جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آنتروپی شانون » در نشریات گروه « علوم تربیتی »

The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the concepts of leadership and responsibility are reflected in primary school textbooks.

This study make use of a descriptive and content analysis type using "Shannon Entropy". The population includes all the books of the elementary school, the statistical sample of this research includes the books we read in the six grades of the elementary school in the year 2008-2019. The research tool was checklist and questionnaire. The unit of content analysis in this research is all the text of books, activities, pictures and questions directly or indirectly (their meaning) about each of the components of leadership and responsibility; is stated Then, the books to be read in the elementary school were studied deeply and purposefully, and the sentences containing the components and sub-components or having a concept similar to them were recorded. After collecting statistical samples, they were summarized, coded and categorized and finally processed. In this process, abundance distribution tables for each set of books and content units were counted and analyzed with Shannon's entropy method.

The results showed that in the read books, after interpreting the data based on the obtained importance coefficient; In the content of the textbooks, let's read the moral-cultural dimension with the importance coefficient (0.206) in the first place, social-political and environmental dimensions (0.201) in the second place and the legal dimension with the importance coefficient (0.195). ) has assigned the lowest priority among other dimensions of responsibility.

It can be concluded that the coefficient of importance of the dimensions of leadership and responsibility in textbooks are not the same.

Given the importance of economic education/training, it is of as important to see the extent to which the junior high school curriculum contains topics related to this field. To this end, all the textbooks used at the junior high level, at the time of the study, were content analyzed using Shannon entropy method and an observation list of themes/concepts related to economic training, with an assumed validity, and the reliability of 0.9. Counting the frequencies of the observed themes, a total of 1184 was observed of which 418 of them were in the 7th grade textbooks, 375 in the 8th grade, and 391 in the 9th grade textbooks. Not all of these themes are equally covered, just as some are not covered at all. For example, the concept of appropriation is the most frequent topic covered across the grades, while things like task division and risk are ignored in all three grades textbooks. It was found that the Social Studies textbook has the most extensive coverage of economic themes, while the Culture & Art and Defense Preparation textbooks are at the lowest rank. Thus, a revamping of the textbooks used in junior high school level seems to be necessary.

The aim of this study was to examine the manifestation of a virtuous life (Hayat Tayyibah) in each of the six dimensions of elementary educational content. This research employed content analysis using the three-stage Shannon entropy method. The statistical population included the content of the social studies curriculum for elementary education in Iran for the academic year 1402-1403, encompassing four textbooks, all of which were selected as the sample through census sampling. The research instrument was a checklist designed based on the opinions of 13 experts in each of the six educational dimensions. The reliability was confirmed using Holsti's method (0.89), and the validity was ensured through expert opinions and prolonged engagement with the research. The results showed that among the 1069 instances related to Hayat Tayyibah, the political and social dimension had the highest frequency with 378 instances (35%), while the artistic and aesthetic dimension had the lowest frequency with 60 instances (6%). Shannon entropy analysis further confirmed that there is no balance or proportion among the subcomponents of Hayat Tayyibah within each of the six dimensions. Additionally, although the frequency of Hayat Tayyibah components in social studies textbooks is nearly equal, their importance coefficients vary. The concept of Hayat Tayyibah in both worldly and hereafter life in Islamic culture is so significant that all aspects of life should be organized based on it. Therefore, the content of elementary textbooks in this domain requires serious review and revision. However, these instances are not equally and uniformly distributed across the six educational dimensions.

The present study seeks to analyze the content Farsi books of elementary school in textbooks based on the components of the philosophy for children with the orientation of multicultural education. The data collection was performed by content analysis method based on researcher's content analysis list of philosophical thinking measures including three concepts (Exploratory, argumentative and interactive) and Components of multicultural education (including 15 concepts) and research validity are validated and confirmed by research experts and experts in educational sciences. The reliability is evaluated by CVR calculation of which shows 86%. The population consisted Farsi of elementary of Iran in 2022. using Shannon's entropy, the concept of acceptance of differences with the P4C approach with an importance factor of 32.35 has the highest amount of attention and the concept of religion with an importance factor of 29.41 ranks second. Also, the fifteen concepts examined in the textbooks based on the philosophy approach for children have been reflected in a scattered and unbalanced manner. Based on the findings of the research, the textbooks need to be revised, to pay more attention to the philosophy program for children with the orientation of multicultural education.

