جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urban sustainability » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

In the era of knowledge, the rapid advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) is considered a crucial factor in addressing the growing environmental, social, and economic challenges in urban areas. Knowledge-based cities, leveraging this technology, are at the forefront of enhancing the quality of life for residents and the efficiency of services towards achieving sustainable urban development. This study aims to explore the potential and application of ICT in knowledge-based urban development. The data analyzed were collected through a survey of 66 experts from the Deputy of Urban Planning in the 22 districts of Tehran Municipality, ensuring theoretical saturation. Structural equation modeling and the partial least squares approach, utilizing SmartPLS3 software, were employed for data analysis. The findings indicate that the variables of ICT application and potential, as well as knowledge-based urban development in Tehran, and their respective components, scored an average ranging from 3.5 to 4.3 on a 5-point Likert scale, suggesting a relatively stable status. Furthermore, the coefficient for the impact of ICT application and potential on knowledge-based urban development exceeded 0.96, confirming the main model of this research. The outcome suggests that investing in research and development of ICT can serve as a solution to overcome the limitations of knowledge-based urban development in the Tehran metropolis.

One of the challenges faced by urban planners is optimal urban and regional management and balance in the development of cities. the main goal of this research is to measure the economic and social stability of the cities of Mazandaran province during the census of 1385 and 1400. The current descriptive-analytical research method was carried out using the data of government agencies and the census of 1385 and 1400. In order to identify the components of sustainability, 30 professors in the field of urban planning were selected as the sample size. Measuring the economic and social stability of Mazandaran cities in the censuses of 1385 and 1400 is considered an innovation of this research. In order to evaluate the sustainability of the cities of Mazandaran province using questionnaires that were completed by experts in the field of urban planning; Among the models of stability barometer, radar, and electricity, stability factors were ranked. At the end, with the Copeland technique, the final ranking was determined. The results of the sustainability measurement techniques showed that the cities of Sari, Babol, Amel, Qaimshahr, Tankabon and Chalus have higher ranks in terms of sustainability. Also, the cities of Mazandaran province have had different stability, and the problem of instability is more related to small and medium-sized cities in terms of size, and more related to economic issues in terms of indicators. Therefore, it is possible to provide the stability and development of cities by implementing the solutions obtained from this research

In the era of climate change, ensuring food security through the utilization of agricultural lands in and around cities is paramount. These lands are threatened by urban expansion, and their preservation requires the support of urban planners. This research examines the issue of repurposing urban agricultural land for other urban uses from a social practice perspective rather than a physical or legal one. The article explores why and how changes in agricultural land use occur and the potential for intervention, guidance, and management of this process from a social practice standpoint. The case study focuses on agricultural lands in the west of Tabriz city over more than 50 years, from the approval of the first urban plan to the present. The study employs historical reconstruction for analysis. “Sayings” are analyzed using texts from urban development plans, while “doings” are derived from maps of the current situation from different years and interviews with long-time neighborhood residents. The findings indicate that changes in the three sources of meanings, materials, and competence have altered social practices in different periods during this period. If this continues, it could lead to changes in land use methods. Also, multiple meanings and corresponding materials and competence coexisted during each period, weakening or strengthening the dominant social practice. Throughout the period, the differing perspectives of urban management, landowners, and citizens have influenced the process of social practice.

The deteriorated areas of cities, caused by their physical, economic, and social characteristics results in decay and separation from other metropolitan areas. The aim of this study was to assess the indicators of urban livability in the historical areas of Kermanshah City.

This is an applied study that was conducted in 2023-2024 in Kermanshah City. After preparing a list of factors, a questionnaire with 38 questions was prepared and evaluated by the expert community. After content validity assessment and the removal of duplicate questions based on expert opinions, the questionnaire items were reduced to 32. The research population in the next stage included all residents of the historical fabric of Kermanshah City (n=378). Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test method and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).

The social, cultural, economic, and managerial aspects of urban livability in the historical fabric of Kermanshah City were in unfavorable condition, while the environmental condition was desirable, and the physical condition was in an average conditions. The AHP technique provided the highest weight to the economic index and the lowest weight to the managerial index.

Among the indices of urban livability, the economic index had the highest level of importance and priority.

