جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « earthquakes » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Today, in addition to exploiting environmental resources, humans must be able to recognize environmental hazards and try to reduce their damages. The location of Iran in the Alpine-Himalaya mountain belt has made Iran one of the high-risk seismic areas, and the east of Iran is no exception to this rule. The fault activities of eastern Iran, especially east and west of Lut, are a serious threat to the residents of eastern Iran. The activity of old and young faults and the emergence of new faults have provided the basis for the occurrence of destructive earthquakes in these areas. And it still continues and has been able to provide problems for the population living in the east of Iran.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the Giv fault system in the occurrence of morphotectonic evidence and active tectonic analysis in the studied area, which has achieved favorable results according to the model used and the studied sources. The model used in this research, which is derived from similar examples in foreign sources, mostly deals with the destructive aspect of tectonics and has achieved the desired goals. Based on this, it should be seen if the morphotectonic evidence of the Giv fault system can be a sign of more activity and more threat in this part of the range (southern domain of Baghran mountains) or not? After studying various sources, the sources that answer the research questions were selected and further analyzed, and the conceptual model derived from these sources, which has a qualitative-analytical aspect, was used. Therefore, according to the main objectives of this research, which follows the destructive and instantaneous tectonic aspect, sources were selected that provided the most information to answer the research question, the sum of the information expressing the active tectonics in the studied area.

The Giv fault system is a part of the Nehbandan-Kash fault in the east of the Lut block, and in the Giv plain, north-east of the Lut, with an almost west-east direction, it passes through the south of the Giv village and continues to Deh Mir and Karijgan in the west of the Giv plain. Giv village is located in Khosf County in South Khorasan province and in the center of Giv plain, south of Baghran Birjand Mountains and north of Shah Mountain.
The current research is of applied and developmental research type, and according to the history of seismicity of the region and historical data, it can be a step in the direction of knowing the seismic risk areas and also reminds the local residents to be more prepared. The conceptual model used in this research, which is derived from similar foreign examples, examines mostly the destructive aspect of tectonics.
In this research, the library work started by collecting and receiving a series of domestic and foreign sources, followed by the translation of foreign sources over a long period of time. Also, statistics and information were received from Geological Organization and Geophysics Institute, Birjand University, Birjand Seismological Center. Field studies, interviews, surveys and field measurements, using geological and topographic maps and satellite images, and using Google Earth and Arc GIS software, analysis and synthesis of information were carried out. Most of the data were used as qualitative data and to some extent quantitative data in the analysis.

The morphotectonic evidence in the studied area indicates a high risk of seismicity in the Giv fault pack, which is more dangerous than other parts of the Giv fault system.All the evidences such as uplift and cliffs in the south of Giv, significant change of the bridge river near the mouth and bed digging in this section show the uplift and activity of the South Giv fault and the travertine formation associated with the earthquake in the south of Giv, as well as the evidence of the growth of the Young Giv fold in 5 km. North of Giv village, such as the deviation of Pol and Minakhan rivers and excavation of the Minakhan river bed (Antecedence phenomenon), the presence of three generations of alluvial fans in the vicinity of the Young Giv fold, all indicate active tectonics and the rise of the Giv fold and the occurrence of destructive earthquakes. All the above-mentioned evidences are a serious alarm for the residents of Giv fault, especially Giv village, and require more study work, strengthening of villages, and proper planning for construction works so that the past tragic events of Giv village do not repeat in the future and this issue is taken into consideration in the discussion of land development.

