جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « واگرایی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The convergence of ethnic-religious groups is a different issue in the field of strengthening relations between countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Iraq are two countries that have a significant population of Shiites in the world. In Iran, Shiites have succeeded in building a system, and in Iraq, since 2003, they have played an important role in the structure of the Iraqi system. Since Shiites and Shiite ideology play an influential role in the two political systems, understanding the factors of convergence and divergence is an issue worthy of attention in the relations between the two societies. Using descriptive and analytical methods, using Delphi and AHP methods while using library data and field findings, this article seeks to answer the question of what factors cause the convergence and divergence of Shiites in Iran and Iraq. The findings show that the common culture based on Shiite beliefs, including the issue of honoring the Supremes, in addition to major political interests, such as the importance of maintaining the power of Shiite parties and currents in the political and economic structure of Iraq, such as trade, the reconstruction of Iraq, and crystallized security in dealing with the common threats of factors They are considered to be the main convergence of the Shiites of Iran and Iraq. In contrast, factors such as the internal equations of the two countries, including the internal rivalries of the Shiite parties in Iraq and the existence of Western and Eastern trends in Iran, as well as the influence of foreign actors, are considered the main factors of the divergence of the Shiites of Iran and Iraq. Although in the current situation, the weight of convergent factors is more than divergent factors, this superiority is fragile and can lead to divergence.

In the first Islamic centuries experienced a glorious civilization in a convergent and synergistic manner within the framework of a unified Islamic government. In the contemporary period, the Islamic world, after the decline and collapse of the Islamic caliphate order and in the face of modernity and the political system of the nation-state of Western civilization and nationalism has been fragmentation. Accordingly, it is divided into many small and medium-sized nation states. In the last century, some reformers and Islamic political activists, influenced by the early history of Islam and the Qur'an teaching of the “United Ummah” or "Islamic Ummah", have proposed the unity and solidarity of the Islamic world to rebuild and revitalize Islamic civilization and confront the dominating Western powers. In the new era, although many efforts have been made, but so far no tangible achievements of unity and convergence have been observed in the Islamic world. Therefore, the main question is what are the main problem and root causes of lack of convergence and domination of divergent forces over convergent elements in the Islamic world and why the idea of Islamic unity has failed. In this research, has attempted to explain the roots and fundamental causes of divergence in the Islamic world. The results show that the conceptual ambiguity of the Islamic world, economic non-complementarity of Islamic countries, dependence on the world outside Islam and competition and ideological contradictions of regional powers in the Islamic world have caused divergent Islamic countries.

. This study identifies, analyzes and explains the structural divergence and convergence among the influential actors in the Middle East region through a semi-structured and expert questionnaire and using the software tool of Mactor, seeks to answer the question of how the future patterns of Middle East order will be in the future? Among the patterns of regional order,the preferred scenario for power is blocs change or continuity? The research findings indicate that a wide range of scenarios can be proposed regarding regional order, but the most probable scenario is instability and change in regional order and moving from a bipolar order pattern to a multipolar model in this region.

One of the future research methods to understand the convergence and divergence between actors is the method of structural analysis or actors' strategy. This method, which is in the category of quantitative futures research methods and is done through Mactor software, is a multi-subject-multiplayer model and is used when there are several actors in front of a number of subjects whose evolution in the future is uncertain and difficult to predict. The purpose of these models is to gain a better understanding of these situations and how they evolve by calculating and considering the interests and goals of different stakeholders and the relationships between them. The method of structural analysis and actor strategy consists of six main steps: identifying key variables (setting goals), identifying effective actors in the environment, forming a matrix of actors-objectives, forming a matrix of actors-actors, entering data into the matrix, processing and outputting the model

Software analysis of actors' perspectives and their goals reveals several basic goals:1. Despite the influence of actors on each other regarding the future of order in the Middle East, there is a conflict of interest between the actors regarding regional issues. The conflict of interests of the actors has led to a conflict in their goals in the Middle East regional order, and this conflict of interests and goals has shaken the current patterns of order in the region.
2. The majority of actors in the region and beyond, whose activism has a significant impact on the equations of the Middle East order, do not consider the current order model, ie the bipolar balance between the Salafi order led by Saudi Arabia and the revolutionary resistance order led by Iran, as their preferred order. In fact, the formation and consolidation of this order in the past decades in the Middle East has been caused by emergencies in the region, and regional and trans-regional actors have been forced to accept this pattern due to special historical circumstances. In the current situation and the complexity of international and regional developments during the transition period, each of these actors seeks to create their own role and status in the region and the cycle of global power; Therefore, it is natural for the actors in this region today to consider the current order as an imposed order and to move towards changing the current order.
3. If the existing bipolar regional order continues, the costs of other regional and trans-regional actors in balancing power will increase. Claimants of regional power in the Middle East in today's region, which has become much more diverse than in previous decades, and each of these actors who today see themselves as a regional power, their role-playing is overshadowed by two poles of regional powerand they have to play in the direction of these two spectrums of regional power in order to influence the regional equations.
4. Intra-regional and supra-regional actors seek a multipolar balance through instability in the region and changes in the construction of the current pattern. The preferred model of actors within the region, who today play a lesser role in the equations of this region, is the model of multipolar order, and in the next stage, if this order is not realized, they will follow the model of regional participatory collective order. However, for trans-regional actors, the model of regional participatory collective order is not desirable at all because it reduces their impact on regional equations and brings the region to a model of relative stability. In the model of a multipolar order, regional instability increases in the light of tensions and conflicts, and each power bloc will seek its own advantages, which will increase the involvement of transregional powers in regional equations.

