جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Perception » در نشریات گروه « روانشناسی »

Thinking is the basic pillar in the process of perception in the urban environment, considering that the wayfinding behavior in the urban space is influenced by the information received from the environment, so a correct understanding of the information received from the environment makes wayfinding easier. Different people use different strategies for wayfinding in the urban space according to their physiological conditions. Emotion is one of the influential factors in the field of psychology and can be related to factors such as self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management and wayfinding. Considering that thinking is essential in the perception process, then one of the components of emotional intelligence is also the facilitation of thinking, so the purpose of this research is to present a gender reading of the perceptual-cognitive ability of wayfinding with an emphasis on emotional intelligence. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the wayfinding behavior of women and men with an emphasis on emotional intelligence in Sajjad neighborhood. The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical, and in this regard, field observations, questionnaires, and site visits were used to collect data. Based on the size of the community in Sajjad neighborhood, using Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated to be 296 people, and the questionnaire was completed in the form of targeted sampling among overweight men. Data analysis for the effect of emotional intelligence on wayfinding has been done with inferential statistics tests in spss software, and Lone's test and Anova one-way variance test, t test have been analyzed. The results indicate that the wayfinding behavior of women and men is different and there is a direct relationship between emotional intelligence and routing of women and men. Women have higher self-awareness than men when it comes to wayfinding, and they also have more emotional ability and interpersonal sensitivity than men while performing this behavior in the environment. Men have stronger feelings than women in the process of wayfinding and determining the management path in the urban environment, and they have more self-confidence during this process. Men are more optimistic than women in the urban environment. Women use route and sign knowledge in wayfinding. Men use route knowledge.

The nature of human life is inseparable from physical and mental pain due to the existence of inevitable problems and misfortunes. The goal of psychotherapy is to help people deal with life issues without suffering. Accordingly, the present study aimed to use the teachings of the Holy Quran as a revelatory source to understand the man and the issues around him, to take a step towards discovering effective components in the treatment of mental injuries and disorders. Among the concepts close to this goal in the verses of the Qur'an is mentioned; Which refers to an aspect of the "self" that is attached to its Lord. Therefore, it is necessary to study this concept and its role in creating desirable emotions in humans to study and extract the pattern of change and deal with psychological damage. the present study was conducted with a qualitative method and with the method of contemplation of a surah with the focus on Surah "Q" to achieve this goal. The findings showed that the main problem in human beings is their lack of attention to their evolution and growth. That is, he forgets that he is going to take a path to establish himself in a position in this world, and in the Hereafter, he will reach that position and continue his permanent life accordingly. Therefore, the main purpose of treatment is to put the man in a state of awareness of what is happening inside himself and his relationships and surroundings and to get out of neglect and ignorance of the current truths in them, which is referred to as dhikr. According to the results obtained from Surah AH, the factors that strengthen this dhikr in human beings are: constant attention to divine intentions, fear of promise and being law-abiding, having fear and understanding of greatness and obstacles to the realization of this dhikr. In addition, wandering And confusion (in the matter of being current), receptivity in the direction of harm, and the emergence of negative traits (the effect of not activating dhikr). Furthermore, this surah introduces the main and most important process of realization of dhikr as the power of martyrdom, and since this power is both a necessity and a result of the realization of dhikr, it seems that strengthening it is one of the most important ways to treat mental disorders and human departure. It is considered suffering.

Helicopter parenting is a unique form of parenting style that is generally described as highly intensive and highly involved with the children. A particular parenting style influences all phases of the development and lifestyle of adolescents. Helicopter parents overly protect their children from difficulties by setting some set of instructions without consideration of the uniqueness of their children. Recent literature has gotten huge attention on this parenting style and debating the pros and cons of the development of the child. Higher life satisfaction and better psychological well-being have been found in children of highly intrusive parents. When there are positive effects of helicopter parenting, there are negative outcomes and impacts that have also been studied. The difficulties in emotional regulation, academic productivity, and social skills among children raised by helicopter parenting have been reported in the literature. Low self-efficacy, lack of trust in peers, and alienation from peers has also been associated with helicopter parenting. So, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric adequacy of the perception of helicopter parenting instruments. 

