جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "منظر" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The rural landscape as a phenomenon resulting from the interaction of humans with the environment can be considered as the result of the thought process of the residents and affected by the cultural and physical factors of the village. Reading the landscapes is a necessary condition for understanding the whole in the direction of the spatial development of the village according to its spatial components and existence. Based on the field observations, this study attempts to clarify the problem and advance the research by answering the following main question: What is the role of reading and knowing the landscape of the village in its place-oriented development process? This article presents a model of landscape reading based on the concept of place, based on field observations and their adaptation to library resources, with a holistic approach. In this regard, a case study of Darb Gonbad village was studied based on a model that includes three stages of its landscape: first, the study of intellectual works such as travelogues, documents, and historical books that provide a general picture of the elements of the landscape and its structures. provided to the reader. Second, to investigate and understand the core, center, and cause of the formation of the village to understand its ontological and general causes. Third, examining the name to understand the cause or causes of the formation of the city as a whole. The conclusion of the research indicates that the landscape of the village is the result of a meaningful relationship between the elements of the river, the plain (agricultural fields), Imamzadeh, and the mountain. These elements in relation to each other have formed units, which in relation to each other have created a whole unit called the village. The development model of Darb Gonbad village will be balanced and sustainable if it considers the village as a whole unit of its components. Any intervention in the village system, if it takes into account the meaningful relationship between these elements, will improve the landscape of the village based on its spatial talents.

The entrance of the city is one of the most important elements of the image and urban landscape, but now we are witnessing the cities where there is no sign of an entrance space with the desirable characteristics that it should have. Ardabil city is also among them, despite the fact that this city is one of the historical cities that welcomes thousands of tourists and citizens at all times of the year. But there are many flaws and inadequacies in the appearance and meaning of the entrances of this city that cannot be ignored. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the appearance and landscape of Ardabil city with an emphasis on the entrances of the city. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field surveys was used. In this regard, SPSS software and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of the research was people living in the entrances of Ardabil city. The findings of the research showed that the average objective dimension of each of the entrances under study indicates that the Tabriz-Ardebil entrance is in a relatively favorable condition compared to other entrances, and the entrance of Ithar Square is in an unfavorable condition. Regarding the perceptual-mental dimension, the Tabriz-Ardebil entrance has a relatively good condition, and the Fatemiyoun square entrance is in an unfavorable condition. In a general conclusion, it can be acknowledged that except for the entrance of Tabriz-Ardebil (Basij Square) which is in a relatively good condition, the other entrances of the target in both objective and perceptual-subjective dimensions have obtained an average below the average (3). which justifies their unfavorable situation. Therefore, it is necessary to manage and organize these inputs by urban planners and managers

Resilience as a new concept in sustainability literature has created a new understanding of the relationship between man and the environment. Resilience is derived from biological discipline, which determines an organism's ability to withstand and recover from a shock, disaster, or disease. The present study evaluates the effect of perceptual-visual components on the resilience of the urban landscape of Rasht metropolis. Method of collecting information in two ways; Documentary and field is a questionnaire and interview. The independent variables of this research are functional, aesthetic, form and morphological, environmental and dependent variables of landscape resilience research. The questionnaire used in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts (professors and experts in the field of urban landscape). The sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires and distributed by simple random sampling. Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data in SPSS software. The results showed that considering that the variables of perceptual-visual quality components (including functional, experimental and aesthetic components, form and morphology, environment) with the dependent variable of this study (comparative perspective) have a correlation coefficient. Is 0.568. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study also indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained. The study of tolerance coefficients shows that the environmental variables of form, morphology and aesthetics have the highest coefficients with 0.452, 0.328 and 0.312, respectively, and act as a predictor variable compared to other variables. Therefore, it can be added that the components of perceptual-visual quality affect the patient perspective. The adjusted coefficient figure in this study indicates that 76% of the changes related to the resilient landscape in environmental variables, form and morphology and aesthetics can be explained.