The present study is a field research with a descriptive-analytical approach and seeks to answer the basic question: What are the key components of increasing physical resilience in the 10th district of Tehran in the future according to the current situation? In this research, in order to codify a theoretical framework at first, the subject is described in detail using the documentary method, literature and theoretical foundations, and then by relying on the environmental scanning technique and the Delphi method, the experimental data is extracted. The statistical population includes 20 urban experts and specialists. Also, the sampling method used is a purposive sampling. In the first step of the research, based on the review of theoretical texts and documents about resilience and dysfunctional urban texture with emphasis on the physical dimension, 41 variables were extracted and then in the next step, experts' opinions regarding the outcomes of these variables on each other through distribution of 20 Questionnaires were collected and finally the answers were analyzed using structural interaction analysis method in MICMAC software. In this analysis, the extent of direct and indirect effects of variables on each other and on the future trend of physical resilience in the district 10 of Tehran against earthquake was determined and then the key explanatory factors of the research topic were extracted. In the other words, out of a total of 41 influential initial variables, 11 variables were chosen as the key factors affecting the future trend of physical resilience in the district 10 of Tehran in the face of earthquakes. The aftermath of this study represents that the relationships of key components are so effectual and impressionable.

Analysis of Javanrud Urban Land Use Vulnerability to Earthquake Using Network Analysis (ANP) and Geographic Information System (GIS)Extended AbstractNatural and human memories are always a threat to human life. In recent decades, despite scientific advances and prediction of disasters and crisis management, natural disasters continue to cost significant costs to human societies. Where Iran is among the 10 most blasphemous countries in the world and among the natural disasters of earthquake in Iran, It is of particular importance to its attention, Because of its many other natural disasters, it also has many casualties and injuries.Javanrood city located in western Iran, It has a unique position and special conditions for earthquake hazards. In the present study using ANP and Super Decision and ARC GIS softwares using Javanrood land use data, 30 * 30 m DEM and ground map Geology 1: 100,000 After explaining the principles, the objectives of the vulnerability maps needed to identify the danger zones were achieved. The results indicate that about 20% of Javanrood urban areas are moderately vulnerable to this type of hazard and do not provide a good physical structure within the context of earthquake management; The seals of the city are more vulnerable due to being located on the high margins of the city and inadequate bedrock, high elevation and slope and more floors than other units.methodology Material: In this research, using ANP and using super decision software and ARC GIS software, using Land area data, 30 * 30 meters DEM and geology map 1: 100,000, After explaining the principles, objectives and considerations of inactive defense and analysis of the passive defense approach in urban areas, the vulnerability maps needed to identify risk areas were identified and, finally, strategies for inertial defense measures related to urban management Provided.

Network analysis process (ANP), method used in this research is one of the multivariate decision-making techniques Which is very similar to the AHP method and in a better way, this is The expanded form of the hierarchical analysis process. This was proposed by Thomas El Saaty in 1996, Also this process, new theory is that the network structure of the successor to the hierarchical structure has been. This method takes into account the complex relationship between decision elements through the replacement of a hierarchical structure with a network structure. For this reason, in recent years, the use of ANP has increased in most areas. The network analysis method consists of 4 steps.Step One: Modeling and Explaining the ProblemStep Two: Matrix Pair Comparison Matrix and Estimate Relative WeightStage Three: Formation of Primary SupermatrixStage Four: Formation of Weight SupermatrixStep 5: The weighted supermatrix is large enough for the matrix elements to converge and their row values to be equal.Step 6: Calculate the final weight of the criteria.

The research results show that Javanrood city can be divided into three old, new and marginal areas. In the central part of the city, due to the ancient texture of the city Also, the vast majority of administrative, commercial and service centers in these regions have been of special importance since the last periods. In general, the longer the life of the building, the greater the wear resistance of the materials as well as the use of low materials in the past, the resistance of the buildings to the earthquake is reduced and the level of vulnerability will be higher. Relief centers and health centers are among the most important urban services in the event of accidents for citizens and residents of the city. As the distance from these centers increases, timely relief to citizens is reduced, resulting in a higher level of vulnerability. Existence of open spaces and green spaces in the city's neighborhoods, In addition to affecting the ability to escape and shelter residents and reduce the number of injuries, it can also be temporary accommodation centers. So, both during and after the earthquake, it is effective in reducing damage. Slope as one of the factors affecting the vulnerability of residential buildings and urban facilities to natural factors such as earthquakes, As the slope increases, the vulnerability to earthquakes increases and vice versa. The bedrock type is the most important environmental factor in the earthquake waves are affected by moving away and passing alluvial layers. The bedrock factors are known as the effect of the site. effects of the site as a resonance of earthquake waves, changes in the characteristics of seismic waves such as amplitude, Frequency and durability of the strong movement.