The study population included all adolescent girls in Kerman in 1400. To collect samples, 422 of them in the age group of 18 to 15 years were selected by snowball sampling method. In the present correlation study, Adolescents responded to the 10-item helicopter parenting instrument with Pistella, Izzo, Isolani, Ioverno, and Baiocco (2020) and the 44-item Leung and Shek (2018) over parenting scale. To determine the validity coefficient of the helicopter parenting instrument from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and to check its internal consistency from Cronbach's alpha coefficient by SPSS and Amos 24 was used. Also, to study the validity of the structure of the helicopter parenting instrument, its correlation coefficient with the over-parenting scale was reported. 

The results of principal component analysis (PC) and varimax rotation replicated 2-factor structures: mental engagement & practical engagement in the Iranian samples. Indicators of confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the two-factor structure of the instrument has an acceptable fit with the data and the model is approved. Correlational analyses between the perception of the helicopter parenting instrument's factors and with overparenting scale's factors provided initial evidence for the perception of helicopter parenting instrument convergent validity. internal consistency for the perception of helicopter parenting instrument's factors was desirable (a=0.85). 

In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the perception of helicopter parenting instrument as an instrument to assess the helicopter parenting instrument among Iranian samples. The application of this tool at the level due to the influence of culture requires standardization at large levels and in different social contexts. Overall, the findings of the present study show that the Persian version of the perception of helicopter parenting instrument as a multidimensional self-report tool in the field of parenting studies, in terms of psychometrics to measure the multiple dimensions of helicopter parenting in Iranian girls’ adolescents, is an accurate and reliable tool. Ease of use, brevity, and evaluation of two important factors of parenting are its strengths

Shahab national project has been implemented in Iran with the aim of identifying and guiding talented students with teacher-centeredness. Considering that the examination of the teachers' perception as the implementers of this plan plays an essential role in its successful implementation, in this research, the perception of the teachers of Birjand City about the Shahab plan has been investigated in a qualitative and phenomenological way. The statistical population of the study was all the teachers implementing the Shahab project in Birjand City in the academic year 2020-2021. Due to the nature of the research, a criterion-type purposeful sampling method was used, and the data obtained reached saturation by interviewing 11 teachers. To analyze the collected data, the Colizzi analysis method, and MAXQDA12 software were used as data analysis tools. The findings were presented in the form of 21 components and four categories of nature, goals, problems, and consequences, each of which has several components. The findings of the research showed that the teachers are well aware of the project's goals and have well understood the necessity of implementing Shahab's project. Teachers believe that this project has various implications. On the other hand, there are problems with the correct implementation of this plan.

attachment style is one of the effective factors in interpersonal interactions, which is formed as a result of a person's relationships with attachment figures (parents, peers, spouse) and significantly affects the performance and marital relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine the moderating role of the attachment style perceived by parents in the relationship between the couple's attachment style and the level of forgiveness in them.

The research method was correlation type. The data were collected through three questionnaires - family forgiveness scale (FFS), RSQ attachment style questionnaire and attachment style scale towards each parent (Hazen and Shiver) from 200 couples living in Tehran (400 people) using multiple cluster sampling method. It was collected step by step. To analyze the data, statistical methods of correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used.

The results obtained from the data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the attachment styles towards the spouse with self-forgiveness, with the spouse's forgiveness (P<0.001) and the perception of attachment styles from parents (P<0.001). There is. Perceived attachment styles from parents had a moderating role in the relationship between attachment style to spouse and self-forgiveness and spouse's forgiveness (P<0.001).

It seems that these spouses forgive themselves and their spouses more easily. In contrast, people with ambivalent and avoidant perceived attachment style towards mother, avoidant perceived attachment style towards mother and ambivalent towards father are more difficult to forgive their spouse in marital relationship.

The issue of perception and its relationship with external reality is one of the old issues in philosophy that has received more attention, especially in recent centuries, with the emergence of issues related to epistemology. This issue has also been studied in contemporary cognitive sciences. The most important studies in this field belong to researchers in the field of visual perception. More traditional theories in this field claim that the perceptual apparatus will be effective when it can represent external reality as accurately as possible, and therefore the logic of evolution and natural selection must have led to the creation of reality-consistent perceptual systems. But on the other hand, there are extremist theories, such as Interface Theory of Perception, which claim that, contrary to traditional theories, natural selection leads to the evolution of the perceptual system in such a way that our perceptions have nothing to do with external reality. We have shown in our previous work that neither traditional theories nor Interface theory are entirely correct, and the optimal state is for our perceptual apparatus to provide an approximation of reality.