The present study examines urban furniture, including the influential and constructive ‎elements of the public space of Ilam city. Suitability of urban furniture (quantity and quality, ‎beauty, Comfort, durability and location and the use of appropriate colors and materials ‎suitable for the climate of the region in Urban furniture design), improves the quality of the ‎urban environment, organizing the urban space and appearance and citizens' satisfaction. ‎This research is applied in terms of purpose to achieve a theoretical-analytical model. In terms ‎of nature and method, two combined methods "descriptive-analytical" have been used. To ‎collect data and information from library studies. Field (questionnaire with ‎‏80%‏‎ reliability and ‎interview) was used.The spatial area of the research was the central area of Ilam during ‎‏1396‏‎ ‎and ‎‏1397‏‎ and from the perspective of ‎‏138‏‎ experts in the form of purposeful sampling ‎‎(available) in organizations Statistical analysis (exploratory factor analysis, structural ‎equation model, Pearson correlation and regression analysis) was used in the analysis.The ‎results of the theoretical model analysis showed that disorder and turbulence There is urban ‎furniture in different dimensions and layers of Ilam city that has a significant impact on the ‎spirits and ‎behaviors of citizens and causes citizens dissatisfaction with The results also showed that there ‎is a relationship between not paying attention to the principles of urban furniture standards ‎and creating an unbalanced and inappropriate urban structure and reducing the quality of the ‎urban landscape. Principles and foundations governing each of the elements affecting urban ‎furniture cause the organization of the environment and landscape The city and the creation ‎of a beautiful and ideal urban space were achieved.‏

Expansion of cities on the fringes has caused the loss of natural landscapes, agricultural lands and environmental problems. Restoring and improving these effects based on the principles of environmental design is a necessary matter. Considering the current state of development of Arak city on the eastern edge, it is very important to pay attention to this part due to the value of high-quality soil, the existence of rural areas, gardens and agricultural lands. In this paper, a part of the eastern fringe of Arak was studied by satellite data and remote sensing-based ecological Index (RSEI) that includes four sub-indices: built-up area, vegetation cover, land surface temperature and land surface moisture. Integrating them was done by principal component analysis. The results showed that the lower ecological quality in different areas was caused by the development of infrastructures, impervious urban surfaces, industrial lands and in general the spaces resulting from the pressure of human activities and the ecological quality was higher in gardens, active rural agricultural lands and scattered parks and green spaces. Then, the results were analyzed in the pressure-state-response framework, and a part of the land named "Qanat Naseri" was redesigned in order to maintain and expand the existing ecological values based on the results and analysis.

Today, many urban spaces in our country, including urban streets, face many problems and one of the most important is the quality of image and urban landscape that can affect various aspects of citizens' lives, including the type of behavioral patterns. The present article aims to identify the factors affecting the image and urban landscape and its effect on the behavioral patterns of citizens in a case study of Rahnamaei Street of Mashhad. For this purpose, by developing criteria in various fields (physical, perceptual and behavioral) that are affected by the cultural and social conditions of the study area, they have been tested and evaluated in this street. Then, in order to achieve the objectives of the research by filling out a questionnaire and analyzing it using the Friedman test, we have presented solutions and final conclusions. The results obtained through the analysis of the questionnaire are that there is a lot of dissatisfaction among citizens due to issues such as: decorations and visual proportions of facades, floor quality, framework qualities and physical qualities in this street, lack of urban furniture, improper placement of vegetation, lack of element, there are indicators and identities of the environment, etc. Therefore, this street needs operational proposals in order to improve the quality of image and urban landscape and promote the desirability and satisfaction of citizens.

Water has been quenching people’s basic needs as the first condition of life in human communities. Water has had a significant role in shaping the landscape of cities in ancient religions and rituals in Iran and can be considered a natural element in creating the highest quality collective spaces. Hence, there are myths about it. Given its significance, some ceremonies and rituals have long been associated with this life-giving element, which is historically rooted in the beliefs of the Iranian and ancient religions. Due to its location in the hot and dry desert climate, Semnan has always faced the problem of difficult access to water. The agriculture-based economy and scarcity of this life-giving element have affected all spheres of people’s lives in the region. Water management in this region is considered critical in the city structure and quenching people’s needs. The need for water, as an element that fulfills other needs, has caused people to pay special attention to this element. Thus, water seems to have become a sacred and respected element by getting distant from its functional nature. Considering the three-day field visit to the historical texture of Semnan and Damghan, what draws the attention of the audience the most is the ritual role of water in shaping Semnan and Damghan. This role has had a significant effect on the city landscape objectively-subjectively. Moreover, its proper performance at the city level has created a different quality of space in the neighborhoods of the city. Hence, the study intended to analyze the ritual role of water in the formation of the Semnan and Damghan landscapes.