The purpose of the present research was to analyze the content of the basic technical knowledge textbooks of horticulture, agricultural and livestock affairs of the second cycle secondary school from the perspective of smart climate agriculture. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, it was a descriptive study of content analysis type. To analyze the content and determine the active and inactive categories, the William Rumi technique was used, and the results and data were processed using Shannon's entropy method. The research population consisted of the content of the second cycle secondary school basic technical knowledge textbooks of horticulture, livestock and agricultural affairs published in 1401 academic year. All texts, questions and pictures of the textbooks were checked by census. The data collection tool was a note-taking form and a content analysis checklist based on William Rumi and Shannon's entropy tables. Findings showed that the coefficient of students' engagement with the text of books of basic technical knowledge of horticultural, livestock and agricultural affairs were 0.3, 0.7, and 0.3, respectively. The coefficient of students' engagement with the pictures and questions of the mentioned textbooks were also 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3, respectively. Therefore, according to William Rumi, in terms of the text, pictures and questions of the textbooks, only the textbook of basic technical knowledge of livestock affairs is active. Finally, the results showed that in the text, pictures and questions of the textbooks under study, the information load and the importance coefficient of inactive categories are more than active ones.

Nowadays, storytelling is an effective means in education and upbringing because it can convey important educational points from different aspects. In this regard, the purpose of the present research is to review and analyze to what extent stories in the Qur’anic Course Book through 6 stages of elementary school are based on 6 aspects of the fundamental transformation document of education and upbringing. The research method is descriptive content analysis and the obtained results were analyzed by Shannon Entropy. The results showed that in the Qur’anic Education Book of the elementary school, 22 stories are mentioned which deal with the following aspects: 19 cases about beliefs, prayers, and morality, 14 cases about social and political fields, 4 cases about aesthetic and artistic fields, 2 cases about biological and bodily fields, 2 cases about economic and professional fields, and 1 case about scientific and technological fields. Among aspects under review, beliefs, prayers, and morality with the data load of 0.97 and the importance factor of 0.30 have gained the highest attention while scientific and technological aspects with the data load of 0.0003 and the importance factor of 0.0009 have gained the least attention.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the level of attention of the sixth elementary textbooks (social studies and Farsi) to teaching the components of professional ethics. The research method is a description of the type of content analysis.

The statistical population of this research was social studies and Persian books of the sixth grade in the academic year of 1402-1401. The unit of analysis of the research was text, pictures, activities and book assignments. The measuring instrument of the research was the following items adapted from the Kadu professional ethics questionnaire, which was obtained to ensure the reliability of the instrument. Cronbach's alpha value for this questionnaire was 0.81. The research data was processed by Shannon's entropy method.

The results of the research showed that in the mentioned books, the highest coefficient of importance is assigned to the component of honesty at the rate of 0.170 and the lowest coefficient of importance is assigned to the component of respect for others at the rate of 0.095.

In general, these books deal with the components of professional ethics in an unbalanced manner, so that some components such as responsibility, respect for others, and loyalty are not paid attention to in written Persian books. Considering the important role that professional ethics has in the future of students and the country, it is necessary that the authors of textbooks pay due attention to this issue in the next editions.

