جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « decline » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

Characterized by its Shiite background and the interdependence of religion and politics in governance, the Safavid government bear some significant similarities to the Islamic Republic of Iran and played an important role in shaping Iran's political and social history. The aim of the present research is to examine the causes of the decline and fall of the Safavid government and to investigate the strategies that could have served as a solution to this decline for the Safavids To this end, after a historical investigation, Resaale-ye Teb-ol Mamaalek (the Treatise on State Medicine) written by Qutb al-Din Nayrizi has been chosen as the textual reference to analyze and achieve the research goal. This selection is of great importance due to Qutb al-Din Nayrizi's religious status and his contemporaneity with the reign of Shah Sultan Hussein Safavid (during whose period the fall of the Safavids occurred), and it can significantly reflect the political and social conditions of that era and elucidate Nayrizi's prescriptions for strengthening the political and social foundations of Safavid Iran and overcoming the state of weakness.

Due to the text-oriented nature of the current research, the authors will use the thematic analysis, which is more applicable to written sources. Accordingly, the materials related to the topic were extracted, categorized and coded. Relying on the stated methodological steps, in order to discover the existing topics of the text of  Resaale-ye Teb-ol Mamaalek (the Treatise on State Medicine), the extraction and coding process of the topics in each section has been done by the researchers. Therefore, using MaxQDA software, categories related to the factors of decline and the strategies to prevent it were marked with the symbols Fa and So, and the coding process was carried out.

In the end, the extracted themes were categorized under two main headings: causes of decline and strategies for overcoming the crisis. Through this process, the influential factors in each of these two headings were identified from Qutb al-Din Nayrizi's perspective, and the position of various factors in his thought was recognized. According to the author of this treatise, if the scholars, as one of the important social groups, are weak-willed, worldly, hypocritical, followers of the Sultan, and inactive, the groundwork for societal decline is laid. Nayrizi also mentions "environmental factors," including widespread famine and foreign territorial expansionism, and "divine trials and traditions" as causes of societal decline. 

According to the findings, it can be concluded that this religious thinker classified the factors of degeneration into the following five categories: factors related to the  public, factors related to scholars, factors related to governance, environmental factors, and also divine traditions; he also classified the solutions to deal with it under four categories: solutions related to the  public, solutions related to the scholars, solutions related to governance, and finally, transcendental solutions or divine aid.

The decline of America is a topic that has been the focus of Iran's scientific and political communities, however, less attention has been paid to its internal aspects, including the difference of opinion between conservatives and liberals in the field. This difference of view has been crystallized in the two areas of defining American identity and America's international position. The existence of different views has caused a lack of agreement to stop the decline and the common identity is weakened. Using the method of critical discourse analysis, this article examines the speeches of prominent people of the two main American parties, focusing on the period of Trump's rise, in order to identify themes related to decline. The theory of social identity and specifically the concept of common identity within the group has been used to analyze the data. The results of this analysis confirm the existence of a deep difference in the definition of what America is, and at the same time, there is a consensus in matters such as American exceptionalism.

The Historical roots of liberal international order goes back to after the Second World War. Nowadays, it is faced with the problem of decline. While this issue is a multi-layered debate in terms of content, it is also a controversial and controversial issue among thinkers and theoreticians in the field of international relations. Based on this, the current research seeks to answer the main question, why is the international liberal order declining? This research using the theoretical approaches of liberalism in international relations, including the theories of democratic peace,  economic interdependence as well as neoliberal institutionalism as a theoretical research framework is based on the hypothesis that the weakening and degeneration of the triple pillars of the liberal order, including liberal democracy, global free trade, and various international institutions and regimes, have caused the decline of the liberal international order. So that the weakening of the three pillars of the liberal international order has caused the foundation based on political and economic liberalism of this order to be destroyed from within, and as a result, the unique components of the liberal international order will face a serious challenge. Based on historical evidence, this argument can be made. In the meantime, the United States of America has played an important role in the decline of the pillars and components of the liberal order over many years and decades, contrary to some common inferences and stereotypes.