Landscape is an interdisciplinary discipline and in the analysis of space, it does not pay attention to only the body and physics of the space, but always seeks to understand and recognize the totality and personality of the space, which is the result of the interaction and action of countless social, historical, identity, and activity factors. , physical and the like have been formed. Today, many urban spaces have lost their scenic qualities, even the cities that have historically had a brilliant history in creating quality and meaningful spaces have also lost many of their spatial and scenic qualities. This research aims to study the historical and library sources and the field survey of the historical landscape of the two cities of Semnan and Damghan, as cities that have been historically successful in creating urban spaces, and by examining and analyzing several spaces of these two cities as A case study to identify the cause or causes of landscape decline in Iranian cities.

Mashhad is characterized as a “pilgrimage” city since it daily receives pilgrims from different cultures, all of whom intend to travel to Mashhad to attend the holy place of the Razavi shrine. Therefore, the concept of “pilgrimage” is the most central concept that comes to mind when the name of Mashhad is heard. The importance of the concept of pilgrimage in Khorasan goes back to the historical background of the presence and martyrdom of Imam Reza (AS). On the other hand, the concept of tourism has been introduced as a new phenomenon in today’s world. In recent decades, with the emergence and prosperity of the modern concept of tourism, one of the controversial issues in the city of Mashhad has always been the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism, their contradictions, or compatibility. This issue is so important that sometimes it even causes a serious dispute over the naming of city signs and symbols as a pilgrim’s guide or a traveler’s guide. Proponents of tourism cite several reasons, including high economic return. However, the proponents of pilgrimage raise the issue of identity concerns. This study attempts to examine the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism using a holistic approach. For this purpose, first, a brief review of the basics of the concepts of pilgrimage and tourism was presented, and then travelogues were analyzed as historical sources, to achieve a comprehensive narrative of events and discover the relationship between pilgrimage and tourism. The result shows that the concept of pilgrimage and tourism in Mashhad are not two competing concepts, rather based on analytical findings from travelogues of Mashhad, Pilgrimage is always the main function and the side activities are in line with it. Thus, these two concepts not only do not contradict each other, but if we understand their relationship correctly and apply this understanding in establishing the relationship between the elements of the city landscape, they will be complementary to each other.

Design of mountain eco-park based on landscape services(Case study: Shadab Mountain, Tarhan)IntroductionMountains are one of the most interesting features of the earth (Prigo, 315,2019; Fugin, 2016) which act as a source and bridge for species. As result, they are crucial for the survival and stability of many human societies (Prigo, 315,2019). Therefore, management of natural and environmental resources of mountains (Bonadona, 2017), should be considered cautious (Nepal et al., 314, 2005) without undermining sustainability (Darabi et al., 597,2019). Therefore, designing mountain eco-parks which all resources are interdependent (Gauss, 2006), and interaction and coordination between all activities can be a response to these challenges. Ecological design is one of the options to respond to these concerns while providing the ecosystem and landscape services. Landscape services are defined as goods and services provided by landscapes to meet human needs, directly or indirectly (Fabrizio, 368,2014; Galix, 273,2014). It seems that the benefits of landscape services that overlap with the characteristics of the Eco-park can provide a suitable basis for design of the eco-park by linking the design with the pattern and natural process (Galix, 273,2014). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to use landscape services as a basis of designing a mountain Eco-park.