are among the current characteristics of the regional and international environment. It is natural to change the patterns of regional order in the context of the transition to world order. What is unnatural is the lack of awareness of countries of their position in the set of regional order and global trends, And the principles of tools and capacities at the disposal of countries and provide an effective platform for regional and global competitors, which will lead to the loss of the position of countries in the future of regional and global order. Because one of the foundations of countries' role-playing in future global equations is to consolidate and consolidate their position within the regional order. In the general answer to the research questions, it can be said that according to the analysis of the available data, the patterns of regional order will change and the continuation of the existing order will be very costly even for the bipolar power of the regions. In contrast, Saudi Arabia tends to maintain the existing order and then the hegemony of the desired order, and Turkey and the supporters of the Ekhwans are also seeking to formalize their regional order through instability in the developments and patterns of regional order, and the transition to a bipolar order will be the only way to revive the Ekhwan. Trends and events indicate that the regional order is on the verge of change, and the actors of the regional order must adjust their policies and actions to the new conditions.

The Islamic world is a vast geographical area that includes Southwest Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and parts of South and Southeast Asia. Most of the residents of this vast geographical area are followers of Islam and are distinguished from other regions of the world based on the Quranic doctrine of "One Ummah" or "Islamic Ummah". The Islamic world, which had experienced great and brilliant power and civilization in the first centuries of Islam in the form of a unified Islamic state in a converging and complementary way; In recent centuries, it suffered from colonialism, weakness, passivity, dependence, fragmentation, and division, and with the currents of nationalism and ethnocentrism in the form of the nationstate system, it was completely disintegrated and suffered politicalspatial divergence and rupture. In recent decades, some thinkers, reformers and political activists of the Islamic world have thought about the convergence and unity of Islamic countries based on the theory of a single nation. The main issue of the research is what are the alternative futures and different scenarios for the cooperation and convergence of Islamic countries? The answer to this problem has been done in the framework of future studies and with the method of exploratory scenario development and the use of aggregation of elite opinions. The results of the research show that four scenarios can be presented for Islamic countries, which is the scenario of complete convergence and the formation of a unified Islamic state as a desirable future, the scenario of convergence of Islamic countries in the form of an Islamic confederation as the preferred future, the scenario of convergence and the formation of a union of Islamic countries as a possible future, and the continuation scenario. The current situation and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation will be possible in the future.

In the present study, the temperature parameter has been reconstructed by using the annual growth rings of juniper trees (Juniperus polycopos) in Tengel Raver habitat in the north of Kerman province. Therefore, samples of 95 trees were taken using a growth gauge drill. Counting the number, measuring the width of the rings and matching the time between the growth curves of the trees was done by LINTAB desktop and TSAP Win software with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The chronology of the region was constructed, detrended and standardized in ARSTAN software for 517 years (1500-2017) and its quality was checked with Cumulative Signal Statistics (EPS) and finally Residual chronology was selected for reconstruction. The relationship between climate and the width of the rings was measured using data from Kerman and Zarand stations and CRU TS4.01 data for the last 116 years of Iran. The results showed that the temperature of the months before the growing season and the month of March at the beginning of the growing season have a positive effect on the width of the rings, and the temperature of the months of April, May and June have a negative effect. Also, the investigations showed the occurrence of the issue of divergence between temperature and growth rings in the last 25 years and the region being affected by global warming in the last two decades. The reconstructed temperature showed a general decrease of 0.5 to 1.5 degrees in the two periods of 1750-1800 and 1700-1500 AD simultaneously with the Little Ice Age event in Europe for the studied area.

Iran is an ethnically diverse country. Distinctive features of ethnic groups from other Dick in Iran are more focused on linguistic and religious components. The settlement of Iranian ethnic groups, mainly in the border areas and adjacent to the country of their own language, provides a suitable ground for the occurrence of ethnic crises and affecting the national security of the country; On the other hand, the tactical use of ethnicities has become very important in international studies. Accordingly, the result of the present study, which is based on documentary and library studies, is based on the assumption that harsh, security and political treatment of ethnic groups increases their sense of political and economic deprivation. This reduces the sense of satisfaction, sensitivity, trust and political participation of ethnicities, the government's policy-making ability to maintain national unity, cohesion and identity, and provides opportunities for opportunistic exploitation of foreign countries. Awareness of the conditions and factors that cause tension in ethnic relations in Iran, can lead to better and more effective executive solutions. The central government must lead ethnicities towards national participation by adopting effective and executive policies.

The growing trend of local conflicts within the national space of countries and between the political-administrative realms raises this issue that on what factors and foundations are such conflicts and tensions are based and what mechanism do they follow? Although fundamental differences and contradictions in various spatial -geographical, social, cultural and ethnic, historical, political, etc are the basis of many internal tensions and conflicts in countries, the method of management and political organization of the space in the form of civil divisions is one of the most important factors intensifying or reducing these conflicts. Therefore, in this research, using the descriptive-analytic method and relying on library resources, the most important causes and sources of tension and conflict among political-administrative realms within countries are discussed. The results showed that factors such as the pattern of political management of national space, changes in borders and boundaries of the administrative divisions, natural and cultural heterogeneity in divided units, unbalanced development of political -administrative units, the geography of power and support participation, local competitions, electoral constituency, place senses of units and the resulting identity effects, unbalanced shapes and sizes of divided units, border disputes and environmental issues are the most important factors in creating tension and conflict among political -administrative realms. All of these factors are in a systematic relationship and their interactions will intensify conflicting interests and diverge and eventually create tensions and conflicts among the political -administrative realms.