The present study analyzes the impact of the Islamic Revolution discourse on the vulnerability of the Zionist regime (Objective). Given the importance of the discourse impact of the Islamic Revolution on the weakening of the Zionist regime and the existence of internal challenges of the regime, this issue can still be discussed (issue). The research question is, what effect has the Islamic Revolution had on the weakness and vulnerability of the Zionist regime, and how will its internal factors play a role in the future of the regime? (Question) The revolutionary discourse will cause the legitimation of the regime and the internal problems of the Zionist regime will also weaken it (hypothesis). The discourse of the Islamic Revolution has led to regional influence and development and increased deterrence on the part of the resistance against the Zionist regime, which has resulted in pressure on the regime in various political, military and social spheres. It will also increase the regime's internal challenges at various political, social, and cultural levels, and the disruption of demographic balance and incoherence, which will be serious obstacles to its survival (Yafteh). The article is done by descriptive-analytical method (research method) and its results show; The Islamic Revolution has changed the political, cultural and social principles and values ​​of society and has had an impact on the region.

The present research aims at investigating the significant relationship between totalitarian systems and moral concepts including Sympathy as a form of social responsibilities and a manifestation of personal ethics amongst the members of the society with an emphasis on Arendt's views, the well-known German-American philosopher and historiographer. She believes that Nazism and Stalinism are two instances of such ruling systems in the 20th century relying on a set of specific theoretical foundations featuring some unique characteristics that completely distinguish them from other totalitarian, democratic, etc. systems in terms of practicing politics and addressing moral concepts.How does personal ethics decline in a society in totalitarian systems? Which methods are used to undermine social responsibility amongst people? Arendt observes that to achieve these goals, such political systems at first convert the society into a mass society through the special tools they own such as extensive promotion of their ideas, intimidation, and spread of some particular ideologies. In fact, they are similar to the people marooned in the wilderness. Finally, the people enslaved by the totalitarian ruling systems find some ethical concepts such as Sympathy completely meaningless.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of justice as one of the components of social life and one of the eternal and eternal human ideals in the survival of governments. The views of Hakim Abolghasem Ferdowsi as one of the most important symbols of Iranian thought and John Rawls as one of the most important Western thinkers on justice are discussed. And John Rawls' book The Theory of Justice is reviewed. Also, the difference in method and position of Ferdowsi Shahnameh is considered as a poetic book and Rawls's book is considered as a scientific and philosophical book. Also, for the practical study of the issue, the importance of justice in Iran after the Constitutional Revolution is discussed and it is shown that justice has a decisive effect on the survival of governments and can play an important role in the political arena of society. It shows that decline is a political phenomenon that has economic, cultural, social and foreign contexts or a combination of all of them and can be prevented, mitigated or sometimes progressive and threaten the foundation of a country. In the meantime, justice or tyranny is one of the most important elements in the decline or stability of governments. This conclusion can be used in national macro-planning, promotion of distributive justice and other types of justice based on final applied analysis.

The decline in the United States began when the United States sought to secure US national interests in a unipolar system and to eliminate the bipolar system by upsetting the balance of power in the world. This study seeks to answer this question if there has been a decline in American hegemony and what are the characteristics of this decline?Using descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to answer these questions: first, what is the exact meaning and nature of the decline of American hegemony and why and how did this decline occur? Secondly, how would it be be the situation of the world system during the decline of American hegemony? The main hypothesis of this study is that the decline of United States began after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the world system quickly descended from a unipolar to a multipolar world. Although this research is based on the theories of Fukuyama and Huntington, but the theories of other Western thinkers have also been used to answer the questions of this article.

Martyr Motahari is one of the most influential figures in theorizing the foundations of the Islamic Revolution. As an ideologue of the revolution, he is one of the limited number of people who have investigated the continuation and decline of the Iranian Islamic Revolution and its impact on the future of the Islamic nation, in such a way that in the final analysis of the path of the continuation of the revolution, he tried to explain the Islamic and Iranian foundations. to revive the Islamic civilization. He was one of the thinkers who was always concerned about Islam and Iran and was very sensitive and worried about the factors of its continuity or decline. The question that this research tries to answer in a descriptive and qualitative way is that, from Allameh Motahari's point of view, what effect does the future or, in other words, the fate of the Islamic Revolution of Iran have on the future of the Islamic Ummah? Our hypothesis in this research is that: From the point of view of Martyr Motahari, there is a significant connection between the decline or continuation of the Islamic Revolution and the decline or continuation of the Islamic Ummah in such a way that the decline or continuation of the Revolution is linked to the future of the Islamic Ummah.

