جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « nomads » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The spread of the Covid 19 virus has affected human life on Earth to varying degrees. Some of the effects of this virus can be seen in the field of everyday and public culture. One of the areas affected by this pandemic is the mourning style. Cultural changes in mourning style due to their gradual nature are not very noticeable unless we take a process look at them. In the present study, the method of multi-sited ethnography was used. The term ethnography broadly refers to qualitative research projects that provide detailed and in-depth descriptions of everyday life. This method is the art of describing human groups, institutions, interpersonal behaviors and beliefs. In the central and southern Zagros, which is home to the Bakhtiari and Bahmaei tribes, lifestyle changes, especially in mourning ceremonies and other collective actions, have become evident in recent months. Among the people of the mentioned tribes and in the cities of Izeh, Baghmalek and Ramhormoz, affected by the spread of the virus, there is a cautious retreat in order to maintain survival in holding public rituals and ceremonies. The purpose of this article is to study the ethnographic changes that have taken place in this region from a mentioned perspective. Study data have been collected from field work in recent months in rural and urban areas of Izeh, Ramhormoz and Baghmalek. Daily observations, listening to related narratives, and attending or participating in daily life and mourning-related situations have helped to produce field notes. Based on this, analytical themes and codes were formed. The results showed that the spread of the virus, with the withdrawal of some mourning rituals, has shortened the ceremony in terms of duration.

Women's inheritance right is one of the major rights that has been neglected by some societies. In most nomadic communities, women are deprived of the right of inheritance, even though they accompany men in all aspects of life. Answering to why this is so, this study has been conducted among the Seyaal tribe in Delfan district, Lorestan province with a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method and in-depth interview. The findings showed that in the recent hundred years, women’s right to inheritance in the Seyaal tribe has not changed significantly and in paying inheritance to women, they disregard the Sharii principles and formal laws and rely solely on the customary principles derived from the tribal system. There are legitimacy and justifications to transfer the inheritance right to men in the tribal system and not to pay it to women. However, this system in the Seyaal tribe has always left windows of hope and root rights for the women and has resisted against transferring the inheritance to men and its formally registering. In sum, economic factors have created a strong social structure among the nomads. Although those factors have nowadays become insignificant, the social structure is so strong that does not allow women to claim and receive their right to inheritance.

Settlement and transition plans from nomadic systems to modern systems have become an inevitable necessity as one of the ways to achieve development. However, the theoretical point of view, actors and acting coach and Specific unique operational method are not defined for it and it is understood and implemented in the same way in every nomadic space. Based on this issue, the aim of the current research is to extract and model the procedure and process of the current status of guided settlement plans and to identify the damages in this procedure. Considering the existence of a wide range of nomads and the implementation of the first guided settlement plan in Fars province, these were investigated. The population and the statistical sample of the research included documents (cases of 48 guided settlement) and experts in the field of nomadic settlement (7 people). Data were collected archaically and field study then analyzed through content analysis of documents and interviews. The findings showed that in the existing procedure, there are 12 steps for the discussion and implementation of the guided settlement plan, which were abstracted in the form of 4 categories of "decision-making, decision-taking, contextualization and operationalization". In addition, by examining each step, its damages were identified and reported. According to the purpose of the research, it can be concluded that for the existing guided accommodation procedures, do not exist the agreed theory of accommodation in the eyes of experts, coherent organizational procedure, post-settlement policies and paying attention to improving indicators of human welfare and development and also examining the issue of the transition period from migration to settlement in terms of duration and guardian. Based on this result, it was proposed to review the theoretical basis and definition of settlement, determine the type and manner of role-playing of settlement actors and acting coach, interdisciplinary encounter with settlement and adopt participatory planning and community foundation in policy making and policy implementation.

With no doubt, each society adopts its own programs for teaching depending on the lifestyle and communicative and technological skills. In traditional nomadic and immigrant societies, people acquire the survival skills through experience and participation in affairs. However, education and knowledge acquisition for this group of people entail specialized institutes and schools, which has appeared into obsolete kuttabs or maktabs in Iran's tribal communities. After the modern schooling, teaching in nomadic areas was first based on the teaching rules governing the other public schools until the World War II. Following the Point Four Program, assisted by the USA, nomadic teaching was incessantly followed under the title of nomadic education and proceeded until the establishment of the Department of Education for Tribes (DET) in 1969, serving as the first official organization of nomadic education. Taking these into account, the present qualitative study aims to spotlight the Qashqai tribe using the historical method and a library-based document analysis technique. The purpose is to visualize the trend of evolution of the teaching policy before the official nomadic education in Iran. In doing so, the study assumes that teaching has been continuously regarded in different periods by mobile kuttabs or maktabs, and school

