جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « arak » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

More than half of the world lives in urban areas. In many developing countries, many people migrate to urban centers every day, and the rate of urbanization is increasing in both developed and developing countries. But the urban population imposes huge challenges on natural resources and causes social and environmental problems in urban areas. Therefore, increasing the rate of urbanization is associated with many challenges. In Iran, the rate of urbanization has almost doubled over the past 30 years. Unstable urban income, urban poverty, marginalization and inappropriate urban housing are considered as major challenges of urban development in Iran. Determining urban boundaries is one of the solutions used in policies known as curbing the growth of cities or managing urban growth.

The current review research was conducted with the aim of investigating the importance of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding urban development and the role of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding the development of Arak city. The city of Arak is the capital of the central province, which is surrounded by mountains on three sides and desert on the other side, and is not capable of development in many ways. Therefore, the population density has increased in the central and inner parts of the city. The value of land development index for Arak city is high and the level of morphological adaptation is lower.

The findings show that if special construction criteria are applied to very large areas, a large population can be accommodated in the worn-out fabric. Such a process also causes the development of the city in a systematic pattern. It is necessary that the municipality does not ignore the creation of public spaces and uses, and by creating public spaces in the neighborhoods, it creates participation among the residents. Reforms such as the demolition of old buildings and the establishment of high-rise structures require careful monitoring so that the tissue density does not exceed the permissible limit.

Violent crimes have fatal effects on the social life of society and incur irreparable costs. Compared to other crimes, these types of crimes have more destructive and severe consequences and challenge social order and cohesion more strongly. Various economic and social factors are effective in the occurrence of such crimes. The purpose of this article is to study the impact of these factors on the occurrence of violent crimes in Central Province in the last ten years. In this research, we have used a quantitative method (with a secondary analysis approach). The statistical population of this research includes economic and social data and data of some violent crimes in the two cities of Arak and Saveh, and the whole number sampling method was used to collect data. Dynamic panel data model and ordinary least squares method are used to estimate the effect of socio-economic factors on violent crimes in Central Province, during the period of 2012 to 2014. The research results indicate that the increase in unemployment rate, consumer price index, Gini coefficient and population has a positive and significant (direct) impact on violent crimes in Central Province. Meanwhile, increasing education has a (direct) negative and significant impact on violent crimes in Central Province.

The topic of spending leisure time is one of the important needs of citizens in the contemporary era, which faces many problems in developing countries. This research aims to introduce a comprehensive and efficient tool for evaluating and understanding the quality of urban open spaces related to leisure time. The current research is applied and, in terms of method, descriptive-analytical, and has been conducted with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. To collect data, the exploratory walking technique was used in the open spaces of Arak city. In this research, the proposed model for the analysis and investigation of urban open spaces has been compiled and confirmed by using Lisrel software and checking the fit indices of structural models. The results of this research can effectively help urban planners and managers in creating less imperfect open spaces.Based on the findings from examining suitability indicators in the analysis of the quality of open spaces in Arak city, the component of environmental qualities acted independently, while the component of functional qualities—form and experience-aesthetic—are correlated. Additionally, the component of "experiential-aesthetic" qualities has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time. Among the 45 indicators of quality examined, the indicator "existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and facilities for creating climatic comfort" has the greatest effect in improving the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time in Arak. This item is considered part of the criterion of "comfort and coziness" from the component of aesthetic-experiential qualities. 

 In addition to the importance they place on working time, citizens also have a special importance in using their time outside of work (leisure). A large part of leisure activities are carried out in open urban spaces, and these spaces have an effective role in promoting a positive quality of urban life due to the opportunities they provide to their users in all fields, especially leisure. In open urban spaces, quality is commensurate with the extent to which users' needs are estimated and the use of opportunities that motivate the design and construction of space, and the challenges of providing high quality services in these spaces seem more difficult when urban planners and designers The demands of the stakeholders are not properly informed. Therefore, in urban open spaces, quality is not only related to facilities, techniques and procedures, but also includes the desires and wishes of users. With the advent of modernity and the rapid growth of urbanization , the issue of leisure in many cities of developing countries has become a major problem. Therefore, the most important necessity of this research is to address this issue and find solutions to evaluate and improve the quality of urban open spaces and take advantage of this potential in order to develop leisure time and meet the needs of users. 

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and methodologically, it is a descriptive-analytical research that has been done with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the process of this research, first, the considered relationships and correlations between the variables of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were proposed as a structural model based on the theoretical foundations of the research. In this model, how the quality indicators affect the constructive criteria and the main components of quality are drawn and then in order to evaluate the significance of the predicted correlations, the necessary data in the study sample (open spaces of Arak city - Iran), with The use of exploratory walking technique has been collected and the structural model has been analyzed and evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis method (quantitative method) and LISREL software.