A: Materials: The area of study is Grab mountain Eco-park which is located in Grab City. It is a part of Lorestan province in western Iran. This City is the center of Tarhan district of Kuhdasht and part of the Zagros Mountains. The area located 33.4739° N, 47.2374° E in term of geographical location (Fig. 1).Figure 1. Location of the area of studyB:

The research is done on base of following processes (Figure 2). Accordingly, this process consists of 6 steps. At first, landscape service indicators were selected according to the thematic literature and field study. Then, field surveys are done in 30 * 30 m parcels and basic maps were produced for each index in two categories: evaluation of quality of services and the context potential. After preparation of the potential and services maps, the indicators were weighted based on the AHP hierarchical evaluation process and overlaid separately by provision-production, regulation and socio-cultural services on the basis of following equation. They were re-overlayed and the final zoning was obtained.EVl=∑_(i-1)^n▒〖(wi×EVli)〗Then, after analyzing the limitations and facilities of the site in line with the design of the Eco-park, which ultimately leads to the design of the Eco-park in the framework of ecological design.ResultsBased on the first stage, potential and utility maps were produced. The outcomes are presented in the utility and potential maps. In continue, the maps were combined based on the research method, and finally, three zoning maps of provision-production, regulatory and socio-cultural services were obtained. The combination of three groups of landscape services together provides the final status of landscape services in the study area. The overlay is lead to the four main zones: weak zone, zone with the capability of provision-production services, zone with the capability of regulatory services and zone with the capability of socio-cultural services (Fig. 3).Figure 2. Final zoning of landscape servicesDiscussionThe important subject is:1- which sectors of target area is able to provide services and 2- what is the current state of service delivery. Therefore, the difference between the potential and the quality of the services in the area determines the intensity of the intervention.The result of the analysis identified four zones: 1) Weak zone: This zone is the weakest zone in terms of providing landscape services in all dimensions. Slope above 80% and being rocky are the main reasons for poor service delivery. Due to the high fragility of this area, any intervention in this area should be avoided.2) Zone with the capability of provision-production services: This zone consists of agricultural and barren lands. The zone for providing provision-production services is of relatively favorable condition and in relative proportion to the potential of the area. Therefore, efforts should be made to prevent the development of existing disturbances as much as possible and reduce them.3) Zone with the ability of regulatory services: This zone located in the mountain slope that mainly includes a set of regulatory services. Providing appropriate solutions to reduce environmental challenges and disturbances in the area is essential.4) Zone with the capability of cultural-social services: This zone which facing north, has very poor vegetation. The behavioral pattern of the people indicates a higher probability of the presence of users in this area. This area has the ability to provide good services, but, the poor services are provided. Therefore, intervention in this area seems necessary.Figure 3. Master plan of designed areaBased on spatial analysis and the principles of ecological design, the strategic plan of Eco-park has been presented. The proposed plan follows the natural structure. Moreover, an effort has been made to be adapted as possible to the spatial conditions. The access structure is a function of the morphology and topography of the site. The design of the spaces is based on the capacity and potential of the zones. Efforts have been made to respect nature, to provide a reasonable and identifying link between the environment and humans within an Eco-park (Fig. 3).

Mountains are extremely vulnerable despite their ability to provide many services. Therefore, sustainability of mountain landscape requires recognizing the context and origin for vulnerability along with benefiting from. Therefore, after the studies carried out in the framework of landscape services, a basis has been provided for intervention in the form of Eco-park design. By zoning the disintegrated areas and focus on landscape integration, an Eco-park designed which will provide landscape services with emphasis on educational, recreational and environmental issues. Obviously, the work done covers only part of the whole, evaluating the feasibility, or evaluating and participatory design of such spaces and examining the limitations of the implementation are among the studies that can be done in the continuation of this work.

Iranian Hosseiniyeh and Tekiyeh are considered to be the most significant sacred places of Shiites after mosques. These places are the manifestation of the relation between history, people, and culture, as owing to their special characteristics, they are considered as unique urban open spaces with religious function in urbanism culture, beyond having a distinct identity in comparison with their counterpart places in other countries. This study is applied research based on a descriptive-analytical method. To collect the data, frequent resources including reliable journals and textbooks were used to analyze various functions of Hosseiniyeh and answer the following research question: To what extent do Hosseiniyeh and Takayas have the potential to turn into important tourist attractions in religious tourism? Some of the identified functions address social, cultural, educational, and religious areas. Recognizing the functional content of this architectural feature and representing its landscapes characteristic can be of great importance in defining and manifesting this attraction. Given the various functions of these religious places and the holy spirit prevail over them, they can be considered as a distinct landscape in Shiite religious tourism, which is associated with an enriched meaning, concept, and design strategies for introducing them to potential tourists.