The growing relations between Iran and Turkey do not meant alignment in the attitudes and orientations of the regional and foreign policies of two countries, and the strategic security- defense positions and views of two countries are different from their declared policy, Turkey is closely following Iran's missile development and nuclear activities program, and Turkey's military cooperation with the Zionist regime is a concern for countries in the region, In particular by Iran. Turkey's membership in NATO and its pro-Western stance, the construction of a missile shield on the border with Syria, and the support of Syrian opposition terrorists, given the level of Iran-Syria relations, have left Iran's relations with Turkey in a state of ambiguity. The main question of this study is: what are the components and indicators of security defense affecting Iran's relations with Turkey? The results of this study show that the nature and level of political relations between two countries affected by domestic needs, geopolitical conditions, quality and structure of the international system of political orientations and other variables, can be included from unity and convergence to strategic relationship, bilateral cooperation, competitive cooperation , Political severance, political tension, conflict, etc. . Turkey is an important and influential neighbor in Iran's political, security, defense, economic and cultural issues due to its territorial and border commonalities, the role of cultural factors, etc. Will be effective. This research is an applied-developmental type that has been prepared by descriptive-analytic-case-based method and with a mixed approach (quantitative and qualitative) and through in-depth interviews and distribution of questionnaires in the sample community to 55 strategic experts in the field. The defense and political forces of the Iranian Armed Forces have been completed, and two main factors and nineteen indicators have been approved.

In this research, the frequency of the jet streams during extreme and pervasive precipitation have been analyzed using environmental to circulation approach. Therefore daily precipitation data of 11 synoptic stations have been extracted from January, 1st, 1951 to March, 20th,2013 (22725 days) from Iran meteorological organization. Then, by using two thresholds of extensiveness and intensity of precipitation occurrence( at least, half of the stations receive the precipitation and the average precipitation of stations will be more than 99th percentile average), 97 days had been recognized. Then, jet streams frequency and their locations and speed have been calculated on the frame of 0° to 120° E and 0° to 80° N for each pixel(1617) in levels 250, 300, 400 and 500 hPa ) at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 UTC. The results indicate that jet streams over 300, 400 and 500 hPa levels and at 18:00 UTC observe over the study area. The highest frequency of jet streams is located in the north of Saudi Arabia. At the same time, the average speed maps of jet stream in conforming with the maximum frequency of jet stream on one hand and on the other hand is simultaneous with occurring the maximum speed of jet stream over study area that indicates the output axis of jet stream is toward the semi-western parts of Iran and east Azarbaijan is located on the left output part of jet streams where atmospheric divergence and instability occurred in all the observations. This can result in an expansion of air mass at the upper level or ascending vertical motion. Generally, the elongation of jet streams mostly until 500 hPa level at 18:00 indicates the thickness of the instability layer that can create the extreme and pervasiveprecipitation on east Azarbaijan.

The power and position of the cities depend on various factors. The present literature states that the fate of cities and their inhabitants pertains the power and position of the various flows especially the international flows between cities. For the analysis of the urban network of power, a two-step method has been used. At first, centrality indicators including Outdegree, Indegree, Clossness and Betwenness, which are used to analyze the power and position of the cities in the world and to determine the global urban network, have been applied. These indicators reflect the power of the cities based on the number of links sent and received by a city. Next, the REGE algorithm has been used to determine the position of the cities based on land transport and the resulting urban network. To carry out urban network analysis, the transport and land transport data of all metropolitan and provincial centers of the country have been used as one of the most important and influential factors. The main objective of the article is to introduce the city's national network based on the power and prestige and to identify the clusters and cities that play the main role in the urban network of land transportation. Therefore, the present article is based on the theoretical foundations of network analysis and analytical methodology of the above indicators. The output of this analysis is a nearly complete urban network but with that are far from astral and concentrated. In the analysis of the four indices, Indegree, indexes in Tehran is at the top of Indegree levels, then the cities of Bandr Abbas and Isfahan are at the second and third level of indegree and at the first and second level of outdegree Isfahan and Ahwaz are. Third level of Outdegree is Tehran. The resulted network represents an important cluster by combining the cities such as Bandar Abbas, Ahvaz and Karaj.

Political management of space is in sum an optimal organizational approach, both de facto and theoretical (de jure) to managing political plans of the country in all its manifestations. This form of management hinges on the facts and principles of political geography, aiming to mitigate the uneven spatial distribution of limited resources, moving towards sustainable development. Despite the many ebbs and flows in the history of political divisions in Iran, the country is still faced with major challenges including but not limited to detrimental rivalries in procuring resources, gaps in and lack of a proper governmental structure, relatively weak performance in land-use planning, tribal quarrels, etc. This highlights the significance of a geographical-historical analysis of political divisions in Iran, as well as an investigation into the effects of these divisions in the divergence and convergence of citizens. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize the manner of political management of lands in the Achaemenid dynasty alongside the various strategies incorporated by the government and the extent to which they succeeded in preserving the integrity of their governments. By this token, the present study contributes not only to our historical knowledge but also provides insight into the theoretical and practical dimensions of the current demographic status of Iran.

The required information for this study were gathered using library research tools. First-hand historical resources were initially explored and notes were taken and categorized accordingly, after which relevant analyses were conducted.