In general, in the study of structural models, the purpose is to determine whether the theoretical relationships between the variables that were considered by the researcher in the conceptual framework stage (proposed initial model) have been confirmed by the data or not? Therefore, the result of the study of two structural measurement models and a structural model of path analysis, which is extracted from the proposed model by considering the cause-and-effect relationships of variables and the main purpose of the research. Based on the fit standards obtained from (fit andicated) software file, the mentioned structural models have been approved and as a result, the explanatory power of the proposed model and the quality components of open spaces for spending leisure time in the studied sample (spaces The city of Arak) is also approved.Based on the factor load and the coefficient of effect of the predicted correlations between hidden and obvious variables, in the approved structural models, the most effective components as well as indicators of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were identified. In addition, according to the information obtained from the study of the structural model of the aforementioned path analysis, the independence and dependence of the effect of quality components on the main purpose of the research is also explained.

Based on the structural model of measuring the impact of the main components of qualities on the main purpose of research in urban open spaces, indicates the existence of an acceptable relationship between these variables, and in the open spaces of Arak, among the three main components "functional-formal", " Experimental-aesthetic "and" environmental ", the component" experimental-aesthetic "due to the higher factor load it has gained, has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for leisure.The direct and non-correlated effect of the environmental quality component on the quality of urban open spaces for leisure is confirmed, and it can be said that the variables related to the environmental quality component, in the studied sample, act independently and are influenced by other components. Do not have. In similar studies, no research has been found that indicates the independent performance of environmental components compared to other components on the quality of open spaces.Also, according to the approved structural measurement models, it can be said that among the indicators (items) extracted from the research literature, which are considered as obvious variables affecting the quality of urban open spaces, the item "lack of input control" They do not have the necessary fit to the space with the specified timing "and the statement" the presence of general signs and readability in the space ". This means that according to the data extracted from the open spaces of Arak city, these species do not have the explanatory power of the concept of quality in open urban spaces in the studied sample.Considering the factor loads obtained for each of the indicators, in the approved structural models, it can be concluded that the indicator "Existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the existence of facilities for creating climate comfort", among all 45 items Surveys have the greatest impact on improving the quality of outdoor spaces for leisure, and city managers and planners need to pay more attention to them. This index is a component of the "comfort and convenience" criterion, a component of "experimental-aesthetic" qualities; It is consistent with the studies of Ian Bentley et al. (1990) as "The Possibility of Personalizing Space", Roger Transick (1986) as "Space Enclosure" and Peralia et al. (2019) as "Comfort".

The goal of this study is to support indigenous knowledge for the economic development of the village and the use of power and participation of the people, management and technical and local capacities. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and analytical and survey methodology with questionnaire tools. The statistical population is used by rural geography experts in Farmahin. The results show that in the components related to indigenous knowledge, the participatory component is lower. This means that this component does not have the desired limit. The level of significance obtained indicates that the mean obtained is lower than the desired mean and the indigenous knowledge in Farmihan is not in a good condition. There is the most correlation between the components of supervision and co-existence and the least correlation between participation and co-existence in the indigenous knowledge of the region, so the research hypothesis is rejected.

Urban open spaces have great potential for all kinds of urban activities, and one of the important functions of these spaces is leisure time, which has become more important in recent decades due to the rapid growth of urbanization and the revolution that has occurred in the lifestyle of citizens. Dealing with the issue of quality in urban open spaces for spending leisure time, and analyzing and identifying the most important indicators affecting the quality of these spaces can be especially important for managers and urban planners. Therefore, introducing a process that can provide a proper analysis and evaluation of urban open spaces and factors affecting their quality is important and is one of the goals of this research. This research has been carried out using a descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative-qualitative approach and as a case study. In this research, using theoretical foundations, 45 indicators of quality in urban open spaces were introduced (as an evaluation checklist) and then, using the exploratory walking technique, the mentioned indicators were evaluated in selected open spaces of Arak city. The necessary data has been collected. Then, by using a factor analysis structural measurement model, the influence coefficient of each indicator has been calculated as the weight of the criteria. And then, using the weight of each index and TOPSIS technique, the studied open spaces have been compared and ranked. In this way, a practical process for analyzing and evaluating the quality of urban open spaces for leisure time has been introduced. Based on the results, it was determined that the indicators "the existence of areas and facilities for games and excitement for all ages" and "the existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the facilities for creating climatic comfort" in improving the quality of urban open spaces for spending leisure time, are the most effective indexers. Also, among the studied open spaces in Arak city, the "Laaleh Amusement Park" and " Shohadaye Gomnaam Park" have won the first and second places, respectively, for spending leisure time.

Today, the increasing level of urban population and migration has caused new challenges in the structure and performance of cities in environmental, socio-cultural, and economic issues. Urban sustainability is a concept that emerged as a new paradigm in the world following the sustainable development plan, and it is an approach that leads to social justice. It is necessary to provide a suitable basis for evaluating and measuring environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability in urban planning and development. Arak metropolis is one of the most polluted cities in the country. The purpose of the present study is to measure the sustainability of Arak city zones from the citizens' point of view to show the quality of different city zones.

