower sentence = positive; base sentence= negative Follower sentence = negative + base sentence = negative   A) No use of negative attribute verb: follower sentence= negative; base sentence = positive (unusual and impractical form)   B) Use of the negative attribute verb: follower sentence= negative; base sentence= positive (common and applicable) Follower sentence = negative Base sentence = positive   A) No use of negative attribution: Both negative sentences   B) Use of negative attribute verb: Both negative sentences Follower sentence = positive + base sentence = negative   A) Non-use of negative attribute verb: follower sentence = negative; base sentence= positive   B) Use of negative attribution verb: Both positive sentences As a comparison, it should be noted that the use of negative attributive verbs in the emphatic structure is more applicable and appropriate than the one not used. Conclusion From this study, it can be seen that the change in form and structure is one of the syntactic-rhetorical capacities in Persian language through which rhetorical expressions are expressed. In this study, it is practically illustrated by examples of how a simple and ordinary expression of the concept of inclusivity becomes a subliminal structure, and with what syntactic mechanism. In situations where there is a strong construction of inclusive expression, the addressee is in a position to deny or doubt the subject of the speaker. In such a case, the purpose of the speaker is no longer the expression of the essence of the news, as in the original form, but the speaker uses this construction to prove the reality of the subject. From this perspective, it is suggested that other constructs and concepts, such as the concept of inclusivity discussed here, be explored to better illustrate the extent to which this linguistic capacity is applied. This will identify how the ordinary expression of concepts is and how the ordinary structure of the concepts is altered, as well as how the rhetorical function of each of the ordinary structures will be understood by the target audience.

Language is the most important means of communication and link among human beings to express their concepts and is a symbolic system for communication. In order for the messages to be conveyed successfully between the interlocutors, it is sometimes necessary to be accompanied by certain signs so that the recipient of the message receives what was exactly meant by the addresser. This process in Arabic and Persian is known as “Emphasizing or the Emphasis”. This study, using an inductive-inferential research design within a linguistic approach, tried to investigate the functions of the emphatic devices as tools, function words and style in the contemporary Arabic language while finding their Persian equivalents. The findings revealed that the emphatic tools have lost their emphatic role in modern Arabic and are solely used for the sake of textual coherence; therefore, there is no equivalent for them in Persian. The emphatic role of some of these words such as “Ghad” have been fainted and just play a role in determining the type of the verb. Another group of them like “Emphatic N” is rarely used in modern texts. However, emphatic styles have still kept their emphatic role and their equivalents can be easily found in Persian.

Discourse markers are of the most important elements of the language system, especially the conversational and informal language. Today, the study of discourse markers is one of the newest and most important topics in linguistics. This is important because speeches which lack these linguistic units are incomprehensible, imperfect and not clear enough. These linguistic units perform different functions in a language system and "the emphatic function" is one of them. Speakers emphasize on a specific part or the whole of a discourse using these discourse markers. Of course, based on the fact that "emphasis" is a complex issue in the language system, different tools are used to express it. Discourse markers are one of these tools. In this research, the emphatic discourse markers are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively based on the two-fold framework of Brinton (1996), according to functional approach, and in pragmatics sphere. For this purpose, a colloquial corpus has been selected, which consists of three telefilms such as "panj ta panj", "ye bilit šāns", and "amu jān hitler".

There are various emphatic devices in the holy Quran, like oath that used in various forms. "Lā ̕qsem-o" is the most controversial structure. Study of this structure as a syntactic- emphatic device in Quran translation reveals their unbalanced equivalents based on existing theories of translation science. Because of the position of this structure in source language, its assessment based on House Textual Theory can lead to their precise translation. The most likely chosen interpretional theories by most of translators are considering "Lā" as additional letter and "̕qsem-o" as oath or the whole of "Lā ̕qsem-o" structure as one of oath methods. In real the equivalents of most of translators is according to these interpretional theories. As general, despite lexical balance, the major imperfection and weakness of majority of translators equivalents with various interpretational attitude is unbalanced grammar translation of "Lā ̕qsem-o" i.e. not finding emphatic equivalent to "̕qsem-o" itself. Though felicitous miracle of the Quran, linguistics differentiates and the translator role, himself, have effective role about balanced or unbalanced translation of this structure, but based on linguistic position of this structure in source language, it is possible to translate this structure, equivalent by using House overt translation method and "I do swear by".

Despite of discussion of “repetition”, which is simple and minor and, in the rhetoric, it is a disruptive factor of eloquence, but the rhetorical of speech is subject to repetition. The secret of repetition in Quran phrases and words is known due to forward and backward words. While in Quran, there is not any useless repetition. Although in Quran, some phrases are sometimes repeated, repetitions are not boring and are commensurate with the features of each chapter as if one can say in each chapter repeated parts have a new meaning. End goal of repeating is to emphasize on the subject and make it bigger to show its importance. Further, if we put repetition in Quran in this class, there will be not any disruptive in relation. If repetition is because of ordering and dividing such as «وجاء ربک والملک صفا صفا», the purpose is not emphasizing an hyperbole. Sometimes, from music point of view, its cause is also important, and contemporary definition of repeat is not different from ancients. However, if repetition is because of situation, rhetorical is the condition not because of disability.