The need for flexibility can be demonstrated from two dimensions, one in theory and the other in the many experiences that have existed throughout the history of architecture. Flexibility requires organization and without it it can lead to confusion and chaos. However, complete flexibility is not possible, because there are boundaries that must preserve the entire system and the main structure. One of the preconditions for flexibility is the separate function of the retaining and separating elements of the building, therefore, the history of flexibility is closely related to the developments and flourishing of skeletal buildings in the new era. Theoretically, there are continuous changes that occur daily, monthly and even annually in environmental and human factors that these changes are generally in the form of three categories: changes in population structure (individuals), changes in rules and standards and Changes in values, architecture in order to adapt to these changes and maintain the quality of space, change is necessary, a change that according to the definitions, is considered flexible. In residential spaces, the ability to adapt the space to the personal needs and tastes of users is essential to maintain the desirability of the space. Factors such as increasing the number of children, change of residents and independence of children from the family, create the need for separation or integration in the housing unit or units. Also, the growth of people's age and change of their tastes is one of the factors that cause physical changes in the residential space.

Tourism is the result of the desire to know other different cultures from the tourist culture. Culture is a general reaction to life and tourism in direct relation to human issues. In the meantime, in a more superficial sense, the road only plays the role of communication between the origin and destination of the tourist. Although paths sometimes establish a deep connection with human life, they can be selected as a destination for travelers. Roads cover a significant area of the country; thus, it is necessary to take more effective steps to understand and improve their quality. However, studies conducted in the modern era indicate that with the acceleration of the flow of life, speed of movement, consequently road safety has become the first priority of planners, designers, and road engineers. This kind of physical view of the road is one of the main characteristics of engineering sciences. Apart from the measures taken by the engineering sciences in order to facilitate and accelerate as much as possible, the purpose of the road study can be exceeded. Landscape knowledge has come with the help of engineering techniques and with a holistic view of the concept of road phenomenon and simultaneous attention to all tangible and intangible dimensions of the road, take effective steps to improve its quality with the aim of achieving cultural tourism. This is a qualitative research based on qualitative content analysis that tries to examine the impact and role of landscape approach at different levels Phenomenon studies by examining library documents, reviewing previous theories of experts, as well as observing and analyzing conditions while emphasizing the need for quality roads.

Following the industrialization of cities and the advent of modern architecture, the pattern of construction has moved away from indigenous architecture, which has problems such as: moving away from nature, increasing energy consumption, moving away from the culture of the area, creating an unknown landscape and contrasting with the environment. And the disappearance of indigenous identity and its spontaneous architecture. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to examine the important criteria in ecological architecture for understanding the environment and its perception, which can increase the sense of belonging to the place. The purpose of this study is the interaction of man and nature with respect to the region and the environment, as well as recognizing and strengthening the perception of the environment and landscape using ecological architecture and what is the need for this research; Man's current detachment from nature and cognition and perception of the environment, as well as the need to recognize the climate and other important criteria and design accordingly so that it can bring sustainable architecture and can create a connection and solidarity with the knowledge of space and sense of place. The way we can have a proper performance and behavior pattern in that environment. The research method in this research is based on a descriptive and analytical approach, which has been studied through data collection tools, library and documentary studies, and visual intuition by analyzing logical reasoning. In this research, we finally reach a model in which culture and technology (from human factors), nature and climate (from environmental factors) are important issues in understanding and perceiving the environment, which includes a coherent relationship and fully includes how Human behavior is in that environment. Also, by examining a case study (Bandar Kong) with the characteristics of ecological perception and their elements, we come to an analysis of the effective model in the perception of the indigenous landscape of Bandar Kong.

