جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « infallibility » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

In this article, the problem of Sayfuddin Amidi's (551-631 A.H.) - a prominent Ash'ari theologian - criticism has been investigated in the denial and refutation of the infallibility of Imam Ali. In the book Abkar al-Afkar fi Usul al-Din, seven cases of doing and living as obligation have been attributed to Imam (a) and concluded that the requirement of those obligations is the absence of infallibility. The findings of the research show that none of the seven requirements may be taken as being against the infallibility of Imam (a). Amidi is a person of polemics and fallacies, he does not have mastery of history and hadith and he used weak narrations, he is not impartial in his research and fanatically seeks to prove his presuppositions. Issues such as accepting arbitration, pledging allegiance, cooperating with caliphs and dealing with the killer of Zubair, etc., may not be taken as being in conflict with infallibility.

The Prophet of Islam (PBUH)’s infallibility matter has a deep stem in Quran verses. From the First Days of Prophet’s prophecy opponents and antagonists were tried to offend his holy character. Because of that, they provided some doubts and uncertainty from Quran verses to downgrade the position of him and find the religious reason for their wrong thoughts. Besides that, the misunderstanding of some Quran verses causes controversy among Muslim’s wisemen. Therefore, the present research has done by library method in order to find the Prophets infallibility doubts and uncertainty from different sources. We used content analysis to categorize those founded doubts and certainty to set for general and private examples .the general examples include past sins, future sins, ask for forgiveness and the private examples include, Receiving and communicating revelations such as the legend of Gharaniq, and the field of action of revelations is divided into the execution of rulings, family issues, moral issues, and issues of political rulings. According to the verses, narratives and viewpoints of commentators and philosopher have criticized these doubts.

The problem is, what is the reason for Moses' severe rebuke of Aaron in the story of the Israelites' calf worship? Syed Morteza believes that since Harun was Moses' partner in the mission and they shared profits and losses, Moses treated him as if he were his own and the way a person treats himself when he is angry. And it is possible that at that time, taking its head and pulling it was not considered disrespectful, and it is possible that saying the phrase ﴿La tākhūdh bilhiṭī walābrāsi...﴾ by Aaron was due to his fear of the children of Israel's false assumption that Moses would blame him, or that the content of this Musa's speech is a consolation and an invitation to patience. The author believes that his point of view is far-fetched and improbable. Apparently, what caused such an interpretation of Sayyid Morteza is his theological basis about the absolute infallibility of the Prophets (pbuh); But it is possible to provide an analysis that is more compatible with both this basis and the appearance of the verses, and it should be noted that the field of interpretation of the verses is not a wide and wide-ranging field and is only limited to urgency and necessity. It seems that the severe rebuke of Moses (pbuh) towards Aaron (pbuh) was a means to wake up the children of Israel to realize the severity and magnitude of their mistake in worshiping the calf.

The Prophet of Islam (PBUH)’s infallibility matter has a deep stem in Quran verses. From the First Days of Prophet’s prophecy opponents and antagonists were tried to offend his holy character. Because of that, they provided some doubts and uncertainty from Quran verses to downgrade the position of him and find the religious reason for their wrong thoughts. Besides that, the misunderstanding of some Quran verses causes controversy among Muslim’s wisemen. Therefore, the present research has done by library method in order to find the Prophets infallibility doubts and uncertainty from different sources. We used content analysis to categorize those founded doubts and certainty to set for general and private examples .the general examples include past sins, future sins, ask for forgiveness and the private examples include, Receiving and communicating revelations such as the legend of Gharaniq, and the field of action of revelations is divided into the execution of rulings, family issues, moral issues, and issues of political rulings. According to the verses, narratives and viewpoints of commentators and philosopher have criticized these doubts.

Imamate is a theological teaching that all the Islamic sects and denominations agree on its necessity and each of them has dealt with it considering some characteristics and aspects. From the beginning of the debate of imamate until now, in addition to the common features, Shiites have emphasized three specific features (appointment by text, infallibility and knowledge) and in this sense, they have made imamate in their belief system different from other Islamic schools, and associated their identity of Shiism with the imamate characterized by these features; Therefore, it can be seen that a significant part of the scholarly efforts of Imamiyya theologians in the discussion of Imamate has been devoted to these three characteristics in order of priority. Regardless of the researches that have mostly explained, justified and defended the mentioned teachings considering the stated order, this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to a deal with the role of Imam's knowledge, its importance and underlying position compared to the other two features by presenting the proofs and pieces of evidence. Also, it will lead to more attention of theologians to the teaching of the Imam's knowledge in the system of compiling and teaching theology.

