جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مداخله" در نشریات گروه "علوم سیاسی"

Intervention includes overt and covert efforts aimed at changing, replacing, or preserving foreign governments. These efforts include a wide and diverse range of political, economic, security, military and technological measures. The process of these interventions reached its peak after World War II and the United States becoming one of the poles of the world in competition with the Soviet Union, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it appeared at new levels in order to establish American hegemony. This article is trying to answer the question, assuming that the new intervention approaches are mostly based on economic issues, what were the patterns of foreign intervention in Iran's economic sectors? By studying the Babuk mechanism, the research finally analyzes the mechanism, effects and approaches in this field. due to the level of existing bank systems and the lack of effective communication between business and existing information systems; The decision-making system in the bank is facing a lot of challenges. By establishing a relationship between the business and the data system, the Babuk standard tries to organize the decision-making system in such a way that decisions are made based on a correct understanding of the bank's environment and conditions, which is now completely dependent on the elite level and The experience of managers. The findings of the research indicate that the three general methods of intervention of the United States of America on Iran include direct sanctions on economic sectors, indirect restrictions on economic sectors and direct damage, sabotage and hacking of economic infrastructure.

The collapse of the bipolar system and the September11,2001event have created a turning in the structure of the international system that one of its fundamental consequences is the power gap in favor of theUnited States that has led to the emergence of new security issues in the contemporary world.The present research aims to analyze the most important international structural challenges and their main consequences after the cold war using the aggressive neo- realism theory and a descriptive- analytical method. The findings of research show that in the post- cold war era,the United states to maintain the status quo and continue to prevail by adopting a unilateralist and militaristic approach,the establishment of space forces,increasing military costs,exporting weapons,and expanding military presence in different parts of the world.This country has weakened the international institutions and multilateralism by instrumental useof international organizations and withdrawing from treaties.It has increased the competition with other great powers and has established new coalitions,organizations and groups with Eastward politics,the plan to reinforce the idea of a new Europe versus the old Europe,decrease the reliance on permanent institutions and form temporary alliances while diverging with some of its allies inNATO.

Paternalism is the intervention of the government or an individual in another individual's affairs, against his will, and in the defense and encouragement of this intervention, it is claimed that the person being interfered in this way is safe from harm and finds better conditions. Some authors have investigated and analyzed the favorable and unfavorable effects of these attitudes and paternal support in different political and legal systems of the world. The descriptive-analytical research method was collected using library sources. In the issue of paternalism, the conflict between public and private rights and finally respect for respectable principles such as the sovereignty of the will, autonomy, independence of vote and the right to make decisions are raised, which some thinkers are trying to find a way to establish a balance between them. Therefore, for a better understanding of this phenomenon, in the upcoming article, it is necessary to examine the normative opinions and findings of experts about the justification of paternalism. Finally, according to some researchers, the problem of paternalism can be measured with the category of justice, so that by examining concrete examples of paternalism in every society, regardless of their political and legal systems, it is possible to guarantee the achievement of desirable goals such as increasing welfare, happiness, and meditation. And defending the weak-minded people and providing for their needs and interests, the fields of abuse and increasing manipulation of legislation under the above-mentioned excuses to some extent diminished. Because the paternal government is like a family that no one can question its authority, so the main goal for modern governments here is to unite with the society.

Sovereignty is a fundamental and consolidating element in the formation and continuation of modern nation-states in international relations. This concept, over time, has undergone a substantial transformation in such a way that in the contemporary period, absolute sovereignty has become a relative sovereignty with responsibility. In this context, the original and common concept of intervention and its relationship with sovereignty in international law has also undergone new changes. So, by a narrow interpretation of sovereignty, some concepts such as Humanitarian Intervention and the Response to Protect doctrine (R2P) have appeared in international law. Meanwhile, crises in some states such as Libya, Syria, Yemen, etc., with the confrontation of multiple regional and supra-regional powers interests, the paradox of sovereignty and intervention in new international law has become more apparent. Hence, this article attempts to examine the question of how contemporary international law has responded to the paradox of sovereignty and intervention. Therefore, the purpose of this study, which are presented in a descriptive-analytical manner using library and Internet documents is to examine the approach and rules of current international law in the relationship between sovereignty and intervention. The findings of this study show that in the light of international communications and the formation of collective human conscience and increasing responsibility of states, especially under the influence of global cyber conscience, the restriction of sovereignty in favor of intervention has been strengthened and joint sovereignty among nation-states and transnational actors in line with the interests of the great powers has been appeared.