The city of Arak, the capital of Markazi Province, has 5 municipal zones and a population of 520,994 in 2016. Regarding geomorphology and geology, Arak is located in a valley surrounded by mountains on three sides and the Miqan desert. With the establishment of several industrial plants, such as machine building and metal industries, in the 1940s, the city became polluted environmentally. The required data and information were collected by secondary and field study using a questionnaire; in order to achieve the objectives of the research, 4 main indicators and 13 sub-indices related to sustainability in Arak were defined from reliable sources in this field and adjusted in the form of a 5-option questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale from very high to very low. The statistical population of the research consists of all the citizens of Arak city who are over 20 years old and have a history of living in Arak city for over 5 years (due to the understanding of the dimensions of the research), which is 384 as sample size. Stratified sampling based on urban neighborhoods were exerted to distribute the questionnaires. In order to measure the validity of the research questionnaire, the opinions of 10 experts commented on the primary version. Also, in order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was exerted, and the reliability coefficient was obtained above 0.70 percent, which confirmed the reliability. Finally, the collected information was analyzed using GIS and SPSS26. To measure indicators for variable, a one-sample t-test and variance test (ANOVA) was used, and Friedman's test was applied to rank indicators and the urban zones. Finally, GIS was applied to display the analysis results in maps regarding the different socio-economic and environmental dimensions.

The research results showed that the average economic sustainability is more than 3, and the upper and lower limits are positive. So, the status of economic sustainability in the 5 zones of Arak is evaluated from medium to high. Also, the average of the variables of environmental and physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability is less than 3, and their lower and upper limits are also negative; Therefore, according to the significance level is less than 0.05, it can be concluded that the average obtained is lower than the value of the test (3) and the status of variables of ecological-environmental sustainability, physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability in the  5 zones of Arak are evaluated as less than average and inappropriate. The finding from the Friedman test revealed that the highest average rating (3.14) is assigned to economic and the lowest average rating (2.05) to physical-infrastructural sustainability.

The theoretical and research background review showed that sustainability is valued concerning economic, social and environmental indicators. Paying attention to sustainability issues as one of the most important factors and drivers for promoting urban development has been the focus of urban planning researchers and city planners in recent years. Environment-friendly policies could strengthen sustainability. The present research showed that the sustainability of the different urban zones of Ark is evident regarding the different dimensions. So, it can be concluded that the following recommendations could improve the situation as strengthening local and indigenous industries compatible with the environment, increasing green space, concerning the limits of factories can reduce pollutants, and closing polluting industries or at least modifying and improving them.

Iranian big cities suffer from air pollution which causes irreparable damage to the health of citizens. Airflow is a significant parameter in removing pollution from urban spaces and is largely affected by the physical shape of the buildings’ environment. Buildings’ height, density, and enclosure of open spaces are the physical factors that affect airflow of cities. In this research, first, the air pollution distribution map (carbon monoxide) of the city was calculated using Arc GIS software and then considering the different heights of buildings in Arak city, the function of air pollution indicators was analyzed. The results showed that an increase of the average air pollution to the building density coefficient in an area in Arak is equal to 0.013, which means increasing urban density reduces airflow in the environment and stabilizes air pollution. Moreover, there is a significant relationship between the average air pollution in the area and the percentage of the built mass volume. The coefficient obtained from this relationship is equal to 0.085, which indicates how this index affects air pollution. It turns out that the higher the mass-to-space ratio in a range, the greater the amount of pollution in the environment. Since the coefficient obtained for the percentage index of the mass volume is more than the coefficient of building density, it can be concluded that this index can play a more decisive role in an urban area.

Due to the kind of its usage in a relatively long period, the analysis of temperature levels of modern cities is among the most important subjects that can be considered in the field of geography and environment, and its results can be used in promoting the science and solving the problems of today’s societies. The effect of temperature on climate, especially in metropolises, is one of the crucial indexes of this procedure. The rise in the land surface temperature, which is an indicator of the heat intensity, is among the important elements for identifying the changes in weather. The emergence of heat in cities is one of the most known forms of such changes. Urban heat islands are indicated by a temperature inversion and annoying temperatures throughout winters and summers. The temperature of some cities or urban areas has remarkably grown compared to the suburbs or rural areas around them. This phenomenon, called urban heat island, has caused numerous problems. The term “heat island” was proposed by Havard for the first time almost a century ago in 1833 (Sook, 2004: 10). Afterward, numerous studies were carried out in the large and industrialized cities of the world, whose results demonstrated that civilization has exerted significant changes in the meteorological parameters and properties of the ground surface, and consequently, remarkable variations in local climate (Mousavi Baygi et al., 2012: 36).

The present research is aimed at identifying the places with high heat, which have created the known thermal patterns in the city of Arak in Iran. Assessment of the spatial-temporal variations of the urban heat islands can be used as a critical component in the management strategies of natural resources and environmental changes, whose results can be useful for environmental, regional, and urban planners.