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which the general objectives of the philosophy program for children are addressed. This research was applied and using content analysis method. Descriptive methods and Shannon entropy method were used to analyze the research data. The research sample included the social studies textbooks of grade five and six in elementary in the educational year of 1401-1400. The research tool was a checklist of components of philosophy goals for children.The results of the present study showed that attention to the components of philosophy goals for children in the sixth elementary social studies book(53%) is more than attention to the components of philosophy goals for children in the content of the fifth social studies book(47%).The most attention was paid to "individual and interpersonal growth"(37%) and the least one to "creativity cultivation" (7%). Also, the percentage of attention to the different goals of philosophy for children in the content of the fifth and sixth studies books is not evenly distributed. Respectively, "Improving reasoning ability" accounted for 30%, "developing moral understanding" accounted for 11%, and "developing the ability to conceptualize in experience" accounted for 15%.In general, the studies book of grade six has paid more attention to the goals of philosophy for children. Among the goals, the highest importance is related to "cultivating moral understanding" and the lowest importance is related to "cultivating creativity". On the other hand, the two goals of "improving reasoning ability" and "developing the ability to conceptualize in experience" are equally important.

This research explores tuition's role in students' academic decisions. The results can help improve the effectiveness of tuition policies.

This research was done using the Meta-Synthesis method. Based on this, the specialized keywords of the research in international databases (Science Direct, Springer, Wiley Online, Eric, Sage, Emerald) in The period (1990-2022) were searched. Then, using judgmental sampling, 77 studies were selected for analysis. Next, by using Shannon's entropy analytical technique, it was determined which academic decision has more weight and priority than other academic decisions in this study.

Five academic decisions made by students have been identified accompanied with the other determinants, which are the decision to enroll, the decision in making further academic effort for greater academic progress, the decision to dropping out of university education, the decision to continuing education, the decision to changing the field of study which have been affected by the tuition fees. Based on the Shannon entropy analytical technique results, the decision to continue university education has obtained a greater weight and affectability in comparison with other academic decisions in this study.

In exploring the role of tuition fees in students' academic decisions classified in five categories, we conclude that the students’ decisions are significantly affected by tuition fees and some other factors. In addition, each area of students’ academic decisions comprises of some sub-categories elaborated into eleven primary sub-categories and 506 key concepts.

The present study was conducted as a query on the themes of the primary school sixth-grade Farsi textbooks according to the components of teaching gratitude. It was an applied research in terms of purpose and mixed-methods in terms of method with content analysis design. The research population of the study included all the texts, poems, stories, pictures, and activities in the primary school Farsi textbooks (721 pages in sum), edition 2020. The research instruments included the primary school Farsi textbooks, Adler & Fagley’s (2005) eight components of teaching gratitude, and the categories extracted from the components of teaching gratitude which were identified according to Mayring comparative content analysis. Experts verified the identified categories after several validity checking. Also, the reliability of the categories was calculated at 82% using the Scott coefficient. Data was analyzed via the Shannon Entropy Method. According to the findings, 1265 themes were identified in primary school Farsi textbooks. The highest frequency was related to the component of focusing on the possessions and the lowest frequency was related to the component of suffering/loss. Moreover, according to the results of Shannon’s entropy analysis of the importance coefficient, the components of teaching gratitude were in the following order from the highest to the lowest degree of attention: religious ceremonies, appreciation, focus on the possessions, astonishment, comparison (social comparison, self-comparison), present moment, suffering/loss and interpersonal. The results showed that the components of gratitude and their categories haven’t been paid attention to, appropriately in Farsi textbooks.

Growth and survival is one of the most important challenges for start-ups in the current situation. On the one hand, the coopetition strategy in the last two decades in order to gain, maintain and improve the competitive position has been considered by many businesses. Start-up can gain a good coopetition position in many areas by using a competitive strategy. So far, research has not examined the factors that are involved in the implementation of a coopetition strategy in start-up. In this method, in order to explain the factors affecting the application of the coopetition strategy, first by systematic review of the literature and using the method of meta-synthetic qualitative research, all dimensions of the coopetition strategy were identified. Then the importance and priority of each of the proposed factors is determined using the Shannon quantitative entropy method. After analyzing the articles, the effective factors were classified into 6 categories, 16 dimensions and 68indicators. The results showed; The most important categories are "institutional factors", "strategic factors", "environmental factors","individual-managerial factors","participatory factors","communication factors" respectively. Among the dimensions, " Events " were in the first place, " Supporting institutions ," and " Good reputation of the company " and , "Having coopetitive mindset " were in the second ,third and Fourth places. This study provides a deep understanding of the existing literature on coopetition strategy in start-ups by organizing the factors affecting it and can be used in planning for their growth and survival in complex and dynamic market conditions to compete with other businesse

This study aimed to analyze the textbooks of Heavenly Messages and Religion and Life in the secondary high school based on the components the Michel Burba’s theory of moral intelligence.