This article examines international mediation in the Syrian crisis and position of the Islamic Republic of Iran in resolving this crisis through mediation. The main question: what is the motivation for the Republic Islamic of Iran to mediate in the Syrian crisis and how did it act in this regard? The research hypothesis is based on the theoretical framework that Iran, in this case, promotes mediation with a balanced approach of threat or defensive realism derived from the theory of neorealism, and along with trying to help solve the crisis, also seeks to reduce the threat of various coalitions against it. The results of the study show that the complexity of the Syrian crisis, not only at the domestic level, but also on a regional and supra-regional scale, has transformed it from an international non-international armed conflict into an international armed conflict. This has led to the end of international efforts to resolve the Syrian crisis without the effective presence and mediation of Iran. In addition, Iran has always considered regional and national security in the issue of mediation and has tried to respond to the possible risks arising from this crisis in the negotiation process. This article has been written with a qualitative method of descriptive-analytical type and the data have been collected in a library method by taking notes.

The adoption of the doctrine ((responsibility to protect)) at the United Nations summit in 2005 and turning it into an accepted international norm indicates an important step of the world community to adopt a unified approach to international humanitarian crises. The responsibility to protect implies the responsibility to prevent, respond and rebuild. In the first place, the responsibility of prevention lies with the government and national institutions, if the government is unable or unwilling to do so, the international community and the Security Council at the head of it have the primary responsibility for action and must prevent human rights violations. But the practical test of this doctrine in the Libyan crisis showed that the option of military intervention is more important to the Security Council than other options (civilian options). This is despite the fact that military measures should be used as a last resort and exceptionally when it is feared that the world order and peace will be endangered. The Security Council's inattention to preventive solutions has once again brought criticism to the great powers, especially the permanent members of the Security Council as the competent authority for issuing authorization for action in the form of the doctrine ((responsibility to protect)). After the crises that engulfed the countries of the Middle East and North Africa after January 14, 2011, the country of Yemen also underwent changes. In the continuation of this crisis, a regional coalition led by Saudi Arabia to support the resigned president of Yemen subjected this country to military aggression, which led to the death and injury of many civilians and the occurrence of health and nutritional disasters among civilians, especially became children;

This article analyzes the role and power of the military in Turkey and how they interfere in Turkey's political arena, using deep-state theory. The research question is that with regard to the Turkish constitutional amendments and the reduction of military influence on political affairs, is it possible for the country's military to become an active actor in the political arena? The conceptual framework of research is the theory of deep state. The research findings indicate that the military still has the potential for political participation and intervention in Turkish affairs, but for reasons such as reducing legitimacy, foreign pressure and a new understanding of security issues in Turkey, the military has found that Political issues should be solved by the government, not the military and the army headquarters. On this base, they have implicitly entered the coalition with Erdogan and the AKP because of their common enemies with the AK PARTy, including the Pkk and the Gulen Movement, and given that Erdogan's National security and fight against internal and external enemies need military support, and the army will cooperate with the AKP government if they consider national security and defense issues in their regard. The data collection method is document and library and data analysis is done by process tracking analysis.

Among the topics studied in political sociology, is military intervention, as one of the organized social groups, in politics. Military intervention in politics is a global phenomenon that occurs in many countries of the world in varying degrees and forms. In all the states, the army and military organization form and act in order to carry out certain tasks that the protection of territorial integrity of the country and the safekeeping of the state structure and the existence of governors are among the most important of them. But it often happens that these forces clearly go beyond their defined tasks and tend to interfere in politics and government and gain political power or influence politics and politicians. Imam Khomeini, the late leader of the Islamic Revolution emphasized repeatedly the need for non-military intervention in politics from the very beginning of the revolution. The question posed in this study is why, while Imam Khomeini emphasized the need for all citizens to be involved in politics, he opposed military intervention in politics? In other words, what was the main reason for the imam's opposition to military intervention in politics? The present paper, using the Huntington Army's professionalism theoretical framework, tests this hypothesis that Imam Khomeini considered military intervention in politics a reason to reduce military professionalism and the withdrawal of the military organization from its professional tasks, and thus strongly opposed it.