After the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States enhanced an undisputed power (hegemon) because of its superiority in power. In the 21st century, the global hegemonic position of the United States of America has confronted modern challenges due to global developments, international order, and changing international politics. In this regard, the critical question of the present study is whether, in the second decade of the present century, Has the United States maintained its position and power of hegemony? Findings showed the United States is no longer a hegemon. In terms of its power in the field of hard power, it still maintains a it’s leading position in the field of armed power, but in the field of economic power and comparing the economic growth of China, it is clear that the position of the US economy is more insecure than before. It is no longer considered the only superior power in this field. In the field of soft power and the sector of culture, there is a relative decline in education, and in the sector of values and legitimacy, because of US foreign policy based on "America First" and unilateral actions, the relative decline in a liberal hegemonic order based on democracy. And US security assurance, the US soft power sphere is relatively declining. As a result, it can be stated that the United States has seen a relative decline in its capabilities. The present study is descriptive/analytical research .

The issue of the reasons for the decline of the United States' power and position in the international system has long been debated among professors and analysts of international relations. However, there are still ambiguities and misconceptions in this regard, to the extent that some equate America's decline with its collapse or disintegration. Such a mistake stems from a lack of understanding of power transitions in international relations and the failure to use a proper explanatory theory. One of the theories that can help understand  to decline of the United States and the transition of power in the current international system is George Modelsky's theory of 'long cycles.' Using the case theory approach, the present paper chooses long-cycle theory to analyze the decline of the United States and, based on it, answers the three-dimensional question of what the decline of the United States is, why, and how it occurs. In response, the paper hypothesizes that of the four stages that the theory of the rise and fall of world powers enumerates, the United States is currently in the third stage of decentralization due to the emergence of new competitors. However, the author believes that due to the developments of the international system in recent decades, we may not necessarily see a full-scale world war in the fourth stage and the transfer of power to the new hegemon will be achieved without the outbreak of the third world war.

Hegemony has been the most important concept to American power in the international system since the end of the Cold War. Pro-decline approach who criticize continuity hegemonic power of the United States in world politics, are emphasizing on issues such as the weakening of US hegemonic components, the logic of the rise and fall of great powers, and other fundamental domestic economic and social problems. They believe that the world is now going through a period of superpower decline and we must speak of a post-hegemonic era. On the other hand, the proponents of reconstruction approach, relying on the stark difference between US economic, military and technological power with other major powers, US special capacity to restore its power and experiencing diverse cycles of decline and reconstruction in the history of US hegemony, believe the current situation reveals the continuity of the American age in the international system. The article attempts to examine the arguments of decline and reconstruction approaches and perspective of American era, focusing on the question of what is the influence of weakening US hard and soft power on the prospect of decline or revival of the components of US power. The hypothesis of this research, which has been tested descriptively-analytically, shows that despite the experience of cycles of decline and reconstruction in the history of American hegemony in the international system and the views of thinkers such as Huntington, the United States has no ability to rebuild its hegemony and has entered an irreversible decline.

Among the reflections that have been made about Iran's backwardness towards the West, Javad Tabatabai's theory of Decline, according to proponents and opponents, has a remarkable place, for this reason it has attracted many criticisms; But so far, from the point of view of the science of "logic", no attention has been paid to Tabatabai's system of thought. The question of the present study is based on the logical adaptation of the theory of Decline. To find the answer, the imaginary foundations and the affirmative foundations of the theory of Decline are separated, and it is examined whether the result of the combination of the two is consistent or not. The research findings indicate the existence of a logical inconsistency of Seyed Javad Tabatabai's theory of Decline.