The studied area, Arak, is the capital of the Markazi Province in Iran, with an area of 304.8 km2 at 1755 m above mean sea level. The city has temperate weather tending to cold and semi-arid. According to enactment in 2011, Arak has five municipal districts.
The research method was analytical-statistical, and an effort was made to evaluate the relationship between land surface temperature and land cover of the city. In order to evaluate the development of hot places in Arak and determine its urban thermal patterns and heat islands in the long term, the data of the satellite images of the Landsat scanners 4, 5, 7, and 8, including the data of the TM scanners of Landsat’s 4 and 5, Landsat 7 (+ETM), and Landsat 8 (OLI/TIRS), during the period 1985-2017 were used. These images include two sets of reflective spectral and thermal bands. The thermal bands were used to identify the surface temperature and thermal islands, and the reflective bands were employed to apply the indexes of image processing. The data of the TM, +ETM, and OLI/TIRS scanners were provided in the bands 6, 8, and 11, respectively. The data of the thermal band 6 of Landsats 5 and 7 with wavelengths of 10.40-12.5 micrometers and the band 10 of Landsat 8 with wavelengths of 10.60-11.19 micrometers were used to calculate the surface temperature distribution patterns of Arak. The bands 3 and 4 of Landsats 5 and 7, along with bands 4 and 5 of Landsat 8, were also utilized to calculate the NDVI index (NASA, 2014). In the global imaging system, the images of the area of Arak exist in the 165th And 36th row.
Generally, the following steps were taken to analyze the urban heat islands of Arak:
Calculation of LST and spectral radiance
Conversion of the calculated radiation to Kelvin temperature
Calculation of the temperature levels of five districts of Arak
Calculation of the density percentage of the fourth level of temperature (hot points of the city)
The minimum, maximum, and average temperatures of Arak
Calculation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
Calculation of the urban thermal field variance index (UTFVI)

Evaluation of the land surface temperature changes and patterns
The analysis of the vegetation variations demonstrated that depending on different uses of urban lands, vegetation is in accordance with the temperature level. Generally, the low temperature in the southwest of the city, which was observed in the land surface temperature maps, is caused by the gardens of the cities of Senejan and Karahroud. The eastern and southeastern parts of district 1, which has industrial uses, streets with heavy traffic, and accumulation of uses, and the north of the city, i.e., the north of district 3 with the accumulation of residential uses and heavy traffics, have higher temperatures. Generally, during the studied period on vegetation, all areas having this use, except for the northwestern part, had considerable changes. Most of the vegetation in the studied period was concentrated in districts 4 and 5, which included the gardens of Senejan and Karahroud. However, other parts of the city, including the northwest and, to some extent, the city center and district 1, whose vegetation includes several parks and green spaces, show decreasing changes in temperature. Based on the results obtained from evaluating the urban thermal field variance index (UTFV) of Arak, using 20 land surface temperature (LST) maps and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), obtained from Landsat satellite, (TM), (ETM+), (OLI/TRS), the very hot temperature level of Arak was widely observed mostly in the north, northeast, east, and southeast of district 1, north and northwest of district 3, west and southwest of district 2, and district 5.

The evaluation of the LST maps to identify the hot points and urban thermal patterns revealed that most of the hot points are located in the areas with idle lands in the suburbs. These lands are mostly observed in the recently developed areas of the suburbs, including districts 1 and 3. Inside the city, most of the hot places conform to the formation of thermal patterns close to industrial towns, streets with heavy traffic and high pollution, and residential areas with dense and urban decay. The largest area of the third temperature level is observed in district 1 due to the presence of industrial towns, dense residential towns, cultural and governmental organizations, heavy traffics in the streets, the northern and southern belts in the district, and idle lands in the north and east of the district. The presence of the industrial towns and factories in the city of Arak, especially in district 1, is one of the effective factors in increasing the heat and creating thermal patterns. The thermal patterns in district 1 had the highest intensity in 1988/09/08 and 2017/01/08 during the studied period.

The need for flexibility can be demonstrated from two dimensions, one in theory and the other in the many experiences that have existed throughout the history of architecture. Flexibility requires organization and without it it can lead to confusion and chaos. However, complete flexibility is not possible, because there are boundaries that must preserve the entire system and the main structure. One of the preconditions for flexibility is the separate function of the retaining and separating elements of the building, therefore, the history of flexibility is closely related to the developments and flourishing of skeletal buildings in the new era. Theoretically, there are continuous changes that occur daily, monthly and even annually in environmental and human factors that these changes are generally in the form of three categories: changes in population structure (individuals), changes in rules and standards and Changes in values, architecture in order to adapt to these changes and maintain the quality of space, change is necessary, a change that according to the definitions, is considered flexible. In residential spaces, the ability to adapt the space to the personal needs and tastes of users is essential to maintain the desirability of the space. Factors such as increasing the number of children, change of residents and independence of children from the family, create the need for separation or integration in the housing unit or units. Also, the growth of people's age and change of their tastes is one of the factors that cause physical changes in the residential space.