In general, the longer the building life, the more the building will be resistant to earthquakes and the greater the vulnerability due to the increased material burnout and use of past durable materials. Also, the buildings have moderate vulnerability in the suburbs, which has the most statistics and high vulnerability buildings are mainly related to the housing of the city's seals, due to their higher margins and height and the number of bedrock and more floors. Finally about 20 percent of the built-up spaces of Javanrud city have a moderate to high vulnerability to these types of hazards does not provide a desirable body structure within the framework of the earthquake management discussion. Marginal neighborhoods in the area of high vulnerability, as well as seals of the city, are more vulnerable due to the high elevation of the city and the inappropriate bedrock and the height and slope and the number of floors more than other units. The residential space and land use of this city are represented and presented in a way that can lead to a great human catastrophe and disaster in case of lack of attention and proper planning with the approach to earthquake control. Therefore, it is imperative that the city's management and institutions take action plans and measures to reduce the vulnerability of these areas by looking at passive defense.

Earthquakes in urban areas worldwide have become a significant concern for residents and city administrators because of potential losses to life and widespread damage to urban infrastructure that occurs after the earthquake. Iran is considered one of the most critical countries globally. Almost all of its regions are subject to medium to large earthquakes. Tehran, as the capital of the country, is no exception to this rule. Since 1830, no earthquake has ever experienced severe earthquakes.

This study aims to prepare an earthquake scenario and identify regions prone to earthquake risk in Tehran City.

The information about the earthquake in Tehran is calculated based on the previous studies of the prevention and management of the Tehran crisis, according to distance and fault arrangement, and the depth of the earthquake. The results were calculated based on three seismic scenarios of Parchin, Niavaran, Moshae, and Varmin, and for each of these scenarios, there was a map of human and construction loss. Considering that the point is given to each of the 500 x 500 networks in each scenario, the most considerable amount obtained in each scenario is presented to the networks mentioned above as the resultant of scenarios, and the consequent result is presented as the resulting maps of an earthquake.

Different maps have been prepared based on possible earthquake scenarios. The most critical situation is considered by comparing each cell, and in the end, the critical map of the earthquake and the identification of critical areas are presented. As a simple software and with the help of GIS software, RADIUS software can help managers and urban planners reach a flexible urban environment. In the earthquake, most of the earthquake damage and the earthquake-related to the fault will be Niavaran. Most of the casualties in the northeast of Tehran will be due to the population density, which is required to pay attention to urban managers in these areas to emergency housing centers, hospitals, and more attention to construction considerations in these areas.

The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of Crisis Management local managers to reduce vulnerable before the earthquake the rural Settlements in the study area is. And seek to answer these questions, whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquake vulnerable villages in the study area, there is a significant relationship? Whether in terms of local management and reduce earthquake vulnerable villages in the study area, there is a significant relationship? Research Methodology The cross-correlation method based on field studies and applied research type. The population of the investigation, including Gilo district is the city functions Tarom With 3185 households in 1390, based on the revised formula Cochrane total of 155 questionnaires were randomly distributed between households and has been completed. To analyze the data descriptive and inferential statistics (t single sample and Pearson, Pearson's chi-square test and compromise) and to assess the level of knowledge management in terms of spatial distribution in rural areas Vaykor model is used. Findings Research findings showed that the majority of the variables, except for the third variable (the executive body of programs, information on events and vulnerabilities village of the region based on knowledge of local managers have been used in the prevention of earthquake. The results showed that among all other factors lower than average utility (3), respectively. And lower than average level of knowledge of local managers. The tests also showed that the level of favorability numbers is significant and the difference is negative.