The present study seeks to discover the habitual economic structure in the nomadic field of gilan-e-gharb city in order to take a realistic look at how nomads operate in the field of economic issues. The research method used in this research is structuralist structuralism and semi-structured and in-depth interviews have been used to collect data. The sample size includes 19 participants who have been selected using purposive sampling. The interviews were analyzed using the directional content analysis method. Research findings show that the habitual type of social agent within the nomadic field is very economical. The social agents in this field, Especially adult members, have low consumption costs and are very hardworking and economical. Herdig for the social agents is not only purely economic, but also the purpose and meaning of life. However, their field of activity has caused them to be constantly trying and earning the most economic benefit at the lowest consumption costs.. These agents are so emotionally attached that they have an emotional attachment to their herds that makes it impossible for them to imagine life in any other way. They do not seek economic goal, but their habit has resulted in the result of their work and actions leading to economic gain and investment and avoiding the loss of economic capital. The young members of the field, along with the continuation of the way of earning economic income, have slight changes in the way of looking at profit and economic activity.

One of the important issues in archeology is to identify and explain the cultural boundaries of past eras based on the distribution of cultural materials. In this research, using the results of field studies in the Mureh Kan site in the Holailan Valley, as well as library studies, the intra-regional cultural boundaries of the Central Zagros basin in the Middle Bronze Age are explained in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results of the research indicate that the Mureh Kan site is a landmark nomadic settlement associated with nomadic settlements that involve substantial cultural deposits, especially from the Bronze Age. Archaeological data indicate significant variations in the style of pottery traditions in the settlements of the Holailan Valley compared to the pottery style of the mobile sites on the southern Foothills of it, in the Middle Bronze Age. The settlements have been tension and converged with the valleys in the northern part, and the southern edge of the Holailan Valley has been the winter pasture of the nomads of the Pish Kuh region. The valleys of Central Zagros in the Middle Bronze Age can be categorized into two groups: The first group involves the valleys along the relative eastern-western and the well-known transportation route of Great Khorasan Road. It seems that the Great Khorasan Road and the contacts formed through it have performed a significant role in intra-regional links in this area. The second group comprises the valleys along with the north-south orientation eastern Pish Kuh and western Pish-i Kuh in addition to the Nahavand valley in the east of the Garin Mountain. The nomadism and the continuous movement of nomads between winter and summer pastures have significantly affected inter-regional connections in this area.

This study deals with the problem of urban life in north Caucasus as a significant component of the region's' social history. Concentrated on Darband (Derbent) as an archaic and long-lasted town, and applying a causal explanative approach, it investigates the relationship between the geographical situation of this town, the contribution of nomadic people and Caspian marine trade in developments of the social life of this ancient town. The main focus is on 17th and 18th century, however, it sheds some light on previous times as well. The main question which this study aims to provide an answer is that what causes and obstacles deprived the region of a glorifying, lasting and well-developed urban life. Its seems that the peripheral situation of Darband in the northern corner of Persian empires, while provided it with a kind of urban life within the politics of frontier management and constructing fortifications, caused a frustrating condition which hindered its urban development. The main cause of this frustration was the presence of a multitude of nomadic peoples who were living in north Caucasian steppes and mountainous areas in the nearby. This nomadic people, a large number of whom were living in Daghestan, were ready to be employed by the rival powers and in most periods invaded the town. Yet, the fact that Darband throughout its long history enjoyed an excellent geographical situation in north-western corner of the Caspian see, made it possible to hold its limited urban life.

This study aimed to investigate the value changes related to women's work and activity and the value of children in rural and nomadic field in Gilangharb city emplying Bourdieu approach. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach with a sample size of 38 participants. The sampling method was purposive and qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the interviews. Qualitative content analysis of the interviews revealed 4 main categories that the category of generational change in women's values from productive / economic to emotional / consumer in both rural and nomadic fields was similar.. The other two categories compised of   the emotional and consumption value of children in the rural areas and the economic and productive value of the children in the nomadic field. Accordingly, the results show that in rural and nomadic areas, young women and girls are losing economic and productive value and achieving emotional and consumption value compared to the previous generation. Decreasing the number of children in the family was evident in both fields. In the nomadic field, children considered as the agent of production and economic power, and they work with their parents to secure their future, while in the rural field, children have acquired emotional value and have lost their economic and productive value.