The present study proceeded to investigate strategies for political management of space during the Achaemenid era so as to gain further insight into the methods deployed by the government and possibly borrow from the proposed strategies in current times. The following question are duly investigated:What structure of political management was employed in the Achaemenid dynasty? The proposed political structure in the time was non-centric, i.e. a decentralized government where the central government is in charge of coordinating affairs amongst different sectors of the country. What was the role of the Satrap institution and how was it implemented? There are essentially two forms of Satraps in the Achaemenid Empire: Satraps dependent on and under the pension of of the king himself and semi-independent or protégé Straps. The dependent satraps that were elected by the king to govern the conquered lands. These satraps obeyed the ruling of the king in the manner by which they governed and administred authority over their territorie. The protégé straps on the other hand, were those who obeyed the king on their own accord. How did the political management of space deployed by the Achaemenid Empire effect the rate of convergence and divergence of citizens to the central government?Initially, the federal government of the Achaemenid empire encountered serious predicaments regarding reversibility of the former system of order due to efforts in maintaining the main principles of previous authorities. The Achaemenid outlook on methods of political management left no room for converging local communities and states into a uniform government. The primary reason for this was the tribal and cultural diversity and distributiveness of the country. The Achaemenid tax system had certain faults which allowed for aggressive and oppressing authority over the tax payers, which due to the extensiveness of the regions could not always be directly handled and supervised by the government. On the one hand, political marriages between Achaemenid straps and local aristocrats encouraged and promoted the bonds between them and on the other hand engendered disobedience; stated differently, heads of state and local aristocrats would settle on a common interest and thereby seek autonomy. The merging of states into one uniform government during the Achaemenid era would have led to economic prosperity. The proposed strategies of the empire were one of the most influential methods for controlling various regions and maintaining the integrity of the country.

The prime indicator in political management of space during the Achaemenid era was the selection of an efficient model to govern and manage the country according to cultural, social, economic, and political features of the lands and tribes in the country, with the aim of maximizing convergence and minimizing divergence towards the central government. The most salient proceedings of the Achaemenid empire which were brought on either divergence or convergence of citizens and tribes to the central government include the following:Divergence Convergence Proceedings* Efforts to maintain the main principles of previous governments (during the rule of the first Achaemenid) * Incorporating local citizens in domestic affairs of the satraps * Minimizing the interposition of Achaemenid administration in the affairs of affiliated nations and methods common in various lands* Merging various states into one uniform satrap government which negated all previous liberties and hindered commercial interactions * Determining the king’s share of the taxes collected by the satraps* Authority of straps in collecting taxes for the strap government which allowed for aggressive behavior towards citizens* Constancy of the tax system incorporated by each satrap until the end of Achaemenid empire, whereas certain satrap governments were later divided into smaller satrap states * Political marriages between aristocrats and governors which created a bond with the king’s court * Political marriages between governors which allowed the formation of common interests between the heads of state who were later encouraged to seek autonomy * Merging states into one uniform government in order to attain economic prosperity (commercial and agriculture) * Authority of each satrap over the security of their affiliated regions * Establishing communications pathways between the capital and satrap states * Efforts attain symbiosis among states rather than solely attaining unity.

Flooding is a phenomenon that most climatic regions experience. Floods often cause problems such as; Soil erosion, sediment accumulation and loss of life and property. Therefore, flood climatology plays an important role in reducing and preventing possible environmental damage. For study the synoptic climatology of floods in Aras river basin, daily data of 9 hydrometric stations and 6 synoptic stations during 1979-2014 have been used. Data on geopotential elevation, sea level pressure, specific humidity, omega index and Zonal (Meridional) wind components were also obtained from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ Atmospheric Research. After reviewing the monthly and seasonal regime of the river and identifying the flood days, severe floods with discharge more than 700 m3/s in Khodaafarin hydrometer station were determined. In order to analyze the synoptic patterns of severe floods in Aras basin from the indicators; Moisture flux convergence function, fronting function and divergence function have been used. The results showed that during 4 severe floods in the region some atmospheric phenomena such as; a deep trough on the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf and a cut off low on the west of the Caspian Sea at 500 hPa level in the region has been formed. At sea level, the formation of high pressure on the Caspian Sea and low pressure on Iraq and western Iran has caused the pattern of pressure changes in the region to increase and provide conditions for climbing. Applying the moisture flux convergence function showed that the source of moisture for these floods was mainly the Caspian Sea.

Middle Eastern countries face many internal problems such as terrorism, poverty and social inequality. A number of countries in the region have historically been at war with each other. The presence of supra-regional powers has also worsened the situation. In such an insecure environment, countries' military spending naturally increases. The situation is not normal in the Middle East, from Palestine to Syria, Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Iraq is involved in ISIS. Syria is embroiled in a civil war. Libya has stabilized despite removing Gaddafi.

Countries in the Middle East region include: Iran, Jordan, Occupied Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Egypt, Yemen. The name of the Middle East region is one of those letters that has nothing to do with the history, culture and identity of the people and nations living in this part of the globe.This research is based on an applied purpose and a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of the study was experts in the field of political geography that 220 people were selected as a statistical population by purposive sampling method and 140 people were selected as a sample using Morgan table. A questionnaire consisting of 24 questions was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha method was used to assess the reliability and confirmatory factor analysis test using LISREL software was used for statistical analysis due to the normality of the data and TO software was used for their ranking by IS software. Took. The results of the article show that the reason for the divergence of the countries in the region in the face of regional crises is that the components that form these crises are rooted in the heterogeneous existence, identity and culture and economy of the countries in the region and thus divert convergence.