The infallibility of the prophets is one of the definite principles of Imamiyah School, but the purports of some verses of the Qur'an suggesting that Adam has committed a sin and error give rise to doubts concerning the inerrancy of the prophets. This research seeks to analyze and evaluate the doubts about the infallibility referring to the verses indicating the sins and errors of Adam based on the analysis presented by Sayyed Murtaza and ʿAllamah Majlisi. The two scholars have studies and answered about seven doubts that have been cast about the infallibility of Adam and finally the infallibility of all prophets according to what appears from some verses. These doubts are derived from words and expressions such as disobedience ('usyān), misguidance (ghawāyīt), injustice, repentance, error, forgiveness, and opposition to the divine prohibition that is attributed to Prophet Adam in the Holy Qur’an. However, it pears from the explanations of the two scholars that based on the intellectual and scriptural principles of Imamiyah, firstly, the concepts and terms based on which the arguments have been developed, have multiple meanings and applications inasmuch as they do not indicate sin and error only. Secondly, these concepts are graded so that the way they reflect their manifestations is not equal. Thirdly, Prophet Adam only violated a recommended order and perpetrated a less preferred act. Fourthly, due to the definitive proofs of infallibility of the prophets the appearance of the above mentioned texts are not trustable. The method of the research is descriptive – analytic with an inference approach.

Some verses in the Holy Quran, either directly or indirectly, attribute errors or sins to Allah’s prophets. Based on their intellectual background, interpreters may come up with different explanations and interpretations of such verses in their efforts to make them consistent with the idea of Ismah (i.e., infallibility). The present study aimed to take a look at the interpretation of mystics and scholastic theologians by examining verses 76 to 78 in Al-An'am chapter. The study hypothesized that the definition of the concepts of prophetic mission and infallibility would differ among scholastic theologians and mystics who are equipped with intuitive tools. The results show that mystics, based on their specific ontology and epistemology, use the grand meaning and knowledge of the words to indicate that the apparent meaning of the verses should not contradict infallibility. From the mystics’ point of view, these verses are a metaphor for the prophets’ spiritual wayfaring. The stars, the moon, and the sun as mediators were removed gradually from Abraham’s (peace be upon him) path leading the removal of his self in front of the supreme Deity. On the other hand, theologians are of the opinion that the appearance of the Qur'an is proof, and one can reveal the purpose by sticking to the meaning of the Qur'an by referring the metaphorical verses to the unambiguous ones. Adopting interpretation is permitted in cases where there is valid evidence. According to theologians, the ambiguities in the story of the prophets are interpreted as abandoning the primary or as instructing others.

Prophets have different functions in different dimensions of their duties. Prophethood and infallibility are closely related to each other, because according to most Muslims, every prophet should, at least partially, have the ability to avoid sins and mistakes. By proving the foundations of infallibility, the validity of the prophets’ words, actions and silent approvals will be meaningful and the correctness of receiving and spreading revelation will be established. The purpose of this article is to achieve the pattern of prophecy affairs in the scope of revelation and its layers and to present the connections between infallibility and prophecy based on verses and traditions, which has been conducted through qualitative research using the database method with the help of MAXQDA software based on open, axial, and selective coding. The result is a model that includes all types of functional affairs of prophecy before, during and after the revelation, which is made up of different sub-layers but homogeneous in terms of level and component. The findings of the research show that the different affairs of prophecy, such as receiving the revelation, guidance, teaching and reciting verses, calling to monotheism, staying away from idolatry and tyranny, cultivating souls, bringing good tidings, warning, etc. are can be categorized in three major components: “affairs before the revelation”, “affairs during the revelation” and “affairs after the revelation”. Such functions reveal the unbreakable connection between infallibility and prophecy. Some of the types of relationship between infallibility and prophecy that they bring about are as follows: infallibility causes the prophet to deserve the position of prophecy, infallibility preserves prophecy, infallibility is necessary in receiving, spreading, and stating the revelation, so that what is delivered to people is identical to what has been received by the prophet, and the last, infallibility covers the whole life of the prophet.