In the nomadic weaves, although the functional aspect was intended, its aesthetic aspect with a variety of native motifs, resulting from the birth of personal and collective beliefs, it is more prominent and as if the woven were a space for arousal, representation of imagination and emotion. the horse's face is a representation of the nomadic weaving, and in particular the Qashqai, which provides a space for design and motif creation and companion native and natural colors are provided by the weaver. in this article, while briefly describing and introducing Qashqai woven fabrics, various types of horse coverings and ornaments, nomadic gullies, and in particular gashqai gullies in terms of weaving technique, structure and aesthetic dimensions, introducing, describing, and analyzing, 24 cover of horse were selected as the sample for this process. the results of the present study indicate that the cover of horse structure of all regions of Iran, regardless of some exceptions, follows a general form. while most of them are related to carpet weaving techniques woven has been with the carpet weaving technique ghalibori (Turkmennaghsh) or Gol Barjaste this

The dismissal of Reza Shah from political power changed the country’s political structure dramatically and began in the political and social spheres a new phase of parliamentary activities, parties, movements, and social classes. These changes affected the National Consultative Assembly election and people’s participation in electing their representatives in Tehran and elsewhere in the country, so that each of these newly-formed parties and movements interfered in it without any legal prohibition, and the election went out of government’s control for some time. The participation of people in the relatively free elections of the fourteenth parliament was the first experience of the Iranian nation after the fall of the first Pahlavi’s dictatorship, and it was widely welcomed. This paper surveys different parties, groups, and personalities that, freed from the difficult political conditions of the first Pahlavi, participated in the elections in Kermanshah as an important and strategic region located in western Iran. This study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and relying on documentary and library manuscripts, with analyzing the voting process, tries to find out what the influential factors in the 14th National Consultative Assembly election in Kermanshah were. The results show that unlike Reza Shah’s era, the 14th election was not monopolized by any of the political and social forces, and the candidates were affiliated with various and opposing influential groups. In the first election of the second Pahlavi era, in order to weaken the Pahlavi court, participation increased and the centers of power especially tribes and nomads and foreign political agents conducted activities during the parliamentary elections to achieve their political goals. Therefore, this period of the election was influenced by domestic and foreign agents. So new candidates entered the parliament.

Indigenous knowledge is knowledge that originates from a specific geographical area and is naturally produced and includes a collection of the best, most useful and adaptable ways of exploiting and living in its own environment. Ethnoecology, as one of the branches of this knowledge, is a method of examining the relationship between human beings and their environment that emphasizes the role of human cognition and knowledge in his regular and regular interaction with nature. The aim of this study was to investigate the indigenous knowledge of the farmers of Goghar region in the field of basics of division and naming of rangelands, soils as well as the local calendar. Data collection tools in this study included free interview, semi-structured interview and participatory observation. Interviews were conducted using snowball methods from local experts in the area. Finally, from the information obtained from the interviews, notes were extracted and key concepts were extracted from their native knowledge. The findings show that local people are fully aware of their surroundings and its components and elements; As they are able to divide rangelands into 9 categories according to various factors such as climate, sun and shade, features and unevenness, soil type, altitude and temperature, vegetation, humidity, land use and dominance of an environmental factor and separate soils based on material, color and depth. They also consider divisions in relation to time, which include both a year and a day, and carry out their work accordingly. Thus, it is clear that the knowledge of local communities from their surroundings is very wide and includes various aspects.

Nomadic woven is an expression of the visual art of the tribes and tribes in which, weaver While considering the purpose and application of the weave, particular attention is paid to the aesthetic dimension (motif and color) as well as the ritual and symbolic aspects of the textural process. in the meantime, blanket or cover of horse are one of the different types of nomadic woven fabrics that provide a space for motif-playing. and artistic creation is a work of art by a weaver. qashqai weavers are one of the most beloved tribal and tribal artists of iran in the past, using imagination, their taste was able to create similar gems to valuable artworks in the field of tribal art. while it is a showcase of peacock art, these are examples today although limited, they are housed in world-renowned private museums and collections. in this article, the motif of peacock in aesthetic perspective will be introduced, analyzed and described. the results show that the qashqai of cover of horse Are woven often with weaving Souzani of techniques and Ghalibori(Torkaman naghsh). Also the peacock of motif in a variety ofGhalibori(Torkaman naghsh). Also the peacock of motif in a variety oAlso ariety