The structure of the Middle East is endogenous, conflicting and anarchic; As a result, crises are rapidly gaining military dimension and are spiraling out of government control; In a way, the governments of the region are not able to manage and control the crisis due to lack of consensus. The source of this unstable and unbalanced situation are various factors that increase and intensify the effect of each other in influencing and mutually influencing each other. These crises, which disrupt one or more sub-systems of the system, continue to put the entire social system at risk of inefficiency and collapse. The diffuse nature of the crises in the Middle East has led to the emergence of one crisis after another. Accordingly, as long as the roots of the crisis, or in other words, the super-crises, exist in the valley of the region, it will not be possible to achieve a crisis-free Middle East. Middle Eastern countries have characteristics that act as security interests in convergence, regionalism, and efforts to build a collective security system. Ethnic and tribal conflicts and divisions, religious differences and dissatisfaction with the imposed borders are among the factors that cause the emergence of regional crises. The imbalance of power, the intervention of great powers, and the existence of insurmountable conflicts in the interests of actors that arise from identity challenges, bring regional rivalries into confrontational arenas. The Middle East crises, in addition to their common roots, also have common features. In most of these crises, multiple actors intervene nationally, regionally and internationally, and this multiplicity of actors complicates the crisis and makes it more difficult to resolve. The acting of non-state actors, who are usually affiliated with one of the regional or international power poles and may have risen from the transnational to the transnational level in certain circumstances, is another feature of recent crises in the Middle East. Crises in the Middle East occur first in the social or economic spheres and then, turning into a political crisis, go through a transformation crisis into a security crisis, and ultimately end in war in most cases. The axis of resistance, which is considered to be the ally of the regions of Iran, has taken place and has targeted the power of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the axis of resistance. Also, all these crises were manifestations of civil war. This is more the case in Syria and less so in Iraq and Yemen; But in any case, the war between the parties involved in the crisis has spread to cities, streets and alleys.

The Middle East, as the center of the world's energy throughout the twentieth century, and doubly at the beginning of the new century, has been the site of numerous upheavals and crises, the effects of which have often transcended regional levels. The Middle East region, especially since the end of World War II, because of its importance in the world economy, became more and more interested in the great powers and forced them to participate in and influence the developments in the region through various tools. To use. In the twentieth century, the region was a major source of energy for the world, and on the other hand, it has been the center of some crises and tensions, mainly due to the presence of Israel and the greed of some major powers, especially the United States. For this reason, developments in the Middle East are tied to global security as well as the international political economy. That is why the Middle East has long been the focus of the great powers, which has led them to offer different definitions of the Middle East in accordance with their broad interests and needs.In addition to its strategic location, the Middle East region has the largest energy reserves, which shows the interdependence between the largest producers, industrialized and developed countries, and the governments of the region; Unfortunately, due to lack of self-awareness and lack of a common regional strategy, Middle Eastern countries have not been able to use their position and resources to advance and secure their national interests and independence, and remain dependent on the West and the hegemonic system. This region is the center of the main international conflicts in the decades (Israeli Arabs) and in recent years (Iraq and Afghanistan front). The terrorist attack on the United States prompted American experts and statesmen to seek out the main sources of terrorism. After the events of September, the Middle East was introduced to the world as an unprecedented source of terrorism; and this time the domination campaigns in the form of the US-led fight against terrorism began at the beginning of the 21st century with the invasion of Afghanistan and then Iraq. In 2010, the wave of Islamic awakening in the Arab world in the Middle East faced many changes and events that continue to this day (2014) and take many victims in Syria and Iraq. Countless terrorist and armed groups have emerged, and suicide and terrorist attacks are being transmitted daily in what is now called the Middle East, the most critical region in the world.

Changes and fluctuations in shape and type of precipitation have positive and negative effects and have an important role in different aspects of human life. So that the change in them produces negative and positive secondary feedback in other climatic parameters followed by changes in hydrological cycles, water resources, natural and artificial ecosystems, human and animal habitats, security and economics. Therefore, the first parameter that can be considered is the study of drought. The presence of many parts of Iran in the dry and semi-arid belt of the world, on the one hand, and the determinant role that play at the water supply in the country on the other hand, thus it is important to be aware of the trend of rainfall changes in Iran. The nature of the heavy rainfall and the consequences of this have caused this phenomenon to be of particular importance in environmental planning and water resource management. The heavy rainfall affects the planning, design, operation and management of water resources. Therefore, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the behavior of such rainfall in order to predict and better manage water resources of the country. Heavy rainfall is one of the natural hazards that being aware of their occurrence can help reduce potential damage. Therefore, the analysis of the synoptic and dynamic conditions of atmospheric circulation patterns is very important in identifying the factors affecting the occurrence of heavy rainfall, in particular, when these types of rainfall can cause floods and catastrophic consequences by converting runoff. Thus, with respect to the importance of the subject, the present study aimed to identify the dynamic and thermodynamic patterns that govern the day of the event of heavy winter precipitation.

In order to study of the dynamical and thermodynamic patterns of the studied day, the vorticity dynamical quantities include relative vorticity, absolute vorticity, Rossby-Ertel vorticity at pressure level, convergence and divergence, vertical speed at high system and dynamical quantities of potential temperature written and defined. Then, to analyze the temporal variations of the above quantities, their graphs were drawn and analyzed in the selected range of 0 to 80 degrees longitude and latitude 10 to 60 degrees north for the 0000 and 1200 Greenwich hours. It should be noted that the maps of the day before and after the day were also examined at different levels to further understand the patterns governing the day of heavy rainfall, but to reduce the amount of content, only the maps of the day of heavy rainfall occurred at 0000 and 1200 Greenwich are provided.