In this study, we intend to obtain an estimate of the maximum accuracy of this approximation by using mathematical modeling of various perceptual devices in the framework of Agent-Based Modeling.

In this study, we have shown that even with strict conditions, our perceptual system can represent approximately 50% of reality. Also, by increasing the perceptual categories for the reality-approximating species to a level close to 40%, this species will still have a greater survival advantage than the interface species, and the precise realistic species.

Contrary to the interface theory of perception, in terms of realistic environmental conditions, not only evolution allows the survival of species that there is some kind of  homomorphism between their perception and reality, but even the possibility of the formation and survival of perceptual systems approximating reality to a reasonable extent.

Perception of the size of human vision (The size of Ebbinghaus illusion circles) is not an objective reflection of the physical size of objects; and instead, it is more due to the interaction of external sensory information and internal state. The results show that the processing of visual size illusion is somewhat inherent, and the amount of visual size illusion is related to the inherent activity of the human brain. During awakening, human EEG activity can reflect cortical functions in the absence of sensory input. One of the EEG waves directly related to visual size perception is the alpha wave; most visual illusion studies have used this wave for their studies. The results of brainwave research on visual illusion have shown that alpha-band suppression is significantly associated with perceptual errors. In other words, the decrease in the alpha wave is strongly associated with the overestimation of the target size in the visual field. This research is more common in the general public and does not include specific individuals such as children with autism. On the other hand, according to the week central cohesion theory, children with autism are not sensitive to visual illusion. However, there are contradictions between the researches in this field. Therefore, the present study’s hypothesis is that children with autism are susceptible to visual illusion and the reduction in the alpha wave of the visual area about visual perception can also be generalized to the autistic population.

According to the predicted goals, the present study was of a quasi-experimental type with pre-test and post-test design with three control and experimental groups. This study included pre-test and post-test stages. A total of 33 children with autism ranging in age from eight to ten years (33 boys; mean age: 9.04, standard deviation 0.75 and right-handed) were selected by available sampling method to participate in the study and randomly selected in the three groups of 11 people was divided (two experimental groups, one control group). The goal used to perceive the target size was Ebbinghaus visual illusion. These goals are perceived as either larger or smaller. Then, the subjects first estimated the central target in the condition without visual illusion. They then performed a throwing 200 throw trial under visual illusion conditions and re-estimated the target size (in the presence of visual illusion). Brain data collection was performed by a 32-channel Mitsar-202 brainwave recording device made in Russia. Besides, data catch channels include O1-O2. Accordingly, the EEG data were measured in two stages: pre-test and post-test. In the pre-test stage, alpha-band activity (8-12Hz) in the O1-O2 region was measured in the two channels. The electrode junction was located in the occipital region. The reason for choosing this area is that this area of the brain has been used to record waves in research on visual error. At the end of the training protocols (200 throw trails with visual and control error conditions), the alpha band activity was measured again in the O1-O2 area. Statistical tests of mixed analysis of variance with repeated measures and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data.

The study’s results in the perceptual task section of the target size revealed that the groups perceived the size of the center circle differently. Overall, these results suggested that training with visual illusion has affected perceptual task changes in target size; because there was a significant difference between the research groups in estimating the target size. Thus, when the center circle was surrounded by smaller circles, its perceived size was larger than when it was surrounded by larger circles, and when the center circle was surrounded by larger circles; its perceived size was smaller than when it was surrounded by smaller circles. Also, the results of the ANCOVA test showed that training with visual illusion has a significant effect on changes in the pattern of alpha brain waves. Also, the results of between-group differences showed that there was a significant difference between the research groups and the visual illusion groups that perceived the target as larger and smaller than the control group, which led to a more significant reduction in the alpha wave from pre-test to post-test. Also, among the visual illusion groups, the larger perceived visual illusion group showed a significant decrease in alpha wave compared to the perceived smaller visual illusion group. Thus, it can be said that a target surrounded by smaller circles, which show a larger target, is more associated with a decrease in the alpha wave of the visual area.