The study was descriptive and content analysis type using ‘Shannon’s entropy’ method. The statistical population included 9 textbooks of heavenly messages and religion and life of secondary high school, published in 2023, which were analyzed using the census sampling method. In addition, the text of the lessons, pictures, sentences, poems, stories and verses were analyzed. The unit of analysis of written texts was sentences, and thematic analysis was used to examine the images. The tool of study was the verification form of the seven components of Burba’s theory of moral intelligence. The validity of the study was obtained based on the university professors’ and experts’ views, and its reliability was obtained through the Scott’s reliability coefficient, pi, equaled with 0.73. Data analysis was carried out using Excel software, and frequency distribution table, percentage, and importance coefficient were utilized.

In the reviewed textbooks, the component of self-discipline (WJ=0.216) had the highest importance coefficient, and followed by the components: fairness (WJ=0.188), patience (WJ=0.176), and empathy (WJ=0.164), respect (WJ=0.122), conscience (WJ=0.106), and Kindness (WJ=025), respectively. The highest importance coefficient for the components was (WJ=0.170) in the textbooks the Heavenly Messages of grade 7 and Religion and Life in grade 10, and followed by, the Religion and Life in grade 12, (WJ=167), the Heavenly Messages in grade 9, (WJ=0.165), the Religion and Life in grade 11, (WJ=0.164), had importance coefficient, and the lowest importance coefficient, (WJ=0.162), was the in the textbook the Heavenly Messages in grade 8.

In general, the components of moral intelligence do not have a balanced distribution when they are compared to each other, and the textbooks reviewed in different grades in secondary high school have also addressed these components in an imbalanced way.

In today's world, education is one of the most important and effective organizations for personal and social development of human beings. Life School that sometimes referred to as the "school for life", has the mission of achieving the all-encompassing and holistic goals of education. The purpose of this study was to provide A Three-layer Pattern for Feasibility and Establishment of Life School by Meta-Synthesis Method. The statistical population includes previous research (articles, projects and dissertations) in the field of life school, which was selected as a statistical sample with the purposeful approach of the most relevant studies. In order to determine the importance and priority of the extracted codes, Shannon quantitative entropy method was used. The research findings were identified and categorized into 5 categories, 22 concepts and 98 codes, which are 5 main categorie: Identify pedagogy, infrastructure, organizational culture and climate, human resources and effective social communication. after the research steps, the model of determining and effectively establishing the Life school in three layers of feasibility, conceptual design and implementation structure and establishment of Life school is presented. In the feasibility stage, the acceptance of the model, determining the prerequisites and analyzing the current situation and the gap until the implementation of the new plan is measured. In the design phase, the identification of pedagogy is considered, and determining the type of learning and the purpose of learning is the basis of any action. In the phase of establishing infrastructure, organizational culture and atmosphere, human resources and effective social communication with comprehensive management are implemented.

A textbook is a tool that teachers use to stimulate their students and offer them maximum awareness, understanding, and perception about an issue or topic; thus, textbooks are among the main elements of transmitting educational messages in the process of education. A fundamental characteristic of textbooks is that the content developed for each grade should match its audiences’ cognitive development.The present study aimed to analyze and assess the readability level of the 6th-grade social studies textbook using the formulas proposed by McLaughlin and Gunning Fog. The content analysis method implemented in the present study processed the difficult words in the beginning sections of the chapters and lessons and the total difficult words in the 6th-grade social studies textbook by adopting objective-qualitative approaches and using the Shannon entropy. The study was applied in terms of purpose, and the population included the total content of the 6th-grade social studies textbook. The findings showed that the texts that were analyzed using the methods proposed by McLaughlin and Gunning Fog were above the 6th-grade students’ capabilities. Evaluating the content of textbooks is effective in both increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the books and desirably fulfilling educational goals.