Examination of the thermodynamic and dynamical quantities during heavy rainfall events of the case series of winter 1960-2010 shows that on the day of the heavy rainfall event, December 5, 1974, the intensities of these quantities at 1200 Greenwich hour were greater than other times. Therefore, it can be said that the peak of heavy rainfall at this day is 1200 hours where the dynamical and thermodynamic quantities changes are as follows:- Increasing the potential temperature vertical gradient across the country; this increases the velocity of the subtropical jet as well as increases the potential vorticity values in the upper atmosphere.- The formation of a strong convergence zone at the country level and its adaptation to the mid-level divergence zones of the atmosphere that has led to the dynamic rise of the air in most areas. The high volume of upward atmospheric movements at this time has occurred in the western half, especially in the windward slopes of the Zagros Mountains.- Increase in relative vorticity and absolute vorticity of 500 hp levels corresponding to southwest - northeast flows of eastern part of the trough.- Increasing the potential vorticity values of Rossby-Ertel pressure levels of 500 and 50 hp and the co-entropy level of 330 Kelvin in the western part of the country due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability in the upper atmosphere.

The results show that during the event of heavy rainfall, a strong convergence zone was formed at the country level, which caused the dynamic ascension of the atmosphere in accordance with the atmospheric divergence zone. Under such conditions, the relative vorticity values increases corresponding to the eastern part of the trough, which also results in an increase in absolute vorticity values. In addition, at this time, the potential temperature vertical gradient is also increasing throughout the country. The Rossby-Ertel potential vorticity values of 500 and 50 hp and 330 Kelvin co-entropy levels also increase due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability at upper atmospheric levels.The results show that during the event of heavy rainfall, a strong convergence zone was formed at the country level, which caused the dynamic ascension of the atmosphere in accordance with the atmospheric divergence zone. Under such conditions, the relative vorticity values increases corresponding to the eastern part of the trough, which also results in an increase in absolute vorticity values. In addition, at this time, the potential temperature vertical gradient is also increasing throughout the country. The Rossby-Ertel potential vorticity values of 500 and 50 hp and 330 Kelvin co-entropy levels also increase due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability at upper atmospheric levels.The results show that during the event of heavy rainfall, a strong convergence zone was formed at the country level, which caused the dynamic ascension of the atmosphere in accordance with the atmospheric divergence zone. Under such conditions, the relative vorticity values increases corresponding to the eastern part of the trough, which also results in an increase in absolute vorticity values. In addition, at this time, the potential temperature vertical gradient is also increasing throughout the country. The Rossby-Ertel potential vorticity values of 500 and 50 hp and 330 Kelvin co-entropy levels also increase due to factors such as potential temperature gradient increase, absolute vorticity increase, as well as increased static stability at upper atmospheric levels.

Geopolitical and geographic locations and spaces have special features and values and resources and benefits are not distributed globally. In other words, the distribution pattern of benefits and the unequal geographic advantage. Therefore, geographic locations and spaces and followed by the human groups residing in them, nations and governments they need and depend on each other. Geopolitical dependence reflects this fact. Development of the sphere of cultural influence and optimal utilization of all geographical components to create convergence with other countries, It is only possible through scientific research and the accurate identification of geographical elements in this regard, in order to conduct a case study of geochemistry of Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan due to the diversity of geographic components, it is of special importance and importance to be selected and was considered as a generalizable model for other areas. Based on this, this article is a descriptive and analytical approach as the human-demographic and human geographic components have influenced the relations between the two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the republic of Azerbaijan. Since the existence of culture is one of the geographical components which has quickly become political and political and political actors use it as a means of exercising power and pressure on their rivals is a good idea to say that Geographical components whenever they find political quantities there will be several positive and negative reactions which leads to convergence or divergence in geographic areas and provides a good basis for enforcing geographic territory.

In all air maps, without exception, belts or wind straps are seen at high speeds that extend over very long distances. According to the World Meteorological Organization, if the velocities of these velocities are more than 30 meters per second, the flow of the Jet stream is created (Alijani & Kaviani, 2000). However, jet stream is referred to the extreme horizontal winds at speeds exceeding 50 knots or about 26 m/s above the planet's winds. Since the geographical distribution of rainfall intensity on a planetary scale, in addition to system pressure patterns, seating tropical convergence belt, ocean currents affect the make-up jet stream, position and expand them as well. In this paper, an attempt has been made to identify a process of effective factors in the occurrence of storms in order to optimize the use of these rainfall in the study area. In other words, the purpose of this article is to determine the position and frequency of the storms and their average velocity during the storm events of Armand basin.

Essentially, in every ongoing study, there is a need for two databases; one for the environmental event database (surface), and another for the atmospheric database that identifies how atmospheric flows are. First, the daily precipitation data of the synoptic stations of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province from 1973 to 2004 were selected and prepared as environmental event database. The second group of variables consisted of wind and orbital component data that was used to plot the basins at 250 and 300 hpa. The first and second groups of variables were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization and website www.cdc.noaa.gov.