Intense distrust of foreign powers، especially Iran and Western powers fear of damaging their chances of interference is an issue that has deep roots in Iran''s political history. In this paper، the influence of foreign powers on the development tendency toward xenophobia imperialist meddling in the political system of three Qajar، Pahlavi and the Islamic Republic is investigated. Original question is why is sensitive to the issue of independence in foreign policy? The result is that over the past two centuries article Tvtyhamyz issue of foreign interference is the most important threat to national security. Therefore، government has to the conclusion that you should be cautious while interacting with foreign powers، aggressive behavior. It also plays an important role in the Islamic emphasis on the need for justice in international relations.

Contrary to what the Middle East scholars predicted, Syria was suddenly caught in the domestic crisis and tension; thus the Syrian crisis cannot be looked at like the other crises in the Arab World in 2011. One of the salient, unique aspects of the Syrian crisis is the significant presence of multiple foreign actors each seeking their own interests and objectives; thus making any prediction about the future of politics and government in the country particularly complicated. Like many other political systems in the Arab World, the Syrian government system suffers from huge deficiencies, making popular protests for reforming such a political structure quite natural. What is unnatural involves the interference of many foreign players in Syria’s domestic affairs with different goals, which are examined in this article. Apparently most of the foreign actors intend to undermine the axis of resistance, whereas the developments in the Arab World have further enhanced the axis; hence the opposing front tries to prevent further strengthening of the axis by removing Assad from power.

Humanitarian intervention means rescuing people without taking into account their nationality of their political or religious orientation,but today, the Great Powers have brought the humanitarian into un instrument. They use it either in order to conceal their lack of political will in a conflict (yugoslavia, Rwanda) or at the service of their hegemonic desire (Kosovo, Iraq). It is in this context that in 2002 an idea appeared according to which it pertains to the international community’s responsibility to protect a population against catastrophes or violence when the state to which it belongs is not willing or capable of doing it. Can this "responsibility" signify a war officially motivated by the rescue of population hit by repression?This is the issue that lies at the core of the study.The analysis, having a politico-legal methodology, is centered on one or several states right to military intervene on an another state’s territory in an officially humanitarian purpose and on the dangers drive from this right. Since making a "responsibility to protect", official -even by force- should not conceal the real obligation of the international community’s non- armed reaction against serious human and humanitarian right's violation and the frequent non- performance of this obligation by the states in the majority of cases, the problem is less the lack of juridical means and more the lack of political will when it comes to using the existing mechanisms: in this context what is the principle’s utility?

Genealogy is a way of acknowledging social phenomena. A genealogic pattern is used in circumstances that signs of change, continuity, semantic and forming improvement appear in the phenomenon. Color revolutions are newfound phenomena in international relations. This can be considered in line with democratic revolutions and in the context of third wave democracy. If we consider the French Revolution in 1789 as the first stage of democratic revolution, the events in Eastern Europe that happened 200 years later, in 1989, could be considered as the second wave of democratic revolution. After this historical stage the basis for democratic interferences was founded in the context of color revolutions.This article tries to consider the process and genealogy of color revolutions through comparative analysis of such events. Consequential events of the bipolar system breakdown shows that processes and signs of color revolutions happened to change the regime in target countries. Reviewing these events indicates signs of similarity in patterns and behaviors in these countries that could serve as an organized factor in perceiving color revolutions and United States interferences.

In the Middle East since the end of the WW II, we have witnessed a growing influence of the military in civilian affairs, the use of force as a frequently-used instrument of political power and dominance, the importance of military values, the increasing significance of the role of the regional military establishment in domestic and international affairs, and the growth in the number of paramilitary organizations. The occurrence of the 1999 military coup in Pakistan, the irrepressible militarization of Israeli foreign policy, the transfer of huge quantities of military equipment to the region along with the presence of foreign military forces in Iraq and Afghanistan indicate that the age of military intervention in politics and the threat of military coup in the Middle East are far from over.