Pollution of wetlands is important because, in addition to damaging the ecosystem of a wetland and destroying living organisms, it can also be dangerous to the health of people living nearby. The entry of chemical fertilizers, municipal sewage, hazardous hospital and industrial wastewater into the wetlands, as well as the disposal of waste in their vicinity, can contaminate the wetland. One of the most important factors that put wetlands in a serious danger and has a very destructive effect on their fauna and flora is biological pollution caused by human activities and land use. Wetlands’ water resources often contain chemical impurities. These impurities are caused by air pollution, soil pollution, or pollutants caused by human activities that are discharged into the environment in the form of solid and liquid waste. In addition to human activities affecting wetland pollution, the natural conditions prevailing in the wetland area are also effective in the chemical composition of wetlands. The rocks above each wetland determine the chemical composition of its water and soil resources.The central wetlands of Iran, including the Mighan Arak wetland, are mostly saline and their salinity has reached the groundwater aquifers of the adjacent plains due to human interference. This phenomenon, which has been a kind of human pollution under the advancing salinity front in aquifers, is seen in most coastal aquifers and central aquifers in Iran. Arak Mighan wetland is one of the wetlands of central Iran that is salty. Local and migratory birds, local animals, and aquatic animals benefit from the Mighan wetland. The most important water sources that feed the wetland are groundwater, treated wastewater from the city of Arak, and surface runoff in the wet months. The purpose of this study is to identify the chemical and biological pollutant variables of wetland water in comparison with drinking standard water to identify chemical and biological pollutant variables and to determine the most important natural and human sources of pollution in wetland water pollution using multivariate statistical analysis.

Arak watershed with an area of ​​5500 Km2 is a closed area. About 62% of the area is covered by highlands, 36% by plains, and 2% by the Mighan wetland. The average annual temperature and rainfall in Arak are 14º and 350 mm, respectively. The wetland consists of two parts: the island in the center, and the lake around the island which has an average water depth of half a meter. The Mighan wetland alluvium with a thickness of 300 meters is located on the limestone rocks of Cretaceous formation. Thirty-two water samples in the fall of 1397 (2018) from different uses (6 island samples, 6 lake samples, 10 agricultural well samples, 1 sample of Amlah company, 2 industrial effluent samples, 4 Arak urban sewage samples, and 3 repeated samples to determine the results tests) were taken from the lagoon and surrounding water resources. The measured variables included: electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, sulfate, fluorine, nitrate and phosphate, bicarbonate, BOD, and COD. The accuracy of the data was about one milligram per liter.The data were analyzed using Excel, Statistica, RockWare, and ArcGIS software. Among the various variables, 11 of the chemical and biological variables were selected and their concentrations in saline and freshwater were compared with the international drinking standards.

The water is concentrated in the Mighan wetland of Arak in the two uses of the ponds (ponds resulting from the extraction of sodium sulfate in the central island) and the lake (around the central island). Uses such as mineral water wastewater, Arak municipal treated wastewater, industrial effluent, and agricultural wells are considered as potential sources of pollution for the water of the Mighan wetland. The high concentration of chemical compounds such as EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl above the drinking standard showed the nature of the salinity of the water in the Mighan wetland. A study of the salinity origin of Mighan water showed that salinizing variables such as SO4 and Cl anions, as well as cations such as Na and K, were related to gypsum and salt rocks in the northern highlands (Ashtian region) of the Mighan area. A similar trend has shown that the dissolution of evaporative minerals from the heights of the Torbat-e Heydariyeh plain and transfer to groundwater has caused all of the plain's waters to be of the sodium chloride and sodium sulfate types. An examination of the inflows of surface water and groundwater to the Mighan wetland showed that the northern waters of the wetland had the SO4-Cl-Na type and the southern waters had HCO3-Ca type. Mixing of surface water and groundwater with the Mighan wetland water has caused the SO4-HCO3-Na-Ca type. The effluent of the Iranian Salt Company (extracting sodium sulfate from the basins of the central island) had high EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl. About 60 percent of the water in the wells around the wetland, which was used for agriculture, was almost salty due to the high EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl. The compatibility of SO4 and Cl agricultural waters was almost salty with SO4 and Cl. The Mighan wetland water indicated the salinity of the region’s wells from the wetland water. A similar trend of groundwater salinization in the Shabestar plain indicated the infiltration of saline water from Lake Urmia into the groundwater aquifer of the adjacent plain.Factor analysis was used to determine the relationship between chemical compounds and to investigate the origin of compounds. In factor analysis, three factors explained 88.9% of the variance. The first factor ( 56.96%) included EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl. Thsecond factor included F, NH3. The third factor included PO4, HCO3. Given the first factor of factor analysis and the effectiveness of variables such as EC, TDS, SO4, and Cl, as well as the increase in this factor in the zoning map to Mighan wetland, it is obvious that the salinity of the wetland and effluent of the company is natural salts, while the salinity of the wells around the Mighan lagoon is the result of  human activity. In the zoning map, the second factor with variables F, NH3 had a focus on the water area of ​​the wetland (island and lake) of Mighan. Also, due to the high share of NH3 (0.91) compared to F (0.84) in factor analysis, the increase in NH3 was the human factor while F was the natural factor. On the other hand, F, SO4, and Na have are found in waters that have been under the influx of brackish water from the Mighan wetland; therefore, F in the water of the wetland has a natural origin. The presence of F in some water of agricultural wells indicated the infiltration of saltwater in the Mighan wetland. On the other hand, NH3 is found in only a small number of water samples in the Mighan wetland (ponds and lakes), which is higher than the standard drinking level. NH3 is a source of organic nitrogen compounds and bacteria. The third factor involved factor analysis of PO4 and HCO3, in which the role of PO4 was more pronounced. The PO4 of Mighan Lake, urban sewage, and industrial wastewater were far higher than the standard. Phosphate was introduced into surface, groundwater, and wetlands through domestic wastewater (containing synthetic cleaners) or agricultural effluents, or industrial wastewater. Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for the growth of algae. More than 70% of the phosphorus compounds in wastewater are due to the use of detergents. Since the concentration of PO4 in treated wastewater is very high, sewage is the source of human pollution in the wetland. On the other hand, the high concentration of PO4 in the water entering the wetland has caused a large growth of plants in the area.The concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3) in the water composition of Mighan Wetland Lake and some wells in the southern part of the Mighan wetland was high while its concentration in other waters was lower than the standard. Bicarbonate indicates thepresence of limestone. Due to the dissolution of calcareous and dolomite rocks, bicarbonate compounds have been obtained that have been directed to surface and groundwater. The southern part of the Mighan wetland is composed of Cretaceous limestone and dolomite rocks, which have been the most important source of bicarbonate of water in the Mighan wetland and wells in the region. High levels of bicarbonate ions are natural contaminations that are not controlled by humans.Studies have shown that in saline waters with a chlorine concentration of more than 35,000 mg per liter, even if there are small amounts of organic matter, the amount of BOD and COD is exaggerated. Since the water of the Mighan wetland has a Cl of more than 35000 mg per liter, so BOD and COD in the water of the wetland have not been suitable criteria for biological pollution.