Earthquake is considered to be the most destructive natural disaster causing/which causes human casualties and considerable economic losses in our country,Iran.The injuries and damages are far more severe in older city tissues because of their older tissues anddistinctive and unique structures. However, these tissues as a part of the city are a symbol of early human civilization.Since these tissues are vulnerable to natural incidents, especially earthquakes, their repairment and sustenance seem to be of special importance. The old texture area of Ilam is 374 hectares, 19% ofwhich covers old sectors and central tissues. Descriptive-analytic and field method was used to analyze the data.
The aim of this study was to review and evaluate the vulnerability rate of the old texture of Ilam city in terms of suchindexes as types of materials, buildings age, number of floors, type of use, occupancy level, quality of buildings, buildings area, population density, and streets width.
The results showed that construction materials accounted for the largest weight while other factors were just a function of the materials used for construction. As we use more durable construction materials, while observing engineering principals,for urban construction, the buildings will be less vulnerable to earthquakes. Vulnerability output map indicated that in the total area, with the exception of passages, the vulnerability levels were as follows: 8.9 percent too much vulnerability, 59% high vulnerability, 23% moderate vulnerability, 3.6% low vulnerability and 5.5% very low vulnerability. Totally, based on the above indexes, 67.9 percent of the old texture area are vulnerable.

In the later development models which have been promoted by the international organizations, for improving the quality of urban life and achieving sustainable urban development, a pattern of good urban governance will be presented, on the basis of which, health, order and security, progress and welfare can be achieved, simultaneously. Theory of good urban governance which is accepted by elites and experts and is emphasized by international organizations, in particular Habitat, intends to make cities more efficient, equitable, safer and more sustainable. The objective of this study is an Analysis of the role of good urban governance in reducing urban housing vulnerability against earthquake. The present study is applied and also descriptive-correlation research in terms of purpose and also in terms of way of collecting data, respectively. In the data analysis, the structural equation modeling technique was used with smart pls 3 software to examine the conceptual model of the research. In this study, indexes of participation, legitimacy, transparency, collective agreement, taking responsibility, justice, accountability, and efficiency and effectiveness were used by means of 38 questions. The population of the study is urban planners who were selected as 40 numbers as a sample using purposeful sampling. The results of this study show that all good urban governance indexes are important in reducing housing vulnerability. Therefore, in creating sustainable and safe cities, participation of people, observance of laws, respect for others rights, justice and equality, taking responsibility and responsiveness, transparency of city managers and city official's performance vis-à-vis citizens leads to increased efficiency and effectiveness; and finally, leads to a good urban governance approach that can ensure and reduce the housing vulnerability.