3.1. The Role of Jet Stream Instability
The core of the jet stream in the context of long and short wave move. the entrance area on the left and the exit area on the right. In fact, based on the circle model, the core of the velocity is drawn into four sections: the right and left inputs of the divergence and the left and right inputs are convergent.
Frequency and average velocity analysis of the Jet Stream at 300 hectares
The large Jet Stream drawings at 300 hectares indicate that in the hours of 00:00 the highest frequency of inflows is observed on Saudi Arabia. There are two abundant small rivers, one on Uzbekistan and another on the north of the Caspian Sea and on Kazakhstan.
Frequency analysis and average velocity flow of 250 hPa
Frequency analysis of jet stream at the level of 250 hpa shows that in the hours of 00:00, the highest frequency of river flows extends from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, and south and west of the country. The analysis of average speed of the storms in the synoptic hours in this alignment shows that the average speeds of the storms are more than 40 m/s. The maximum velocity in the territory under question is at 6:00 pm, with its central core at 55 m/s on the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia and the southwest of the country, which also includes the study area. The mean velocity map for the above hour, which corresponds to the maximum occurrence of coincidences and coincidence with their maximum velocity occurrences in the study area, indicates that the fourth quarter (which is associated with positive precipitation increase as well as upper surface divergence and convergence of low atmospheric levels) is located on the study area. This can lead to high-level air mass expansion or upward movement. This seems to provide the necessary basis for the occurrence of instability at the time of flood and basin storms in the area under discussion.

The abundance analysis of the riverbeds at the 250-hp level revealed that over the hours of 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00, the abundance of the riverbeds has spread over Saudi Arabia to the Persian Gulf, the center and west of the country In other words, in this area more than 50% of the formation and establishment of the jet stream.. During the four hours of the occurrence of synoptic atmospheric jet streams this level only based on the maximum frequency of the jet stream jet stream At 06:00, the range expanded under the influence of jet streams and jet streams while a wide range of western and southern half of Iran are obvious especially in the southwestern and southern parts of Iran. The most frequent occurrence of the river is the same hour, with the western zone of the country which is more than 60% consistent. The study of riverbed frequencies at 300 hPa level also indicated that the inflow of the Jet Stream in the four-hour significantly reduced compared to the higher levels.

The paper is intended to introduce and propose “digression theory”. The theory is capable of explanation and prediction of the regional system and all kind of social-political institution, system or coalition. Division/digression theory can predict the ultimate of systems and organizations according to some specific indexes. Particularly, the aim of the theory is explanation of the divergence challenges in regional systems as a geographical coalition. Digression theory has recognized the necessity and circumstances of an organ/member dividing from a coalition with introducing of logical hypothesis. Also, it has provided a logical criterion to study, explain and predict the present and future terms of regional systems by commencing principles, hypothesis, indexes and factors, analysis unit and scales. Below questions can be answered by the logical criteria of digression theory: How and why is made a digression or secession in a regional system? How can be predicted the future of a system in according of its behaviors? Which indexes, settings and positions can fortify an organ/member into dividing from a system? Which instances prove the developments along with the theory? What future can be predicted to the present regional systems with referencing to the digression theory? The paper is a fundamental research from the point of typology and from the purpose is a theory making (theorizing) in order to problem resolving (mental and philosophical problem) one. The analysis of paper is based on logical and epistemological theorem and reasoning. The paper’s references are absolutely improvisation.
Result and Digression theory has two main principals as follows:Extension and Secession: according to this principal all kinds of systems or organizations will be encountered by secession as well as extension. In other words, the bigger in quality and quantity, the bigger in separation and breaking. Increasing in the space and possibilities in an organization or system brings hardest competitions among the organ or members. Members of a system attempt to achieve in top of the hierarchy order and as a central positionality dominate on others. By increasing in tension and competition, the space of dividing and making of independent system is prepared.
Stability: This principal theorizes that foundation of systems determine the quality of their stability. From this perspective, all kind of systems are made from three foundations:1- Economic Oriented Systems (Systems are made from materialistic and economic indexes);
2- Security Oriented Systems (kind of systems which military and protective issues have made them);
3- Cultural Oriented Systems (coalition and organizing based on religion, thought, rituals and ideological commons).
The last one (cultural oriented systems) is the most stable, conservative and diehard among other three system foundations. Religion as a cultural system is the best example of stable cultural systems from the past to the present.
Division/digression theory has two fundamental hypotheses as follows:Philosophical hypothesis: Digression theory is based on primordial human nature. This nature in Islamic philosophy is called by “human as liberation entity”. According to this nature, human being cannot stand domination. This covenant is significant in that it asserts that an understanding of the origin of man is something deeply inherent to and natural within every person. Any disconnection from this memory is referred to as being ‘forgetful’ within the scripture, Hadith literature and commentary. The Quran constantly implores people to recall and remember. Scholars suggest that the call to remember throughout the Quran is in fact a call to remember this particular moment in their spiritual history. Suggestions are also made that where people recognize people with ease, it is usually as a memory from this event. There are many scholarly perspectives taken on the significance of this covenant. It is understood as marking the beginning of human consciousness with mankind making their first conscious response to the divine question 'Am I not your lord?'. Some also see it as being relevant to the Islamic principle of unity as the entirety of mankind was said to have been assembled on the plane on this date. Logical hypothesis: Reasonable and logical assumes of the theory are such as bellows: existing of a central-periphery structure, being of relatively hegemonic relations in the structure, will and power to division and digression, possibility and feasibility of dividing and digression, ex-systemic relations and moods, an aggressive organ or member. Centre-periphery orders bring some disputes and tensions between the members of a system. By increasing in central domination some of the members with feasible indexes decide to be divided, indexes like strong economy and capitals, political parties and structures, historical-cultural wealth, outer systemic relation and interest in other members in other systems and finally, third outer systemic member intervention. The historical examples like Islam Prophet dividing Pre-Arabic system and Iranians dividing Pro-Arabic system are some most instances of digression. According to the digression theory, it is predicted that along with Qatar, states such as Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Oman will be divided from Persian Gulf Council Corporation (GCC). Also, in European Union along with Britain other states will be separated such as Poland, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Norway.