By understanding human activities in his ecosystem, we can recognize material cultures. It is important to see how thoughts, aspirations and imaginations emerge as cultural materials which are considered as products of crafts and artistic skills. So, nomadic and tribal handwoven products of Iran, especially killims, reflect beliefs, emotions, desires and also ecosystems of people who weave them. There is a wonderful interaction and connection between culture and ecosystem of nomads. The aim of this paper is recognition of nomadic handwoven objects in four main regions of Iran based on technical components (spinning, dyeing, weave techniques) aesthetics (design, coloring), materials, the cultural and social structures, and human resource of production (weaver artists). The case studies of the research are the killims of Bakhtiari, Qashqaei, Shahsavan and Kormanj tribes. The reason of choosing these killims is their significance in nomadic handwoven objects (due to their diversity, motifs and laborious nature) and also their common motifs. The paper is written based on a fundamental research which was conducted by a descriptive-analytical methodology; data collection was done both in field and by reviewing documents.

Social life has different fields in which each of these fields has its own interests that the social agents assigned to them are struggling to gain the interest of these fields. But do the interests of different fields of social life coincide with pure economic practices, that it was a yeast of economic development of western culture? The present study seeks to investigate relationship between the in-field interest with economic practice in rural and nomadic fields of gilan-e-gharb. n this research, a participatory observation and semi-structured interview were used. Findings show that the interest of rural field is welfare and it has not good coincide With ideal type of economic practice And the followers of this interest have little success in acquiring economic capital. On the contrary, the interest of nomadic fields that is sheep rising Has a high coincide with ideal type of economic practice economic practice. Achieve to interest’s field for social agent of this field Requires economic agency Which will ultimately lead to capital accumulation.

This article is to represent the linguistic indicators of gender in, Kalidar, the longest Persian novel. In this work of art, which is not so far from an anthropological report, women have an important and complicated place. Despite of a fundamental role they play in different aspects of daily life, Kalidar women are humiliated under literary gender clichés. The novel is full of proverbs and ironies which have been commonplace in vulgar Persian language for ridiculing and despising femininity. Our main question is: what is the place of women in Kalider from the point of view of a moderate feminism? And our hypothesis is that there is a paradoxical position for women in this novel. On one hand, they are represented as a source of life for men and for all of the family and thereby for the whole community, in some extent, because of the very particular life style of nomadic people, and on the other hand, they have a sense of insult and contempt, due to the general treatment whit women in almost every pre modern community. It means that those clichés have not been deducted from a low role of women in real life, but are constructed by a sexist culture.

Annually, because of some problems such as destroying the tribal roads and lack of predictability of other infrastructures to pass the migratory nomads, so many financial and physical losses are occurred for these people of our community and other compatriots in this regard. so heavy charges in the various fields are imposed to the community. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of Nomads migration and its related factors on the process of the road accidents in Eghlid city. In this study , it was attempted to present some experimental and scientific solutions to prevent these kinds of accidents as well as recognition of the effective factors in the accidents with the migration of nomads , its related factors and also determination of the efficiency . So with reviewing  scientific opinions , 10 questions were considered that their reliability and validity were obtained by the extraction of theories and data analysis with regard to  the survey method , the design of questionnaires and distribute them  between the accident experts and the nomad population. The statistical findings indicated that the migration of nomads and its associated factors woulde  affect on the process of accidents. All presented questions were accepted by the study groups and confirmed which among them , 10 recognized factors to prevent accidents with the migratory nomads are as follow:  to construct the underpass in the intersection of the tribal roads , prevent from passing the livestock at night, obseraving allowable speed, focus of driver to the front at night in the tribal areas , make speed constraints by the  warning signs and message boards in the tribal areas, apply the reflective vests by the leaders of livestock. The revival and maintenance of the tribal roads has more important that the other factors.