The infallibility of Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him) is agreed upon by all Muslims, based on this belief, even the intention of committing a sin is prohibited for an innocent person, but some Muslim scholars, citing the appearance of verse 24 of Surah Yusuf and several weak hadiths, attributed the intention of committing a sin to Prophet Yusuf(PBUH). Some has also provided illogical interpretations for the verse.This research has analyzed and criticized the most important theories of interpretation with library method. The achievement of this research is the explanation and identification of the theory of belonging difference between "Hemat" and "Hem" in the two sentences "Hemat bah and Hem Baha".According to the sentences "Waratah al-ti ho fi baytha", "Hit Lak", "Mu'azallah" and "Anh man Ibadna al-Makhlasin", the belonging of "ham" of Zulaikha is committing a sin, but the property of the "ham" of Yusuf (PBUH) is preventing sin, not the intention to sin. That's why the word "Ham" is repeated twice to explain this difference.According to the "second difference theory" verse 24 means:Zulaikha intended to commit a sin with Yusuf, and Yusuf intended to stop hercommitting a sin and stop sinning by doing a preventive action.If God's proof had not come, Yusuf would have done the restraining action he intended.For this reason, God removed evil (accusation of adultery) and prostitution from Prophet Yusuf (PBUH).This is the absolute infallibility that all divine prophets, including Hazrat Yusuf, were ascribed to it.

Infallibility is considered as one of the important elements in the matter of prophecy, without paying attention to it, the subject of prophecy will be ruled out. Literally, infallibility means "holding back" and "forbidding" and from the idiomatic point of view, it means a soul that prevents prophets and saints from committing sins, errors and mistakes. . The existence of this steadfast queen in the eyes of the prophets is a divine gift given to them according to their merit. Due to the difference in the spiritual position of the prophets, their infallibility is different; In such a way that the first prophets enjoyed more complete infallibility, and among them, Khatam al-Murslin (Prophet of Islam) has the most complete level of infallibility.The issue of infallibility has been the subject of serious attention by Muslim theologians; Just as Adliyyah theologians and Imamiyyah theologians accept the infallibility of the prophets as a divine gift and consider it compatible with the free will of the infallible; However, Mu'tazila theologians, while emphasizing the authority of the infallible, attribute the queen of infallibility to the era after the prophets.Allamah Tabataba'i, while accepting the Imamiyyah view, interpreted infallibility in his own way. This Neo-Sadrai philosopher examines infallibility based on his theological and philosophical standards and considers it as an inherent characteristic of prophecy.Keywords: infallibility, prophecy, Allamah Tabatabaei, God's grace, God's prophets, Islamic theologians, God's saints.

Among the manifestations of the Holy Spirit in the holy Quran is the immaculate spirit endowed to the prophet through prophethood which brings about their infallibility. Such an endowed immunity renders it difficult to take the prophets as a model for ordinary people. The current research is an attempt to find the relationship between the two variables of “the holy spirit” and “infallibility” and their hidden dimensions in guiding human beings while emphasizing the sublime rank of Man, parallel to the leadership of the prophets as the messengers of divine revelation. Also, the role of the Holy Spirit in the immunity of the prophets and non-prophets against committing sin is explained. Thus, these two variables were expounded through content analysis while considering the hierarchy of the spiritual ranks, the position of Man in relation to these ranks, the high or low position of Man in resistance against committing sin as well as distinctions between man and the prophets.

 The idea of ​​Imamate is the central point of Shia thought and many thinkers tried a lot to establish this doctrine in the structure of theology. In other words, the Shiite political system is formed with the Imam as its center. In the past eras, Shi'a political rival flow emerged on the axis of Umayyad and Abbasid caliphate, and most of the doubts were related to this flow. But in today's world, there is another rival trend called the Phenomenal Democracy, which, along with other trends, has come into conflict with the idea of ​​the Shiite Imamate. Ibn Maitham Bahrani is among those who have a significant role in consolidating the idea of ​​Imamate in theology.He explains the issue of Imamate, the necessity of the presence of an Imam in society, how to install an Imam and the qualities of an Imam. Ibn Maytham's approach to this issue in the science of theology is very original and innovative; Because he bases his speech on Imamate on five issues and interprets each of these five issues with special words such as (ma, hil, lam, kiif, man) and he gives the world a correct interpretation of the Shia Imamate system. And Jahian presented that the common way of governing today is based on false and unreal democracy, and the real democracy is the same religious democracy that is accepted by the Shiite Imamate system, and it is the only model that can save humanity from today's troubles. For this reason, it is necessary to read his thoughts on the mentioned issue.The current research collects information using a library method and examines it in a descriptive-analytical way.