The results of this study showed that children with autism, like normal people and their peers, are sensitive to visual illusion as a cognitive task. These results pose a further challenge to the theory of weak central cohesion. Regarding the neural part, the results showed that visual illusion has significantly affect alpha brain wave changes; this effect was shown to be a more significant reduction in the alpha wave in the group of larger perceived visual illusion. Therefore, the results of this study can be used by people who work with children with autism in the field of perceptual processing. Children with autism are less susceptible to visual errors, which prove the theory of poor central cohesion. Visual errors are used as an accurate and valid tool to diagnose autism. Therefore, according to these results, it is necessary to develop early therapies to strengthen central cohesion in children at risk of autism. Therefore, the current research’s results suggest to educators and people with autism that training and intervention with any of the visual conditions can be improved the field of cognitive task learning in children with autism and can be helped to central cohesion of these people. Of course, it should be noted that this research is the first research conducted in this field, and the need for more research with different protocols is felt in these people and other disorders.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines
The present study included ethical principles, such as obtaining informed consent, the principle of confidentiality of participants to keep their information confidential, and the coding of participants' names. The study also provided sufficient information on conducting the research. In addition, participants were free to withdraw from the study.

Author’s contributions 

Article writing: Mohammad Hossein Zamani; Analysis of statistical findings and scientific and literary editing of the article: Hamidreza Taheri and Alireza Saberi, Brain wave analysis and EEG findings Majid Qashouni.

Funding

The amount of ten million Rails from the financial resources of Ferdowsi University was allocated for this research.

Acknowledgments 

We would like to thank all the participants in this study and all the teachers, principals, and staff of the exceptional schools in Mashhad who cooperated with us in compiling the present study's findings. It should be noted that this article is taken from the doctoral dissertation with code 52136 at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

Conflicts of interest

The authors of the present article declared that there is no conflict of interest in conducting this research.
Figure 1. Average alpha wave scores of the visual area before training, after training with visual illusion

Despite the developed movement of guidance and counseling programs in Iranian schools over the past 50 years, the professional status of counselors in schools is not optimal. This study aimed to investigate was conducted the perception of school counselors from their professional role, using qualitative method and theme analysis of type. In this study, 9 school counselors were selected using purposives and snow ball sampling method. Data collected from semi-structured interviews were analyzed, using Brown and Clark theme analysis method. According to the results obtained, four main themes were obtained which include; professional role functions, role facilitators, role ambiguity and role confusion. The correct and effective perception of school counselors from their professional role will lead to their greater effectiveness and comprehensive cooperation with teachers, principals and families in order to promote the development of students. The result of this awareness will be achieved successfully in the areas of academic, professional and personal/social development areas of students

The present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting women's perception of fertility during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method is qualitative and has a descriptive phenomenological approach. The statistical population of the study is 30-year-old mothers with one child and at least a bachelor's degree during the period from June 21, 2020 to November 5, 2020 in Tehran. 20 mothers were selected by purposive sampling according to the criterion type. The data of this study were analyzed based on the mothers' lived experiences and by conducting a semi-structured interview about the women's perceptions of fertility during the Covid-19 period. For the validity and formality of the interview questions, the professors of the Department of Psychology and experts in the field of qualitative research were consulted. Then all data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method and MAXODA version 12 software. The results of the present study are provided in 8 main themes, disease risks with 3 subthemes, stress with 6 subthemes, desire for pregnancy with 3 subthemes, economic conditions with 3 subthemes, psychological security with 4 subthemes, improvement of family relations with 8 subthemes, research and study with 2 subthemes, and foresight is obtained with 5 subthemes. As a result, due to the increasing public awareness of the importance of pregnancy, most women prefer to plan their pregnancy. Therefore, addressing the factors related to women's perception of fertility in the high-risk period of Covid-19 may lead to comprehensive maternal awareness and safe pregnancy.