Just as it is natural for powers to rise and fall on the world stage, so it is natural for them to decline and fall. There are several factors involved in this rise and fall, depending on the strength of the advantage; War, economics, the costs of being a superpower, global politics, the decline of ideologies, and the like are among the most important reasons for this decline. The United States, which began its rise on the world stage in the 19th century, became an international hegemonic power after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. However, from that time on, there were signs of a decline in this power. Studies have shown that the United States in terms of political indicators such as democracy, human rights, soft power (education, graduate education and the number of foreign students, assistance to less privileged countries, etc.), military power (military budget and military spending of rival powers) , Economic power and other indicators of hegemonic superiority, its distance from other global competitors is narrowing. The present article seeks to examine the political-economic factors of this country that lead to economic decline. Our main question is what are the effective political-economic factors of the decline of American hegemony? The method of this article is qualitative of descriptive-analytical type that uses documentary and library sources to answer the main question.

Despite the fact that the US has been always present in the Pacific and has guaranteed peace and security as the regional hegemon since the end of the WWII, in late 2011 it formally announced the Pivot to Asia strategy and declared that thAsia- Pacific has turned to its number 1 priority in foreign policy and national security. This attitude toward Asia has been kept in Trump administration too. Despite the fact that the US has been always present in the Pacific and has guaranteed peace and security as the regional hegemon since the end of the WWII, in late 2011 it formally announced the Pivot to Asia strategy and declared that thAsia- Pacific has turned to its number 1 priority in foreign policy and national security. This attitude toward Asia has been kept in Trump administration too. The question that raises to mind is that what made policy makers to consider Asia-Pacific region as the first priority in national security among other regions? In order to answer to this question, we have monitored the process of US relative power changes in the international system. We have drawn the power cycle of the US and other major powers of the international system including China in order to evaluate their power changes. The question that raises to mind is that what made policy makers to consider Asia-Pacific region as the first priority in national security among other regions? In order to answer to this question, we have monitored the process of US relative power changes in the international system. We have drawn the power cycle of the US and other major powers of the international system including China in order to evaluate their power changes. The findings show that the accelerating decline of US relative power simultaneous with the accelerating rise of China’s relative power is the main reason that has turned Asia-Pacific into the first priority of the US foreign policy and Pivot to Asia is an attempt to bring back equilibrium into the system and narrow the power-role gaps.

Extremist currents take different forms all around the world. The transition from the traditional society to modernity paves the way for the rise of crises. Many foreign and domestic factors including deep economic discrepancy among the people, authoritarianism, fragility of states, lack of legitimacy and of people’s participation in their affairs, ethnic and tribal tendencies, cultural impoverishment and marginalization of a group of people and most importantly the identity crisis give rise to lasting extremism. This is a struggle against the existing values, a response to the deficiencies and marginalization. In this article, the author studies why the collective action of fundamentalist and Islamist groups in the society has taken different shapes over time. Some scholars trace them in history, economy and society, whereas the individual action and collective action of the extremist Islamist groups
should be examined separately.

Since the Iranian confrontation with the West and realizing their decline¡ “Who we are” were of Iranian intellectuals’ main concerns. After this¡ the questions such as «who we are? And “how we should be” were raised. To answer these questions¡ Shariati as an Iranian intellectuals with Islamic obsessions¡ tried to formulate solution for emancipation of decline and going toward progress. According to him¡ capitalism¡ imperialism and religious diversion and subjectivism¡ were considered as the main causes of decline of Iran and the Muslim world and only via returning to the self and the formation of Renaissance and an especially Islamic renaissance that the advancement and perfection can be achieved. Therefore¡ the main aim in this paper is the analysis of the concept of Islamic Renaissance and the emancipation of the decline in votes of Ali Shariati’s views.