Arak’s treated municipal wastewater, the effluent of the Minerals and Industries Solutions Company, as well as the surrounding groundwater have been the most important sources of human pollution that have the potential to pollute the wetland’s water. Due to the fact that groundwater is located downstream of agricultural lands and large industries, no chemical and biological pollutants from agricultural and industrial effluents have been seen in the water of the Mighan wetland. Arak treated wastewater is the most important source of water entering the wetland, which has introduced phosphate and ammonia into the water of the wetland. Therefore, the water of the Mighan wetland is without chemical and biological pollution and the only effect of the wetland can be the salt forward. This phenomenon is due to the drop in the groundwater level in the region with human intervention. Therefore, basic measures must be taken to raise the groundwater level during the aquifer management operations in the plains around the wetland and to control the drainage of wells and the removal of unauthorized wells.

Today, the theory of smart growth plays a very important role in urban development. This approach tries to improve the quality of human life and seeks to respond to socio-economic, environmental and physical problems of cities and can pave the way for urban management to make optimal use of facilities and solve urban problems. Smart growth is a new phenomenon in our country and due to limited resources and time, prioritizing the principles and indicators of smart growth for the proper implementation of urban development is important and significant. so this study examines the impact of indicators of urban smart growth on development of Arak city. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-analytical research in term of method . The required data and information have been obtained by collecting the opinions of experts and by using the comprehensive and detailed plan of the city of Arak and related documents, magazines, and books. To analyze the data, we used MATLAB software and Shannon entropy and Copras. The results indicate that the physical-land use index is the most important indicator of intelligent growth in urban development of Arak. Also, in the end, according to the research results and the needs of Arak city, solutions have been presented in order to better implement smart development.

Various methods developed to convert large-scale data to regional climatic data. In few studies , the results of these methods have been statistically compared. The main purpose of this study was to compare SDSM and LARS-WG models for Downscaling output data of CANE-SM2 and HADGEM2-ES general circulation models under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. For this study, precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature of Arak synoptic station were used as the base period (1980-2005). The results of the predictions of the SDSM and LARS-WG models were compared for three periods (2021-2040, 2041-2060 and 2061-2080). The RMSE, R2, MAE and NSE criteria were used to evaluate the performance of SDSM and LARS-WG models. Based on the results of the evaluation criteria, both models have an acceptable resuts in simulation of climate variables. Downscaling results of both models showed that minimum and maximum temperatures should increased compare to baseline in all scenarios and periods from January to June, but LARS-WG model had a over estimation compared to the SDSM model. Changes in predicted precipitation by SDSM and LARS-WG models did not have a clear trend. According to the results, the SDSM model shows more changes in precipitation, wherase, the LARS-WG model shows more changes in minimum and maximum temperature compared to the base period. Based on the results of this study, it is not possible to determine the exact superiority of each of the models, But SDSM model had a better prediction for precipitation and maximum temperature, while, LARS model had better results for maximum and minimum temperature.in general it can be said that the prediction results of both models are statistically significant (P<0.01) in most cases.