Managing and dealing with the risks of the economic activity, income security in retirement period and job security are one of the most important requirements for absorbing labor force in agricultural and rural activities. Although the social insurance fund has been established for more than a decade for farmers, villagers and nomads, only a few percent of considered goal mentioned is achieved in noteClause 2, aArticle 3, ofin the structure of the comprehensive welfare and social security law rule that has wasbeen confirmed in 1383 has been achieved., and Aalso, a remarkable part of the people couldn’t use these services. Based on this nNote, the government was obliged within two years from the date of notification of this law to cover fFarmers, villagers, and nomads under insurance. It seems that the social insurance fund for farmers, villagers, and nomads has faced many challenges in attracting maximum participation. In this regard, the current qualitative study has analyzed the obstacles challengingfacing the development of social insurance in Kermanshah and finally provided some solutions for them.
Current qualitative research, studies the obstacles facing the development of social insurance among farmers, villagers, and nomads in Kermanshah city using by Grounded theory in Kermanshah city. The studied population was chosen among fund brokers and rural people by theoretical and purposive sampling in Kermanshah city. In order to collect data, semi-structured interviews were used. Validity and reliability of data were approved by using triangulation and participants’ feedback.
Findings: Findings showed that the main obstacles in developing social insurance were organized in 5 categories. These categories are: “structural constraints”, “administrative barriers”, “economic constraints”, “socio-cultural barriers” and “motivational barriers”.
The results indicated that structural barriers were recognized as the main obstacle to the development of social insurance among farmers, villagers, and nomads. This problem was obtained from concepts such as criterion weaknesses, poor organization of the rural labor force and inadequate coverage of rural and nomadic services.

Stock holders, including tribal and rural societies in Iran, have had valuable savings in the field of indigenous knowledge in range management for many years that is cultural and social potential of this ancient community. This research was done on principles of classification and nominalization of environmental components as an important factor in the rangeland classification system from the perspective of indigenous knowledge. Data collection was done through interviews in nomads' residence and participatory observation through survey research. Key concepts were then extracted from natives' narrative knowledge. The results indicate that nomads have subtle and detailed observations about the classification system that is completely corresponded with local conditions. As they have separate classifications for each surrounding environmental components. Accordingly, they classify rangeland based on topographic features, temperature, vegetation, soil, water resources, land use and access road for every part of which they have separate definition. These parts are named and defined in such a way that for a majority of locals are known as practical concepts. While there is no publication for this kind of categorization system, the environmental culture causes nomads living in that area to make use of this system.

Achievement to experiences and informed and non-documentary information is one of the valuable ways for recovering the traditions which are unconsciously threatened with destruction. The object of this research was identification the medicinal plants using by nomads and collecting their information about Medicinal organs and how they are used, as well as diseases that can be treated with these plants, and in fact the study of ethnobotany and the ethno-pharmacology of medicinal plants using by nomads in the Chehel-Kaman rangeland. Registration of Beliefs and Indigenous Data of the Nomads was conducted by interview in both places of residence in the nomads and participatory interviews at the habitat of the plants. The interviewees were selected by snowball method. At the same time, through participatory interviews and field surveys, plant species were collected to identify based on valid sources of Botany. For each medicinal plant species, the scientific name, family, local name, medicinal organ, current therapeutic properties, as well as the method of preparation and use of herbal medicine were developed. Relative Frequency (RF (and Use Value (UV) for each medicinal plant were calculated. In the study area, 51 medicinal species belonging to 26 family were identified. The most populous plant families were Asteraceae and Lamiaceae with 7 and 6 species. The findings showed that the highest frequency of medicinal plants was used for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases (52.94%). The highest UV was belonged to Thymus transcaspicus and Bunium persicum equal to 0.66.

In ancient era of Iran, “Fire” was regarded as one of the main elements of mankind life which had high value and was always revered. After accepting of Islam by Iranians, revering fire as a scared matter was flawed after gradual changing in Zoroastrian religion. In spite of this fact, in some regions of Iran (especially in southern Iran) reverence and sanctity of fire was maintained. Blazing of fire in day and night had its respective ritual. By falling down, all of people should burned their heath and anyone could not convey fire from their home to the other. By the others reprimandedanyone who did not burn its hearth and they called him as extinguished hearth so-called“OjaqKur”. Ashes also was useful, sanctity and respectable. Spilling of water in burned fire wasscolded and forbidden. Occasionally when someone spurred water inadvertently or deliberately in fire, women by avowing or citing name of God tried to drive away disasters. However, the enterprise showed which has occurred apernicious and abnormal treatment.Oath to hearth was a prevalent and valuable action. Naming of children by titles of “ Azar” , “Atash”, “Atashin” and “Atashu” was prevalent among some tribes. In social system of nomads and traditional structure some of tribes, title of “Tash” regarded as an introducer of them. Finding of the essay shows hearth and its sanctity had a currency in all ceremonies of nomads which included many aspects of socio-economic, cultural and religious matters.