Disaster risk which is the potential loss expressed in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, can occur in a particular community or a society due to the impact of a natural hazard. Disaster Risk Reduction is a systematic approach to identify, assess and reduce that risk. Or (in identifying, assessing, and reducing …) To be specific, the purpose of this or (the current) approach is to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout an education factors (throughout an educational factor Or throughout educational factors) to avoid or limit the adverse impacts of natural hazards.
Knowledge and education are recognized as the key components of disaster risk management. Occurrence of enormous disaster in the world shows ( or pinpoints) the need to use (or for using , in order to prevent repetition of the same structure) knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. The role of education for disaster risk reduction strategies can thus be presented based on three types of activities, including Save lives and prevent injuries should a hazardous event occur; Prevent interruptions to the provision of education, or ensure its swift resumption in the event of an interruption, and finally Develop a resilient population which is able to reduce the economic, social and cultural impacts should a hazardous event occur. Education for Disaster Risk Reduction promotes critical thinking and problem-solving as well as social and emotional life skills which are essential to the empowerment of groups threatened or affected by disasters.
Iran is crossed by several major faults, 90% of whom are seismically active and subject to many earthquakes each year. Qazvin Province, which is located among active zones, suffers less earthquakes, but these may be more powerful because stresses have longer to build. Occurring earthquakes often affected rural settlement and societies. The main aim of the article is to respond how is the role of education in risk management and decreasing vulnerability level of rural areas based on earthquake in Qazvin province? The purposes of this article are to outline the existing seismic risk in Qazvin and to identify the crucial role of education in advancing culture of safety and the resilience of Qazvin rural communities to destructive earthquakes.
From objective points of view, this paper is practical kind of research and from analytic points of view; it would be categorized as the qualitative and quantitative research. The information contained in this article is based on a variety of sources and have been collected by means of both documentary and questionnaire techniques.
This research has adopted or adopts the qualitative and quantitative methods to respond to (or to answer a basic question) a basic question. To formulate the strategies of earthquake risk reduction 29 villages were selected by cluster sampling and then it was estimated the samples by Cochrane method. For data collection, 386 households were selected by random method.
According to the research topic, the main criteria divided into two groups: formal and informal education. The formal education includes indicators as the number of showed films, corrugated education about earthquake and the informal education encompasses indices as the effect of media or institutions raising awareness for earthquake, the effect of the earthquake, affected rural and peoples and finally experiences concerning the earthquake training.
Based on the results of the current research, the level of education plays an important role in enhancing the effects of hazards and ensuing vulnerability of rural areas after the occurrence of natural hazards (earthquakes).
The result of this research also shows that the rural or regions of Qazvin province are the more vulnerable and the range of knowledge of peoples about earthquake risk is low. It is necessary to consider the earthquake risk management to (or so as to) decrease the earthquake risk among the studied regions/areas in all earthquake phases. In order to reduce the vulnerability of rural settlements in Qazvin County, it is necessary to increase awareness and knowledge.
Regarding/ considering the results of this research and the role of education in risk reduction to reduce the vulnerability of rural spaces, some strategies such as strengthening disaster risk management awareness, increasing knowledge among rural residents, improving communication skills regarding/concerning disaster risk management have been proposed.

Urban Resilience is a relatively new concept in urban studies and urban planning Therefore, urban planning plays a crucial role in the formation cities of flexibility. Strategic planning for these activities should be subject to adapt to the urban physical. Therefore, in order to prevent further loss and damage needs to study the dimensions of the subject. A study of nature application – development and analytical approach to the issue is addressed in Ilam. Because the seismic predictions based on statistical methods can give satisfactory results; This research using quantitative models, COPRAS and μd, software GRAFER, MINITAB, VISIO, Excel and SPSS to examine the issue. The results of the 5 on the Richter scale model based on an average of the separate areas of 14 districts were ranked. In other words, the social damage - physical in the earthquake of 5 Mercalli using variable weight combination in the areas Finally, the resilience was determined in Ilam. COPRAS model based on the mean of resilience in against 65 percent.

Rural areas are the first vulnerable region in the face of natural hazards and are not insured against such risks. These areas, depending on their geographical location is affected by specific natural hazards due to more extreme poverty and the limited knowledge and technology compared to other human settlements against natural hazards are more vulnerable. For this reason, use of the potential of rural areas to reduce vulnerability is imperative. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of creating capacity in the Anjirab rural district to reduce the amount of possible damages caused by earthquake. The purpose has been used descriptive - analytical method and field surveys. The study population was Anjirab rural district at Gorgan city which 4 populated village of this rural district, including Mohammadabad, Akbarabad, Zangian and Sadabad is selected and 200 heads of households were selected using Cochran formula and questionnaire was distributed randomly between them. Results obtained using the Friedman test and Spearman Spss software represent Anjirab rural district high capacity in physical- spatial and institutional dimensions.

It has been known that weak structural foundation of rural area of Iran has been the most important element of obstacle on Rural development. In these human settlement meanwhile, natural hazards such as floods and earthquakes impose serious damages on its socio – economic organization as well as physical structures. In such state, renewal of damaged villages rising from of natural hazards, with rational approach to planning, and the government intervention in use location – spatial arrangement is the end senario and resettlment of damaged villages is such an approach.That among these neglected and are located in rural people and what matters will be the result of spatial and physical reconstruction programs. This validation study with emphasis on implications of social, economic and spatial strategies for rural resettlement after disasters natural (earthquakes) to measure an outcome of this abgarm county of Ardebil in district villages during the earthquake were destroyed in 1375 deals. This research provided the following reviews outcome indicators for rural resettlement after natural disasters (earthquake) is. Looking at three aspects of social (social cohesion, social cohesion and sense of place), the economic consequences (job changes, income) and physical consequences (the destruction of pastures, changing pattern of housing, agricultural land use change and the rate of access to infrastructure services ) were performed. Research - descriptive and analytical methods, including documents and field data collection (observation, interview and questionnaire) is