Identity, which is one of the most important issues in today's society, has become less of an issue in Iran's native cities, especially in the Persian Gulf, which doubles the need for local architecture knowledge and sustainable development. In this paper, according to library and field studies, the main components of indigenous architecture are evaluated and an in-depth study of the beautiful historic port of Kong is carried out. Then the questionnaires are evaluated by Delphi method using SPSS and EXL software. In which the analytical method was quantified and summarized and categorized based on the data collected from the Delphi method using descriptive statistics. The results show that alongside key features such as nature and the landscape, diverse fields, renewable energy, cultural patterns, climatic design and the city's body, other characteristics such as artistic and craft elements as well as memories formed in the environment and psychology The environment is effective in shaping urban identity. Particularly important in this assessment are the nature and landscape of the sea and the cultural patterns formed.

Investigation and studying the villages and their physical and visual developments illustrates the involvement of various factors that are sometimes at the discretion of the villagers and others. These factors target the villages in different ways. Landscape change is one of these factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the most important factors affecting the physical landscape change in the suburbs of Mashhad metropolis. The research method is a descriptive-analytical and applied one. The statistical population of the study consisted of 13 villages located 5 km north of Mashhad which were determined by GIS software and based on study and sample size. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire that includes two groups of internal and external factors as independent variables of research and the indicators of landscape variables as dependent variables. The results of the questionnaire analysis among 228 inhabitants of the study villages show that the landscape and physical landscape changes in most of the studied villages were above average and the most landscape changes were found in Rural Face Change Index. According to the results of Pearson correlation, it was found that there is a significant and direct relationship between internal and external factors with 0.482 and 0.555, respectively. The results of the structural model showed that the variables of national and transnational forces externally with the coefficient of 0. 312 had the greatest impact on the change of physical landscape.

Disturbing the ecosystem balance of urban rivers not only disrupts river flows, but its unfavorable environmental impacts are reflected in the city's long-term lives and will continue for generations. One of the major impacts on river ecosystems is water scarcity and drought. Zayandehrud River is one of the most important permanent rivers in Iran, which has suffered from shortages of water and seasonal droughts during the past years. Zayandehrud catchment area in the central region of Iran is one of the areas with tension. Increasing water usage and drought have caused this area to be under continuous water stress and in contemporary years, many environmental damages have been brought to this region and the country. To be It seems that sustainable landscape design, in accordance with the ecological characteristics of the river, is an effective solution. It can help preserve the landscape of the rivers as a dynamic and sustainable ecosystem. Achieving sustainability components in riverside landscape design accordance ecological design, can meet the needs of tomorrow. In addition, it can help for providing the ecological requirements of today's generations and for the river life improvement. In this study the analytical-descriptive has used and Information, gathering method is library studies and field observations. To investigate the factors and layers which has affecting on the ecological design of the river and also for providing a model for identifying the potential of the place (using the "AHP" process) to design a suitable landscape in this river under drought conditions. The results of this paper include some strategies for designing the ecological landscape of the Zayandehrud River, which indicates the importance of safety and security factors, permeability, infrastructure, signs and vegetation in design.

Urban landscape can work as an effective element in sustainable urban development in intra-city rivers. Soltanabad river of Shiraz, a potential place for people gathering, can improve sustainable urban development standards in designing the Soltsnabad River margin. The present study is based on field and library studies, using a descriptive approach and the existing evidences on sustainable urban development for designing the intra-city river margin in Shiraz. Our specialized questionnaire was answered by 60 municipal engineers and designers in Shiraz municipalities. The SPSS software was used to analyze the data in two analytic and descriptive groups. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the construct validity; the Cronbach's alpha value for reliability test was 85% (more than 0.7), so the questions were suitable for the research environment. The following hypotheses were investigated: first, sustainable urban development plays a key role in designing the intra-city river margin and urban landscape. The results suggest that the intra-city river margin design standard, having a correlation coefficient of 0.854 and a significance level of 0.000, has a significant relation with sustainable urban development, since it is below 0.05; therefore, river margin design has been effective in sustainable urban development. Second: sustainable urban development standards (social, environmental, physical and cultural) affect the design of intra-city river margins and urban landscape. The results show that the significance level of the variance analysis test is p˂0.000, i.e. these standards affect the intra-city river margin design and sustainable urban landscape; however, there is a significant difference among these standards.