Faṣṣ ḥikmat ‘iṣmatīyyah fī kalimat fāṭimmīyyah is the title of a book by Hassanzadeh Amuli, which has been written following the method of Ibn ‘Arabī’s Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam and as a supplementary to this book. In this book, the writer has dealt with the mysterious and all-inclusive character of Lady Fāṭimah (‘a) as a perfect and infallible human being. Such a discussion is an innovative move in theoretical gnosis from certain aspects; however, it suffers from some defects: 1) the related ḥadīths and their narrative proofs have not been quoted with sufficient accuracy; some of the mentioned ḥadīths cannot be found in narrative sources, and some others have been quoted from invalid ones; 2) the attribute of the queen of virtue is not solely applied to Lady Fāṭimah (‘a); therefore, it seems wrong to limit such a chapter to her; 3) Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam begins with the chapter of humanity and ends with the chapter of Muhammedan. Since the true heirs of the Holy Prophet (ṣ) depend on him in their nominal manifestations, the gnostic principles and problems regarding Lady Fāṭimah (‘a) can be sub-categorized under the chapter of Muhammedan and do not need an independent section.

Some of the thinking souls become apt to receive intelligible forms by obtaining sensory and imaginary perceptions. Then, they are liable to receive divine grace, and the intelligible forms are granted to them through connecting to and uniting with the granter of the forms (wāhib al-ṣuwar) that is out of the thinking soul and therein the intelligibles are actually present. Relationship with the active intellect and receiving the intelligible forms is done in a process that is proper for any order among the orders of theoretical intellect. At a time, it is the reception of axioms; at another time, it is the reception of theories, until the existential order of the thinking soul reaches a point wherein it is qualified to receive all intelligible forms present in the active intellect; and finally, it reaches the order of sacred intellect wherein the intellect becomes simple and essential. The owner of the sacred intellect becomes aware of the truths of the universe and nothing remains hidden and unknown for him. Thus, he observes the Exalted God, resurrection, and stages of the worlds of existence. This intuition and presence covers all his existential orders from the intellect to the senses. This is because, on the one hand, the intellect has become pure and essential and, on the other hand, this soul that has reached the stage of sacred spirit perceives in the order of senses, not faculties. Thus, the owner of the sacred intellect and spirit, since he finds all things in the form of presence and intuition in the order of essence, is pure and free – in the position of action that is based on the order of essence – from any mistake, forgetfulness, negligence, oblivion, and the like whose homeland is the acquired knowledge. Therefore, these souls are immune and free from any mistake and oblivion in all orders of theoretical and practical intellect.

The infallibility of the divine prophets is one of the most important and major theological issues that the theologians of the two sects have proposed different theories regarding its nature, origin, principles, arguments and scope. Among these, the issue of the scope of the infallibility of the prophets from the perspective of the Holy Quran has been a fundamental and long-standing discussion that has been expressed through a number of theological schools, different opinions and views. In the meantime, Imami theologians have considered the realm of infallibility as maximum and other schools have mentioned different levels for it. Abu Mansour maturidi is one of the few Sunni theologians who is in agreement with the Imami Shiites and extends the scope of infallibility from considering, preserving, and communicating revelation; He considers the avoidance of sins and the attainment of obedience to be beyond, and considers it to be valid in the realm of forgetfulness and error. Although the supporters of the Maturidian school did not mention his view and chose another opinion, this view can be seen from his interpretive inferences. Using a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, Abu Mansour Maturidi's views on the important contradictory verses of the infallibility of the prophets in the Holy Quran have been thoroughly investigated and Maturidi's justification for resolving this contradiction has been collected. The maximum realm proves the infallibility of the divine prophets from the point of view of Maturidi.

One of the important theological topics is the ijtihad of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Which has many theological fruits, one of the significant fruits of that area is the installation of the Imam by the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Did the Prophet comment beforehand without revelation? Different views have been presented by theologians. This article deals with the descriptive-analytical method of comparative study of the position of three prominent thinkers from three schools: Shiite, Ash'ari and Mu'tazilite. Allama Hali, a Shiite theologian, and Fakhr Razi, an Ash'arite theologian, have denied the occurrence of ijtihad by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) on the premise of lack of revelation. Judge Abdul Jabbar Mu'tazili, on the other hand, believes in the ijtihad of the Prophet (pbuh) in the absence of revelation.According to the author, the ambiguity of the meaning of ijtihad and its scope, and the lack of attention to its boundaries and the knowledge of the Prophet (PBUH) with the term ijtihad, has led to different views in this regard by the announcement of the three. Therefore, in this article, the author has tried to explain the meaning of ijtihad and determine the boundaries of the knowledge and science of the Prophet (PBUH) to determine the reason for the dispute about the ijtihad of that Imam (who has been prescribed a message for that Imam).