In this research has been tried to do a statistically study in Iran and geomorphic zones to open a statistically discussion about time of earthquakes and their probably correlation to amount of rainfalls at some days before earthquakes.Earthquakes including 4 Richter and above records was obtained from site of IIEES (International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and seismology ) and the rainfall records occurring 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 days before the earthquakes occurrence (DFEO). All of data and then data relation to each geomorphic states sort on excel spreadsheet and analyzed at 19 version of SPSS software using to different tests. X2 test and phi test show that there isnt any significant difference between occurrence of earthquakes frequency at day times and nights during 30 years. Spearman correlation coefficient didn’t show a significant relationship between amount of rainfalls during 4 periods (10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 DFEO) and earthquakes. X2 test and Cramer's V test also showed a poor association between rainfalls and earthquakes numbers. However, more study on data elucidate that it can find a significant correlation at some years. Results showed there is a relation between frequencies of occurrence rainfalls for 10 DFEO and frequencies of earthquakes at the Zagros state. Nonetheless, it wasnt observed any relation when the rainfalls under 10 mm unaccounted in analysis. So, this clears that more earthquakes at the Zagros state occurred at lack or less rainfall situation. But, a more study on data during the time periods showed a significant relation for 10 and 15 DFEO in 1996 on which occurrence of earthquakes has increased along with increasing of precipitation to 38 mm limit namely, among of 52 earthquakes, 14 cases of earthquakes have included more than 10 mm and less than 38 mm rainfall, whiles, it has occurred 28 cases of earthquake when rainfalls have passed from 38 mm limit.

The Earth's crust is composed of various landforms. These forms are constantly changing. In this change, both of internal and external factors have a decisive role. The Internal factors led to the formation of the primary structure and external factors that cause erosion, deformation and destruction of these forms. Areas that have been affected by these activities confronted by various geomorphological forms, the alluvial fans were formed by different causes in this highlands. This study is an attempt to study the influence of tectonic on the formation and development of alluvial fans in the northwestern slopes of Sahand, calculate the seismic generating power of faults, and evaluate the seismic zoning of the risk arising from fault position on the alluvial fans and human activities. Sahand Mountain is located in the northwestern Iran with a geographical coordination of 37°07'to 38°02' North and 45°53' to 47°00' East. The total area of alluvial fans is 29.874297 square kilometers. This massive mountainous acreage covers an area of 8,000 square kilometers.
Material and In this study, 1: 25,000 maps of National Cartographic Center were used as the basic maps to identify tophographical units and location of alluvial fans. The geological map of 1: 100,000 were used to identify faults and geological formations of the region. Aerial photos of 1: 50,000, 1: 40000.1: 20000, from this area as well as satellite images were used in the completion of studies. After identifying alluvial fans and their initial review of the documents, the seismic data of the area was collected. Fault zones were detected by studying available geological maps, and their most important ones were drawn to the field of satellite imagery. Then, the seismic characteristics of the region were analyzed and a list of earthquakes were collected in radial expansion of 300 kilometers .The seismic potential of active faults from the initial parameters related to earthquake risk assessment were calculated using zarei, Ashjaei and Navrozi's formulas.
The impact of tectonic activity in the form of alluvial fans were analyzed by these indicators: the effects of tectonic on alluvial fans using the index Vf ; calculation of Vf on the alluvial fans of the area shows that only two alluvial fans (6 and 7) of the index are between 1-2 and other alluvial fans index are smaller than 1. The effects of tectonics on alluvial fans using the curvature index: the results of the study show that the alluvial fans of numbers 2, 3, 5, 9 have the smallest curvature coefficient and alluvial fans 6, 7 and 10 have gained the largest amount of curvature coefficient.
According to the results of this study that indicates tectonic activity status (fault) on the surface of the alluvial fans, high seismic potential of faults represent a high risk arising activity of faults in the surface of alluvial fans. Hence, any activity in the alluvial fans (build settlements, communication lines, construction projects, etc.) needs preparation and special considerations so that the losses of the operation can be reduced to a minimum. Values obtained indicate that the role of tectonic activity in the region has been higher on the alluvial fan because of the proximity of the large faults in the studied area. 2 faults in the region have the highest longitude. The risk of these faults are threatening Tabriz and Khosrowshahr cities with widespread devastation.