The convergent and divergent forces with a great and essential role in determining the quality and situation of the national integrity and unity are not two separate concepts, but they are variables with a reverse bond and affected by each other. This study has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on an innovative triple-purpose model. The study has concentrated on convergent and divergent situation in Kurdistan province. Data collection instruments of were two questionnaires prepared for two groups of people (political managers and Kurd citizens). Both questionnaires consisted of four indicators: provincial divisions, political participation, socio-cultural participation, and economic participation. The results of the study revealed that Kurdistan province’s citizens are in the route of convergence in the triple-purpose model, based on the managers need assessment.
IntroductionAt the next level of abstraction up from ethical systems sits meta-ethics. In a sense the buck stops here. Philosophers use meta-ethics to criticize and compare ethical judgments, to criticize, compare, and justify ethical systems, and to discuss and classify ideas within meta-ethics itself. We are going to be doing meta-ethical theorizing here in analyzing these theories of convergence of AI goal systems as convergences of ethical systems. And, for the next few paragraphs, we will try to classify this approach; to show where it fits within meta-ethics more generally. n essence, we all tell stories and tell them truthfully, as best we can. This is our purpose, our mission, our profession, be it in stills or video. So much of what we hold as ethical precept is actually convention – merely socially agreed upon norms, not commandments come down from the mountain. However, all photojournalists believe that the purpose of what they do is to provide truthful information to the reader or viewer. This is the ethical rule; this is the guiding principle. How we accomplish this in many ways is subject to evolution, interpretation of symbolism, and arbitrary regulations.
It is impossible to remain far from cultural and ethnical differences, in the modern communities of the world. Cultural and ethnical diversity is among characteristics of the Iranian societies. Such diversity has been appeared in various periods among the micro and macro identities and followed by some difficulties. Such difficulties and convergent and divergent challenges have made modeling, surveys and recognition of the effective factors inevitable. Therefore, both forces play a crucial role in the Iranian nation integrity and their study is of great importance. Regarding the importance of the problem, we have studied ethnical divergence model, based on the need assessment of the political managers and racial demands among the Kurd people in Kurdistan province. The suggested model for analysis of the above mentioned factors is in the forms of convergent, divergent and neutral.
MethodologyThe present research is an applied one, concerning the purpose, and it uses descriptive-analytical method. The researcher has attempted to provide a model for demonstration of the mutual influence of the effective factors in convergence and divergence, with regard to the analysis of these two forces. For this purpose, and to implement the model, two questionnaires were prepared. The sample population consisted of Kurd citizens and political managers at decision making level. Sampling methods were clustering for citizens and purposeful for managers.
Findings and resultsInteractive model or converging model of the cycle of producing convergence in a political system, with regard to the factors’ mutual effects
The model represents the fact that if the ethnical policies are predicted in provincial divisions, social and cultural policies are predicted in provincial decisions, social and cultural policy makings and if the amount and the way of ethnical groups participation at the apex of political power and economic concentration are realized based on the recognition of the racial demands, then a top-down decision making will be formed by the legal and ethical groups’ elites and the result would be convergence and national integrity.
Neutral model keeps the current situation of the cycle of equal interaction among the effective factors in convergence and divergence
In the neutral model, if the ethnical policies assume roles for citizens in some occasions and deny it in other cases, without precise investigations, and if these policies attempt conservatively to keep the current situation and use military powers or power demonstration, then racial issues would appear as fire under the ashes, and whenever power vacuum is felt, it will erupted and caused divergence among the races.
Interactive model as a diverging cycle, which diverges a political system, with regard to the mutual effect of the factors
This model represents the fact that if the ethnical policies are practiced in provincial divisions, social and cultural policy makings, and if the amount and the way of ethnical groups participation at the apex of political power and economic concentration are realized, based on political dictation, then a down-up decision making will be formed; so that the local and ethnical groups’ will lose their efficacy in policy making.
Using surveys and field studies, this model was applied to assess the situation or amount the Kurd divergence and convergence among people; and as a case study, Kurdistan province was selected. The findings of the study revealed that: situation is convergent, concerning the provincial divisions (with the average of 31.96), political participation (with the average of 36.46), socio-cultural (with the average of 33.44) and economic (with the average of 35.09) indicators.
ConclusionGenerally, based on the political managers need assessment and recognition of the racial demands, the dominant situation in Kurdistan province tends to be convergent; however, the considerable point is that “the political managers and citizens of the province have different priorities. For instance, priority of the political managers is political participation indicator, while the first priority of the citizens’ demands is economic indicators.

Ethnic divergence and investigation of its identity, spatial and political aspects is one of the central topics of geopolitical studies. Although different disciplines have addressed the fundamental applications of this cultural-geographical phenomenon, the ambiguities about the position of ethnic studies in geopolitics sometimes results in blurred expression of its epistemological domain with other scientific domains such as sociology, political science and international relations. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to present a framework and theoretical model for study of ethnic divergence in geopolitics. This is a descriptive-analytical study. The data were collected by library study. Results of this study show that if the ethno-nationalism is based on two bases i.e. bedrock (spatial-politics) and mechanisms, geopolitics will investigate the domain mainly focused on environmental elements (spatial-politics). This means that national, regional and global environments are the platforms that facilitate ethnic divergence. Therefore, it can be said that geopolitics addresses effective environmental bedrock contributing to formation of ethnic divergence which can play an important role in the emergence of and guiding of divergence mechanisms.