The main themes in relation to urban development are the form or shape of the city. The city is divided into two main types, compact and spiral, and a variety of subcategory forms. Because of a close relationship between the city''s form and its sustainability, urban managers must recognize City growth pattern that can lead to more sustainability. Based on this, in the framework of the theory of sustainable development, the spatial growth pattern of Arak was evaluated with three research hypotheses. Data were collected from the census and Gis municipal unit data. The nature of the research is descriptive, although analytical techniques have been used. To recognize the tendency of growth pattern, the Heldern method and metric indices (density, concentration and continuity) were used to test the spatial distribution of the population from entropy and Gini coefficients, and to test of aggregation and population distribution of Moran coefficients, mean The closest neighborhood, low / high clustering, multi-spatial clustering, cluster / cluster analysis, cluster pattern and G coefficient were used. The results of the test showed that in spite of the widespread urbanization of 1965-85, the city''s tendency to intensive growth started from 2011. There is a relative balance in population distribution. Arak has a cluster growth pattern with the formation of hot spots in the center and around the center and a cold point in the East-Northeast. Therefore, it is imperative that city administrators Benefit advantage of a compact city and prevent the disadvantages of a compact city.--

Mighan Arak wetland  is a closed area where all runoff and groundwater are directed to the wetland. Major cities such as Arak and Ashtian, industrial towns such as Arak, Khairabad and Aibak Abad, as well as large agricultural activities are located  in upstream of wetland  and sewage and wastewater containing heavy metals enter the Mighan wetland.In addition, the Mighan wetland has ecotourism attractions, as migratory birds as well as geo-tourists as the sodium sulfate mine. To determine the severity of contamination of pollutant metals and contaminant sources in Mighan wetland, water samples were taken from saline water applications including ponds, Mighan lake and Amlah company sewage and freshwater inputs to wetland such as municipal wastewater, water agriculture.Concentrations of toxicants such as Hg, As, Pb, Co, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined by atomic absorption. Comparison of these elements with the international drinking water standard indicates that the wetland is desirable. But evaluation of pollution indices, contamination degree and contamination threshold showed that the wetland was contaminated with elements such as Hg, As and Pb. The most important sources of contaminants being municipal wastewater and agricultural effluent.

Industrial clusters are related SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) concentrated in geographical areas which help regional development by promoting learning capacity. This development is due to intraction of four physical, economic, social- cultural and organizational proximity in industrial regions. According to above mentioned facts the main purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of industrial networking on learning promotion in “Qazvin” and “Arak” industrial regions (These two province are industrial poles in iran Specially in automobile industry). Research methodology that is applied in this research is descriptive, analytic and comparative. The results in this article are supported by systematic-stratified sampling, data gatherd by in-depth interviews and questionnaires.The results show that there is meaning full correlation between networking and its intensity that represent learning process in networks. Also, studding of industrial networks parameters influencing learning and network topology shows that there is correlation between network structure and learning (straight correlation).

A number of theoretical and practical solutions were presented in response to the problems of urban sprawl and its negative results. Urban Smart growth theory provided infill development with the aim to guide a part of regional growth in urban centers and reduce the pressure of physical growth on the rural and undeveloped urban areas trying to emphasize on the development of cities and utilization of the existing infrastructure. Lack of accurate and efficient method for calculating capacity development and relying on development planning based on potential rather than capacity were intensified the need to develop the operational process to assess the development capacity. Because of the extent of this issue and the importance of the social dimension in the development process, in this paper has been paid to developing a framework for measuring the social capacity of infill development. Since there is no consensus on the index measured, primary index were collected after studying international sources and Delphi method were used to achieve consensus among experts (In partnership with 21 experts). In order to quantify the measurement of capacity development, AHP scoring method was used. The questionnaires (Statistical population consisted of 375 residents) were distributed. Information collected was analyzed through GIS geographic information system.