Considering the diversity of ethnicities and the multiplicity of ethnic lived experiences in Iran, the influential role of education in official curricula and content of books and giving ethnic identity to students of different cultures is undeniable.The purpose of this study was to investigate the multicultural components in the official curriculum of the first year of high school in Iran. This descriptive research included documentary analysis and Shannon entropy content analysis. The content analysis unit was text, pictures and textbook activities. By purposeful sampling method, the sample included the content of 3 volumes of social studies books of the first secondary school (7th, 8th, 9th) with 554 pages. To evaluate validity in the opinion of experts, and Scott's pi method was used to evaluate the reliability. Based on the findings, only 6% of the three parts of the content of the reviewed books paid attention to the desirable components of ethnicity. Shannon's entropy analysis showed that component 21 (paying attention to the common national identity of the ethnic groups) with 31 items has the highest frequency and the least amount is component 8 (preventing prejudice about certain ethnicities and cultures) component 14 (paying attention to the concept of peace and friendship) with the frequency was 7.The findings show that the position of multicultural components in the official curriculum of the first secondary school is largely neglected and needs to be revised.

The aim of this study was to analysis of elementary science textbooks based on the representation of nature of science. The research method was descriptive and content analysis. The statistical population of the research included the experimental science textbooks of the sixth grades of the academic year of 2021, simple random sampling was used and the size of the population was equal to the sample. The data collection tool was a content analysis checklist (adapted from Phillips et al., 2015). The unit of analysis consisted of complete sentences and paragraphs, questions, figures, tables, margins or definitions, and each stage of a laboratory or practical activity. The reliability of the instrument was estimated to be 0.82 through calculating the Holsti index. Data analysis was done using compensatory data processing method, that is, Shannon entropy. The results showed that the highest level of attention of elementary science textbooks is related to the science as a way of investigating and the least attention was paid to the science textbooks of elementary school related to the component of science as the interaction of science, technology, and society. The results also showed that the balanced ratio in the distribution of components was not observed in science textbooks. The general result of the research indicated that the distribution of the components of the nature of science in elementary science textbooks needs to be revised based on the results of current research.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the components of critical thinking in exercises and the final questions of the stories of Persian reading books from the third to the sixth grade. Data were collected using the Quantitative Content Analysis method and based on a checklist of criticalthinking components of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test. The statistical population includes Persian reading books for the third to sixth grades, compiled in the year (1397/1397) and in this study, the size of the population and the sample are equal. The unit of analysis is the texts of exercises and the final questions of the stories of the mentioned books and the unit of registration is also the sentence (news and question). William Scott's formula was used to determine the reliability of the codings and the reliability coefficient number (/76) was obtained. Descriptive statistics (frequency determination-percentage) and Shannonentropy were used to analyze the data. A total of (91) components related to the components of critical thinking were identified. The results show that the highest coefficient of importance is related to inferential skills with the number (/ 418) and in deductive and inductive reasoning skills the coefficient of importance is zero.

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the content of biology in the textbooks of general high school students in terms of their relationship with different branches in biology including cellular and molecular sciences, animal physiology, animal biosystematics, plant physiology, plant systematics, microbiology, biochemistry and genetics. The research method is descriptive and of content analysis type. In this research, in addition to descriptive statistics, Shannon entropy content analysis method is employed to evaluate information load. The content analysis unit included the number of writing lines, images, activities and more knowledge. The reliability of the research tool has been confirmed. A total of 9307 text units, 877 video units, 197 activity units and 252 Learn More units were registered. According to the results, the highest information load was related to animal physiology and cellular molecular and biochemical tendencies are in the next ranks. In addition, the least attention has been paid to microbiology and plant biosystematics.