Increasing women’s self-concept and positive perception of hijab are among the most priority strategies used to internalize the value of hijab. Strengthening the religious spirit to adhere to social values, broadening women’s knowledge about genuine Islamic values, and taking the subject of chastity and hijab scientifically into account are helpful in enhancing the culture of chastity. The present research is an endeavor to examine students’ perception of the limits of the hijab in Islam while examining their lived experiences. This study is based on a qualitative and phenomenological approach. Purposeful sampling method was utilized and ten respondents were selected from among female eleventh graders in Tabriz. Twelve individual interviews and a semi-structured group interview were carried out. The students were interviewed outside schools so that the school climate would not affect their perception of hijab. Data analysis was undertaken based on the seven-stage Colaizzichr('39')s method. The findings showed that according to the students’ lived experiences, hijab is not only limited to clothing but it also includes chastity and hijab in look, speech, behavior, and clothing. The extracted themes based on students’ lived experiences were as follows: different interpretations of limitations of hijab, the impact of individuals’ past experiences on limitations of hijab, the dependence of limitations of hijab on the environment, limitations of hijab as a function of time, the impact of the virtual world on hijab’s fading away, weak faith as the reason for having intermittent perspective on hijab.

Motor Imagery provides a special context for representation of movements. This feature has been investigated in typical developing children in several studies, but there is little information in the field of motor imagery in children with autism. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate this component in children with autism spectrum disorder aged 8 to 12 years compared to typical developing peers. 40 ASD children and 40 TD children who were age and IQ matched, purposefully and available selected and participated in the research voluntarily. To investigate motor imagery, the hand rotation paradigm in 3D software was used. The task involves two blocks of 12 hand-pattern which rotates randomly three times at six angles. The reaction time and error numbers were recorded as the performance scores of each subject. In order to analyze the data, two analysis of variance tests were used to evaluate and compare the reaction times and the U-man Whitney test used for the number of errors separately for back and palm view of hand. The findings confirmed that children with autism are able to use this feature same TD, although this operation is less accurate and longer. So that in the reaction time and the number of error variables, the ASD group performed worse than TD peers. Although the disorder may effect on cognitive function underlying motor behaviors in these children, nevertheless the capacity required to learn and develop motor skills in these children is developed, usable, and exploitable.

The present research intended to investigate the outcomes of death awareness in life from the perspective of Iranian adolescents.

The study employed a phenomenological qualitative approach. The participants included 26 male and female high school students aged 16 to 18 going to schools in Tehran province, who were selected through criterion purposive sampling method. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were utilized. In order to analyze the data, thematic analysis (TA) technique was used.

The findings demonstrated that the consequences of death awareness in adolescentschr('39') lives can be categorized in five main dimensions: motivation and goals, feelings, behaviors, interpersonal and social, and worldview.

Death-consciousness can overshadow various aspects of a teenagerchr('39')s life, and is therefore an important and fundamental issue. Each of these themes shows the effects of death awareness on different aspects of adolescence life and indicate that the remembrance of death can affect various dimensions of adolescent life in different ways. It can also change the adolescentschr('39') life style and their attitudes towards themselves and the world. In other words, to adolescents, who are at the beginning of planning their future lives, death awareness can act as a beacon and help shape their future plans and paths.

The aim of the present quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design with control group study was to examine the effectiveness of computer-assisted cognitive remediation on executive functions and cognitive abilities of students with diabetes. 18 Students with diabetes were selected from the Diabetes Association of Bonab city and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups of nine people. Executive functions and cognitive abilities of both experimental and control groups were measured with research tools in the pre-test and post-test steps. The tools used in this study were computer software for memory and attention refinement, the software version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Coglab software (change detection from the attention test set, and signal detection of Perception test set). For intervention, the experimental group was individually under cognitive remediation in 10 half-hour sessions (twice a week) by using attention and memory improvement software. Data were analyzed using one-way covariance analysis. The results indicated an increase in cognitive abilities (attention for the discovery of change and perception) in the experimental group. However, the applied intervention did not increase the executive functions of the experimental group. The study concluded that although the intervention and the number of meetings prescribed in this study were useful for promoting cognitive abilities, they did not have enough power to improve its executive functions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of role and field effect on product perception. This study was a causal-comparative study. The statistical population of this study was all male students of Islamic Art University of Tabriz in the year 2018. At first, randomly, 30 people were selected from those who were eligible for testing, then a video clip was presented in two stages (once the rules of the law were applied in the articles of the law and once the rule of law was not observed) At the same time, quantitative electroencephalography was recorded in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and all stages were calculated using SPSS version 23 software. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in beta frequency in two stages of video clip presentation (P 0.05) . Based on the findings of this research, it can be said that the products that the gistalt's role and law are observed in are more likely to attract the attention of the user.

