جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « nation building » در نشریات گروه « علوم سیاسی »

In recent years, despite the presence of foreign forces, Afghanistan has faced many challenges; The increase in terrorist activities, the spread of poverty and unemployment, and the lack of a strong central government are only part of Afghanistan's problems, which have created suitable grounds for the Taliban's re-establishment of power. In this regard, this article tries to discuss the factors behind the re-emergence of the Taliban with thematic analysis method. The method of data collection is document studies and in-depth interviews with professors and experts in this field. The analysis of the research findings shows that in the field of re-establishing the power of the Taliban, there are two categories of macro and organizing themes of external and internal factors, each of which has its own basic themes. Among the foreign factors or themes, we can mention the contradictory role of America in the nation-state-building process, the rivalry between India and Pakistan in Afghanistan, the border conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan, colonial rivalry and the Cold War. Also, internal factors or themes such as ethnic conflict and conflict, economic challenges, educational and cultural challenges, weakness of the central government and inconsistent security and military forces were identified. At the end, the necessity of dealing with this group from military, political, social, economic and environmental aspects was discussed.

America's strategies in the realization of the new world order at the beginning of the 21st century have had long-lasting and destructive effects, especially for Muslim countries. America started its plan to realize its global hegemonic structure by attacking and occupation of Afghanistan. Like the superpowers before it that occupied Afghanistan,America also did not have a detailed understanding of the people and conditions of Afghanistan and the fluid and complex relations of power in Afghanistan. America tried to mobilize its allies, including NATO and some countries in the region, and by relying on military power, Take control of this geostrategic region.The control of this bridgehead could provide the United States with an effective pressure lever to influence developments in Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia, and also put pressure on the main competitors, especially Russia, China, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. But things went in a different direction.

With the spread of nationalism in the 19th century, the idea of a modern state in Iran, which had already been formed, was realized and the attempt to create a national and inclusive state in the name of law and parliament (people’s representatives) began during the Constitutional Revolution. With the coming to power of the Pahlavi government and the efforts and policies of the first Pahlavi (Reza Shah) including strengthening national unity, maintaining territorial integrity, and combining Iranian identity with Western identity for nation-building in the years 1925 to 1945, which for various reasons The British intervention in Iran was not successful. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of British interventions in the process of nation-building and the formation of modern national identity in Iran. The main question of the research is what role did the United Kingdom play in the nation-building process in Iran? This research has been studied by explanatory-interpretive method and the data collection method is also documentary. The results of this study show that the British intervention in Iran’s internal affairs has increased ethnic tensions and also its influence in the Iranian political system has led the actions of the Shah and the elites in the opposite direction and against national interests.

Donald Trump has repeatedly cited America's unfavorable situations as a result of the policies of previous governments. By announcing the slogan "Make America Great Again", Donald Trump emphasizes that the United States is no longer as exceptional as it used to be, and we must restore United States to its original and exceptional place. To this end, Donald Trump has made improving the country's internal situation a priority. This is a descriptive-analytical research that has been compiled using articles and library resources. The purpose of this research is to answer the main question that, What axes does Donald Trump's foreign policy focus on rebuild America's greatness? To fulfill the slogan "Make America Great Again", US foreign policy during the presidency of Donald Trump emphasizes four axes: "opposition to American globalism", "immigration", "trade", and "nation-building". Donald Trump seeks to rebuild America's greatness as a model society to emulate and follow in the world.

Democracy developing policy in abroad, especially the model of its imposing through the force (democracy by force), has been constantly adopted after the World War II in the field of foreign policy by the United States of America and in some of the countries practiced. This policy has been the origin of wide disputes among American scholars in political sciences. But, the changes during the recent decade in Iraq showed that this policy in this country has faced a failure in practice despite of the optimism of White House politicians. The main question of this paper is to state what are the obstacles ahead democratization in Iraq caused the democracy model by force to be faced serious challenges? The hypothesis of this paper is that multiple factors such as insecurity development and political instability , low social – economic development indices, weakness of political-civil culture, significant presence of elites, authoritarian political movements in political scenes, increased ethnic and religious gaps incorporated with foreign interventions of regional countries in aggravating these crises are the challenges ahead democratization in Iraq. In this regard, the present paper refers to the disputes of western academic associations concerning democracy developing policy and democratization model by force using descriptive-analytical method and then studies the challenges ahead this policy in Iraq from 2003 to 2016.

After the collapsing of Iraqi Baathis t regime in 2003, Iraqi parties built a new democratic government. But very soon, the new government encountered with asevere political ins tability, and its legitimacy was challenged by some political players like Sunnis, Baathis ts, and al-Qaida. The ins tability dangerously took the government on the verge of collapse, and near to half of the country was occupied by these groups in thename of ISIS (Islamic S tate of Iraq and Syria). Therefore, here, the ques tion would be why the governmentlegitimacy has been challenged while has been es tablished upon a comprehensive democracy to include all Iraqi people. Many of writers have tried to analyze the ques tion by resorting theories of s tate-building as “es tablishment paradigm” and legitimacy theories as “processing paradigm,” but we know there are many problems in applying these old and inefficient theories on Iraq situation. In the current paper we have triedto bring a new way of analysis by tes ting a hypothesis that can be titled as “recons truction of legitimacy which is an emphasis on his torical process of nation- building, ethno-coexis tence, and diversity prob- .lem کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Interdisciplinary studies of international Relations have a high capacity to covering the different issues. In last decades this capacity has increased and scholars of International Relations can take attention to variety subject, so that nobody can see to International relations from predominant security and state centric view. Todays, sport and its relevant subjects are very new debates for IR scholars to researching and studying. Sports like football for decades have had strong political aspects and high rank political management take attention to it. Nowadays, scholars should theorizing the political, social, economic and cultural functions of it and studying the remarkable effects of sport on grand interactions between states and other international actors in world arena. So because of this necessity, this article tries to studying the some important aspects of connections between sport and International Relations and offering the new research subjects in this issue: Sport and International Relations, Why and How?