Nowadays, the city’s vulnerability to earthquakes is world’s major problem that is expert’s concern in various fields. Technical and historical studies of earthquake in Iran shows that devastating earthquakes along the Dorouneh fault, in many cases leads to deterioration and death of hundreds and sometimes thousands of people. Bardaskan, due to the presence of several active faults around and within it, is in a high risk of earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to determine the vulnerability of urban elements, using models and methods in reducing the vulnerability of this city against earthquake. To reach this purpose, 16 physical and spatial factors affecting the vulnerability of urban space were identified at the global level then using location data, structural elements description, building behavior data, and determining the impact of each criteria in vulnerability level, an appropriate estimation of city’s vulnerability to earthquake were presented in the framework of integrated and planning models such as fuzzy and Inversion Hierarchical Weight Process. We also discussed building damage modeling and micro-zoning against earthquake by presenting earthquake scenarios at different intensities. The results of this study show that by moving from the south to the north of Bardaskan, the vulnerability of the building’s block are increased. Earthquake scenarios modeling in the intensity of 6 and 8 Mercalli shows the vulnerability of the building were based on the 3, 1, 6, 5, 4 and 2 section respectively. The main reasons for this state are locating near the fault, peak ground acceleration, high density and low quality of building construction and building materials.

The study of seismology in different geomorphologic zones to detect particular behavioral patterns in the region is the main goal of this research. So، geomorphic zones were separated and 30 years of data depth، magnitude and frequency of earthquakes were attributed in GIS for each geomorphic zone. Then the data were saved for each zone separately extensively and analyzed in SPSS and Minitab software and then compared. The results showed that among 9 morphologic zones، Zagros and the Caspian zones are the most irregular situation. The relative density of earthquakes is high in the Zagros، but the occurrence of earthquakes is less in this area than other zones. The biggest b values assigned to this area، but there was not a completely regular increasing trend towards the depths. Relative density of earthquakes in the Caspian is not high، but big earthquakes are more. A 16 English Abstracts minimum value of b belonged to this zone and finally، b changes to the depth were chaotic. Other zones had some characteristics some of which can be placed into one of the two Zagros or Caspian zones، however they have a regular pattern in their b changes toward depths. Therefore the east، northeast and north zones are about similar to Caspian zone and south plain and northwest zones are similar to Zagros zone. Central of Iran and Makran zones show intermediate characteristics.

Khark Island is located in the southern margin of the Zagros folded belt in the northeast of the Arabian plate. This study is focused on active geological characteristics of the area understudy, where there is defined 11 seismogenic zones. The seismicity parameters are assessed for these zones based on seismicity characteristics, as well as the return period of the earthquakes. Using the reliable attenuation relationships, the seismic hazard zoning maps are developed in which the PGA of 0.36 is found for the 475 years return period.