Teachers everywhere are constantly working hard to invest in technological innovations to improve the educational standards and create new models and strategies of teaching and learning. One of these models that seem to rely heavily on technology is the “flipped learning” or “flipped classroom model”. The present study aimed at investigating the perceptions of EFL teachers about the flipped classroom model in the Iranian schools. Sample of the research were 72 teachers from 9 educational districts participating in an in service training course named "designing flipped classroom for English course". The quantitative results showed that the total degree of teachers' responses was (3.85) which suggested a moderate level of perceptions and there were no statistical significant differences at (α =0.05) on the total degree of perceptions between teachers due to gender, qualification and experience. On the other hand, the qualitative results revealed three major themes with regard to teachers’ perceptions and that teachers were somehow divided into two groups. The first group was in favor of using the flipped learning model but with mature students and after providing the required infrastructure. The second group was not in favor of using the flipped learning model because it might add more responsibilities and tasks to the overloaded teachers and it might distract students as well. In light of the results of the present study, the researchers offered some recommendations.

The main purpose of the present research was to deal with a comparative study of conceptual metaphor between Persian speaking normal children and mentally-impaired educable children based on Lakoff and Johnson (1980) model.
The present research is a causal-comparative study. Participants included 15 Persian speaking normal children of ordinary schools and 15 Persian speaking children with intellectual disabilities from exceptional schools of Jiroft city. Sampling methods were available. The children were asked to complete a questionnaire to answer the conceptual metaphor of the researcher. T-test and multivariate analysis were used to analyze and examine the research hypothesis to compare the mean of independent samples.
The results of this study showed that the mean of perception of conceptual metaphor was lower in children with intellectual disabilities than normal children (P Mentally impaired children had a different performance in the perception of conceptual metaphor in comparison to typically developing children.

People’s perception about the world they live in is one of the abilities that can influence their decisions or actions in different situations. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the factors that could affect people’s perception. To do so, 64 students of Payame Noor University were selected using random sampling method. After answering the Personality and Critical Thinking Questionnaires, the subjects watched a film which included a fixed dialogue performed in 4 different situations for 5 minutes. Then, based on the film, they responded to a questionnaire. The findings showed that there is no significant relationship between personality traits and critical thinking. However, there were significant relationships between some personality traits and situation elements. In addition, three cognitive abilities including inductive thinking, evaluation and deduction were associated with the location shown in the film. Finally, the results indicated the significant correlation between thinking with location and people’s perception. This research showed that thinking is essential for perception. In addition, through transferring its elements as information units as well as interfering in the type of employed cognitive ability, situational context affects people's type of conception.

The purpose of this study is to comparing self-perception, perceived social support and risking in students by symptoms of social anxiety with normal group. The statistical society of the study include whole of B.A. students of Islamic Azad University at Karaj.
The samples include 303 (147 female, 156 male) which has selected randomly. The SPIN, BSCT, MSPSS, IARS tests has been evaluated. The present research is causal-comparative. The data analysis has done by two-way variance.
The study findings showed that: The mean of self-perception in normal group is more than anxiety group and there is not any difference between subjects. The mean of perceived social support is more than anxiety group. The mean of perceived social support in female students is more than male students. Between subscales of social support, the mean of three subscales include family, friends and important persons in normal group is more than anxiety group. There isn’t any difference between mean of family and important person subscales in female and male students but friends’ subscales in female students was more than male students. In relationship between risking, the mean of groups of anger’ subscale, in normal group was lower than anxiety group and mean of drug, alcohol, sexual behavior is lower than male students.
According to the results the students by signs of social anxiety had lower levels of self-perception and perceived social-support and higher levels of risk-taking as compared by normal students.

The present study aimed to compare the accuracy of time perception in ADHD children with normal children was in Ahvaz. In This causal-comparative study population consisted of boy and girl students from ordinary schools and children with ADHD were referred to the psychological clinic. The sample comprised 26 normal children and 28 children with ADHD .Study instrument was the computerized test to measuring time perception and the reproduction test the results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that there is no difference between normal and ADHD children in reproduction of time for distances in short and long term. In depicted,it has been revealed that there is a significant different between coefficient of changes of variation for long-term interval is children with ADHD. The coefficient of variation for long-term interval is more in ADHD children. However there is no significant difference between the coefficients of variation reproduction time for short distances in children with ADHD with normal children.