The city population, in particular at the industrialized cities and centers of provinces, has increased dramatically in Iran during recent decades. Arak city is among of those industrialized cities as a centers of Markazi province which has experienced a fast increase in population. This changes in population numbers tend to increase in consuming water resources as well as increasing in energy resources demanding. This situation accompanied with global warming caused an increase in temperature values during recent decades.
In current research, in order to understand the nature of temperature changes in Arak, the temperature trends was analyzed for previous as well as future based on SDSM. Because, according to IPCC (2014: 563) it is vital to understand the nature of climate change in order to reduce its negative effects.
In current research, in order to understand the nature of temperature changes in Arak, the temperature trends was analyzed for previous as well as future based on SDSM. Because, according to IPCC (2014: 563) it is vital to understand the nature of climate change in order to reduce its negative effects.
In order to study temperature trends during recent decades in Arak, the temperature data selected based on having sufficient temporal records for carrying out the investigation and also sufficient accuracy that extend from 1961 until the end of the 2010 which is the most length of accessible temperature data record in Iran. The data of daily temperature is derived from Meteorological Organization of Iran. An initial check was carried out in order to test the quality of data. The NCEP/NCAR data and HadcM3 under scenario A2 and B2 also are used in current study in order to modeling and predicting the temperature values.
In order to discover whether the negative/positive trend are governed the data, the temperature data subjected to Mann-Kendal trend test. In order to fit a proper model on each character of Arak's temperature, linear and non-linear regression models were used. The best models are chosen based on conformation of ordinary statistics and indices.
All the results are performed by SPSS and MATLAB softwares and depicted in figures and shapes. Statistical downscaling model is used to simulate and predict the temperature of Arak station by using SDSM software.
Results and discustion : According to our study, the best fitted models on annual mean temperature, annual minimum temperature average, and annual maximum temperature average are cubic and quadratic models, while these models are fitted on absolute maximum temperature for spring and winter. There are no non-linear model which be fitted on minimal absolute temperature, due to the huge variability in this parameter. Based on correlation and partial correlation analyses which is used in current study, the explanatory variables for annual mean temperature are Sea Level Pressure (SLP), 500 hpa geopotential height (500hpa HGT). The explanatory variables for mean maximum temperature are Vorticity at 500 hpa, 500hpa HGT, relative humidity at 500 hpa, and mean temperature at 2m. Ultimately explanatory variables for mean minimal temperature are SLP, 500hpa HGT, relative humidity at 500 hpa and also mean temperature at height of 2 meters. After calibrating with using estimated models and abovementioned variables for period of 1961 to 2010 the data is evaluated and it became clear that the difference between simulated data with recorded data is very low. Then bused on two scenario A2 and B2 the temperature variables of Arak are predicted. Based on scenario A2 and B2 during 100 years there will be about 0.24 and 0.19 degree centigrade increase in annual mean temperature, while 0.25 and 0.2 degree centigrade the mean maximum temperature will increased. The mean minimum temperature will increased by 0.19 and 0.16 degree centigrade.
According to our finding, the Arak temperature trends are non-linear during the study period (1961 to 2010). Average of minimal temperature during summer shows increasing trend. Therefore energy and water demanding are increases in summer. Absolute values of maximum temperature of winter and summer recently have increased during last two decades. So that, the snow melts will have accrued very fast during winter and spring in future. The result of current research and several other researches which are performed in Iran and also in global scale are testify on temperature increasing of cities and also certify the IPCC reports on increasing trends at least during five recent decades and continues increase at least during next two decades. This temperature increasing trends also can influence other climate variables such as evaporation, rainfall, relative humidity and so on and accordingly can effect human activities such as consuming energy, and human environment such as air pollution. Accordingly the environmental management as well as environmental planning should take this reality in their account.

In recent decades, problems of urban growth and land cover changes has been one of the most important issues on a global and national scale that different technologys were used for the recognition of the nature, dimension and functions of the aforesaid causes and process , among these the remote sensing technology due to its ability to produce high spatial and spectral resolution satellite images is known to be an effective tool for the detection and evaluation of changes. The present study is descriptive – analytical approach which uses Landsat ETM , TM, MSS images acquired in 1973, 1985, 2000 and 2011 in order to analyze the trend of land cover and land use changes. To obtain the magnitude of changes, band subtraction method and fuzzy logic were used. Satellite images were classified using Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) in ARCGIS10.1 software. Results show that as a consequence of increasing population and expanding of urban areas, fuzzy magnitude of changes were equal to 0.84843, 0.92983 and 0.92795 for the periods of 1973-1985, 2000-1985, and 2000-2011 respectively. The urban area have increased 7/6, 15/2, and 11/9 square kilometers during these three periods. And during 38 years, urban area has reached from 14.9 to 49.8 square kilometers which shows an average annual growth rate of 0.918 km2 and correlation between population growth and urban expansion is 0.976.

Any rehabilitation in urban، due to the nature of the economic، social، physical this area، the precision of their own demands Urban expansion and Deteriorated textures of inner cities، an important problems in most of third world cities. As a causal system، economic، social an environmental affects، in the inner and outside of the big cities، consequence of this process. Identifying and determining priorities for renovation with using quantitative models with respect of fivefold physical parameter (streets width، Area، quality، materials and land uses) is significant for regeneration of Deteriorated textures. This article aim is Determine of renovation priorities in Arak central district with 62 hectares area and 14352 people. Research method is Descriptive – analytical with using AHP and Fuzzy Logic models in Arc GIS software. The results indicated that with based of AHP and Fuzzy Logic، high priorities parcels، In terms of location، do not follow the same distribution but have greater density by nearing the city center and the historical textures that average area have been calculated of high priority parts in mentioned models 6. 5 hectares and 4. 43 hectares in most high-priority parts. Finally، by considering the special construction in mentioned parts، Specified the renovation capabilities and over 8،000 populations will be settled. The results indicated that with based of AHP and Fuzzy Logic، high priorities parcels، In terms of location، do not follow the same distribution but have greater density by nearing the city center and the historical textures that average area have been calculated of high priority parts in mentioned models 6. 5 hectares and 4. 43 hectares in most high-priority parts. Finally، by considering the special construction in mentioned parts، Specified the renovation capabilities and over 8،000 populations will be settled.

Integration projects in rural areas of lands have several benefits. The most important effects of consolidation plans include: economic, social and environmental aspects. The purpose of this research is to study the social effects of land consolidation projects in rural area, in Arak district. The data of this study was collected through completing questionnaires from whole households and interviewing some local experts connected to the “Ministry of Agriculture” and “Center for Consolidation Services” in Arak. The results show that in rural areas of Arak where consolidation projects were filled land consolidation has increased economic effects, as well as the water and land reduction saving the time and opportunity, social partnership, satisfaction on agricultural and social conditions.