This article confirms that historical Iranian decline theory (HIDT), on the basis of deliberation on the intellectual origins and history of thought in Iran, is of much importance. But we want to examine the internal competency of decline theory, its approach and conclusions. Our method in this article is hermeneutic based on the interpretation of the critical concept of the theory. We have tried to discover and understand the meaning and applications of the text written by Javad Tabatabee which forms the basic tenets of this theory. This article concludes that Tabatabaee`s approach in the theory of Iranian decline, from the viewpoint of an in-depth study of intellectual history of Iran, is of great importance but it lacks internal cohesion and contrary to the main concern of its founder, this theory resorts to sociological explanations. Also, the theory of Iranian decline is a holistic narration of the history of Iran and Tabatabaee has attributed the contemporary dilemmas of Iran to Mongols’ attacks on Iran 800 years ago. The theory of Iranian decline doesn’t pay serious and enough attention to the basic role of religion in Iranian civilization, especially after the enterance of Islam to Iran. In addition, Tabatabaee believes that political philosophy is the most important approach to understanding Iranian social affairs and other approaches seem to be very superficial. Advancing decline theory as a way for rolling back historical decline should be based on explaining philosophical modernity through the critique of tradition.Tabtabaee has not described the role and situation of thoughts in ancient Iran, as well as the status of Islamic thinking and Greek philosophy in Iranian modernity. After all, we conclude that Tabatabaee is an excellent researcher for carrying out in-depth deliberation on classic texts but the political application of his theory has proved to be very ambiguous.

The thought of fall and collapse of political systems has been one of the most ancient human thoughts and also the intellectual scientists as well as political philosophers. In fact، each of these scholars has viewed this issue from a particular perspective. Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli who lived contemporarily and in contiguous borders، investigated the thought regarding the fall and collapse of political and governmental systems. Both of these two intellectuals were realistic and using analytical and causal methods and also using practical experience in politics as well as immersing in the history thought in political and social issues and events of their age. Accepting the thought of historic recurrence، they are to justify and interpret the reasons of historical events and upheavals. Ibn Khaldun is led to historical determinism and considered conditions as procrustean; he does not consider any path to exit crises. On the other hand، Machiavelli، in spite of belief in historic recurrence، proposes some solution for exiting crises and tries to present a path for preventing revolution and the rule of fortune. In other words، he knows the past a light on the path of the future. Therefore، Ibn Khaldun believes that the main factor of establishing a government and power is Asabiyya which by creating an intersubjective relation between tribes، increases the political power and force. From Machiavelli''s perspective، the central role is played by virtus (virtue) which by fighting with furtuna (fortune) and dominating it، states and governments are established. The important issue in the thoughts of these two thinkers is that they both overemphasize religion as a political tool and a factor effective on politics. Thought regarding the reasons of the decline and fall in the world of Islam was started by Ibn Khaldun and ended by him too; however، in the western world، Machiavelli''s path continued. The purpose of the preset study is to investigate and interpret the reasons of the decline and collapse of political systems through studying ideas and thoughts of Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli in a mixed-method، i. e. comparative and causal-analytical method.

This paper studies the viewpoints of four contemporary Iranian philosophers on the origin and trend of the decline of political thought in the recent Iran. Each thinker is considered as a representative of a school: Reza Davari, as an “Identity-based” thinker, formulates the decline based on the “Worldwide Westernization Crisis”, while Seyed Javad Tabatabei as a modern thinker theorizes the decline theory based on “The Fall of Philosophy and Conditions of Thought Refuse” especially the refuse of political thought. Abdolkarim Soroush as a modern religious thinker studies the decline of Muslims in general and not Iran in particular, while by a radical Nietzschean criticism on the body of religion, Aramesh doust-dar, contrary to Soroush, believes the “historical dominance of religious thought” on the social life of Iranians is the cause of decline. Apparently, Tabatabaei amongst these theorists gives a more comprehensive version of decline theory and makes it the focus of his research project. However, what is common in these thinkers is their ignorance of the realm of praxis that is the social formulation of idea and cessation of theory in the mind and level of abstraction, in a way that some of the said opinions fail to explain at least the events and trends. This article seeks to explain and evaluate the logic and mechanism of these four theories by answering the following question: In what area lies the core density or the driving force for thought refuse. In other words, what are the conditions to establish and extend the nature of thought that is lost in the contemporary Iran? The research method in this paper is the interpretation of the text as well as evaluation of the interpretation validity through deep dialogue with political thinkers including some of the said four thinkers.