In the book Faḍā‘iḥ al-Bāṭiniyya, Ghazālī, in rejecting the ideas of Bāṭiniyya (Ismaʿilites), criticized the infallibility of the Imam and attributed some ideas to them that are doubtful. In this research, this book is introduced and Ghazali’s method, literature, and the content of the book are reviewed. The main criticisms of Ghazālī over Bāṭiniyya are denying the rational method, the belief in the infallibility of the Imam, and the belief in the Imam is designated by nass (divine designation). The last two are common between Bāṭiniyya and the Imāmiyya, and their main difference is in determining who is Imam. The most important argument of Ghazālī is that Bāṭiniyya deny the rational method, therefore they only acknowledge the teachings of the infallible Imam who is determined by divine designation, while the Imam is neither infallible nor chosen by divine designation because the Imam’s infallibility leads to the belief that the revelation is revealed to him and leads to the rejection of khātamiyya (finality of prophethood), and the massivereport of the divine designation of the Imam necessitates that the knowledge of the existence and clarity of nass is evident and the person will indisputably become Imam. The answer to this argument is that Bāṭiniyya do not deny the rational method, rather, they consider it insufficient. Also, in his second and third criticisms, Ghazali bases his arguments on the denial of reason by Bāṭiniyya which is a false premise. Other concerns over Ghazālī’s criticisms are as follows: he himself admits that the Imams have a kind of infallible knowledge; the Imams claim Imamate, not prophethoodmassive report and clarity of divine designation does not require the same understanding by all people; that something is evident does not lead to its occurrence.

The issue of the infallibility of the prophets is one of the topics that has always been disputed between the Imams and the Sunnis in its scope and scope. , Often due to the appearance of some verses do not believe in the infallibility of the Prophet. In all respects. The present article is descriptive-analytical, and using library sources to compare the views of Fakhr Razi, one of the Sunni commentators on theological issues, and Tabarsi, one of the great Imami commentators on the following verses; 105 and 106 of Surah An-Nisa '; 49 سوره مائده 43 سوره توبه; 52 سوره حج; 37 سوره احزاب; 2 سوره فتح می‌پردازد. Tabarsi, like most Imams, believes that the Prophet  is infallible and that this infallibility existed before and after the prophecy, while Fakhr al-Razi, according to the appearance of the verses, believes that infallibility is not necessary for the Prophet قبل before the resurrection, but it is necessary. It is from the time of revelation.

After the demise of the Prophet of Islam, the election of the caliph by a group of Muslims, the appointment by the previous caliph, and the election by the council as the three theoretical foundations for the legitimacy of the caliphate were accepted by a significant number of Muslims. Throughout this period, Imam Ali (AS) and his followers had a different theoretical basis for the caliphate. With a descriptive-analytical method and by presenting historical and narrative evidence and documents, the present study seeks to show a current called "Ideological Shiites" among the companions of Imam Ali (AS) and to restore their intellectual characteristics on the issue of Imamate. The findings show that there was an important and influential current among the companions of Imam Ali (AS) that believed in his Imamate based on the vicegerency of the prophet. Another result of the present study is to show the historical originality of the Imami theological thought about Imamate and to criticize Ibn Taymiyyah's view which has limited the ideological Shiites to a few people whom the Imam opposed.

Today, the psychology of religion has developed in the light of the attention of psychologists to the relationship between religion and spirituality. Spiritual intelligence entails having multiple levels of consciousness, and these levels affect our relationship with the material world. Spiritual intelligence integrates mental subjects with external tasks in the real world and intertwines the two elements of objective application and the abilities of intelligence and spirituality. In other words, spiritual intelligence means the transformation of ideas and the use of new thoughts and attitudes in problem solving, repair and two-way adaptation to the environment according to the accepted value system for the betterment of oneself and the environment. In Islamic thoughts, we encounter a spiritual and transcendent personality with the highest level of infallibility and incapability of making mistakes based on which the relationships among the components of spiritual intelligence can be measured. Using the descriptive-analytical method as well as the concept of spiritual intelligence and matching it with the characteristics of the Holy Prophet in the Qur'an, this research aims to study the dimensions of the holy prophet’s spiritual intelligence. This is done by examining the components of spiritual intelligence at three levels (spiritual intelligence in relation to God, in relation to oneself and in relation to others); four components in relation to God, four components in relation to oneself and 11 components in relation to people. Inspired by the guidelines of the Holy Quran, the component of God-given knowledge, mystical unveiling and certainty, which are not mentioned in psychology and indicate divine grace in the infallibility of the Holy Prophet, will be explained.