Despiteachievement to greattechnologyinpast centuries, earthquakesare still unbridled. When an earthquakeoccurs, thecity will beaffected. In other words,not only different pants of city will be affectedby earthquakeand its otherresult but also other elements of city will be affected in systematic reciprocal function. Oneof the most elementsisstreet networks which will be blocked because of their length and widthand also after earthquake.they may interfere in emergency evacuation and relief activities. So in this project, it will be presented one model for assessment of damages and vulnerabilities of streets.Also according to the position of police centers, each center will have gained the longitudinal and transverse obstruction.The method of this project is based on analytical anddescriptive method and according to its aim it is practical. The target population are includes all major and minor streets of KermanIn order to obtainthe appropriateroutes, GISmapsofthe city of Kerman is applied.After doing thenecessary studiesand obtaining results, thelongitudinal and transverse Obstructionof the anypolice stations inthe city of Kermanhas beenidentified and their effectiveness was determined after an earthquake.The results indicate that the block length and cross each station in each region is different. Some centers are clogging up for this purpose can bring relief disorders.

Ranking rural settlements based on the degree vulnerability to natural hazards is a crucial issue in risk management and reduces their vulnerability. The purpose of the research Recognition and design process of multi-criteria decision analysis model (KOPRAS) in rural settlements based on the degree of physical vulnerability to natural hazards (earthquakes)، To achieve it through a literature review، collection components and indicators of physical vulnerability of Chalan Cholan one of rural district affected to natural hazards (earthquakes) have been performed. Research methodology descriptive and analytic; Based on 13 indicators of physical vulnerability، Information about the vulnerability of these villages in 2006 earthquakes were collected، and In the process of doing the normalization and weighting factors were used in the model، and based on Villages studied were ranking. Finding and The results of this study indicate as for diverse and fragmented nature of physical vulnerability indicators، these models can be having capability high-ranking settlements vulnerability against earthquakes. And accordingly an effective step towards a successful program to reduce the adverse effects of natural hazards and reduce the vulnerability of settlements to be prone to the risks، So that the results of the (KOPRAS) Model show that the villages zargaran olea، Karkhane sefid kon and pahlavan kol most vulnerable and villages Heshmat abad، Behzad abad and Beatan have been least vulnerability in Lorestan earthquake of 2006 selakhor plain.

Annually, earthquake damnify many countries dramatically and damages human communities physically and psychologically. Regarding absolute annual average of people facing earthquake threat, Iran ranks 7th in Asia and 13th in the world. Throughout history, Qiru Karzin city has always faced devastating earthquakes which have resulted in many losses and damages in rural and urban areas. In this regard, spatial information system can play an influential role in identifying areas facing earthquake hazard, their dispersion, the quality of physical structure in danger and analyzing economic, social and demographic features of the area in danger. The present study seeks to identify secure and unsecure zones and find appropriate locations for crisis management bases in Qiru Karzin. To reach this goal, information received from different criteria is studied and classified into three classes of natural variables, physical variables and institutional-management variables. Then, information layers of different criteria are entered into GIS environment and standardized using Fuzzy linear functions. Later, maps are integrated using Fuzzy Plus. Finally, appropriate and inappropriate zones are identified regarding risk taking and construction of crisis management bases. According to the research results, three villages were selected based on their capability for creating crisis management bases in three levels. These villages will aid rural municipalities (Dehyaris) in the process of crisis management in Qiru Karzin and in reaching goals of crisis management bases using geographic information system capabilities.

Iran is one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world. Almost 90% of Iran is located in an earthquake belt. Based on seismic zoning maps, Tehran metropolitan area is highly dangerous and unsafe. Tehran’s district 1 is situated in one of the main Tehran's faults called North Tehran fault. Since recognizing the deleterious factors plays an important role in reducing earthquake dangers, so analysis of these factors can have a significant role in controlling the harmful factors and reducing death toll and financial losses. The main goal of this study is to identify the most important predisposing factors which result from earthquakes in Tehran's district 1, also to distinguish target areas according to their level of vulnerability as high, moderate and low is another aim of this paper. Data and information collected in this study are spatial, statistical and descriptive. The method of research is descriptive-analytic. In this paper, also the geographical information systems (GIS) have been used. The results indicate that the most important predisposing factors in the region are by an order of preference: the distance from the fault, the slope of the land, proximity of incompatibilities with applications, the building's life, population density, lack of access to open spaces and urban areas are parts. The most vulnerable regions of this area are 8-6-10-4 respectively.