Today, public spaces in cities are more than ever the scene of the presence and manifestation of the collective and daily life of citizens, for this reason these spaces play a significant role in the mental health of citizens. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of public spaces in the mental health of citizens of Region 2 of Kermanshah Municipality. This article is based on the purpose of applied research and based on the nature of a descriptive and analytical research. Library method and questionnaire tool were used to collect data. For this purpose, 384 citizens of the 2nd region of Kermanshah were selected as a statistical population using Cochran's formula, and questionnaires were distributed among them by a simple random method and information was collected. The results of the research showed that women's mental health in public spaces is at a higher level than men's, but there is no significant difference in mental health between single and married people, but there is a significant difference in mental health between owners and tenants. and people who own their own residential houses have better mental health than renters. Also, the results of examining the indicators of public spaces and the level of mental health using the Pearson correlation test indicate that the correlation between urban public spaces and the mental health of citizens is at a significant level of 0.001, the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.183, which indicates that the relationship There is a strong relationship between the components of public spaces and the level of mental health of citizens

One of the challenges encountered by urban planners pertains to achieving optimal management and balance in the development of urban and regional areas. In relation to this matter, the primary objective of this study was to assess and analyze the trajectory of economic and social stability in the cities of Mazandaran province during the 2006 and 2021 censuses.

This study, characterized as descriptive-analytical in nature, relied on data obtained from government agencies and the aforementioned censuses conducted in 2006 and 2021. To determine the components of sustainability, a sample of 30 experts was selected using a simple random method. The questionnaire's validity and reliability were established through the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Subsequently, the stability of 16 cities in Mazandaran province during the 2006 census and 22 cities during the 2021 census was evaluated employing the stability barometer, Electr, and Vicor models. Finally, the cities' sustainability was assessed through the utilization of the Copeland technique, which enabled the determination of the final ranking.

The findings from the utilization of sustainability evaluation methodologies demonstrated varying degrees of sustainability among cities. Additionally, the economic and social indicators revealed that the cities of Sari, Babol, Amel, Qaimshahr, Tonkabon, and Chalus exhibit higher levels of sustainability. Moreover, the city of Sari has consistently upheld its position of superiority due to its centralization in political-administrative affairs and the implementation of growth pole strategies, leading to the concentration of economic, political, and social activities and resources within the province.

In conclusion, the cities within the Mazandaran province have encountered distinct levels of stability, with the issue of instability primarily affecting small and medium-sized cities in terms of their scale, and predominantly associated with economic matters when considering indicators. Consequently, the implementation of solutions derived from this research offers the potential to foster stability and facilitate the development of cities.

Today, the increasing level of urban population and migration has caused new challenges in the structure and performance of cities in environmental, socio-cultural, and economic issues. Urban sustainability is a concept that emerged as a new paradigm in the world following the sustainable development plan, and it is an approach that leads to social justice. It is necessary to provide a suitable basis for evaluating and measuring environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability in urban planning and development. Arak metropolis is one of the most polluted cities in the country. The purpose of the present study is to measure the sustainability of Arak city zones from the citizens' point of view to show the quality of different city zones.

The city of Arak, the capital of Markazi Province, has 5 municipal zones and a population of 520,994 in 2016. Regarding geomorphology and geology, Arak is located in a valley surrounded by mountains on three sides and the Miqan desert. With the establishment of several industrial plants, such as machine building and metal industries, in the 1940s, the city became polluted environmentally. The required data and information were collected by secondary and field study using a questionnaire; in order to achieve the objectives of the research, 4 main indicators and 13 sub-indices related to sustainability in Arak were defined from reliable sources in this field and adjusted in the form of a 5-option questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale from very high to very low. The statistical population of the research consists of all the citizens of Arak city who are over 20 years old and have a history of living in Arak city for over 5 years (due to the understanding of the dimensions of the research), which is 384 as sample size. Stratified sampling based on urban neighborhoods were exerted to distribute the questionnaires. In order to measure the validity of the research questionnaire, the opinions of 10 experts commented on the primary version. Also, in order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was exerted, and the reliability coefficient was obtained above 0.70 percent, which confirmed the reliability. Finally, the collected information was analyzed using GIS and SPSS26. To measure indicators for variable, a one-sample t-test and variance test (ANOVA) was used, and Friedman's test was applied to rank indicators and the urban zones. Finally, GIS was applied to display the analysis results in maps regarding the different socio-economic and environmental dimensions.

The research results showed that the average economic sustainability is more than 3, and the upper and lower limits are positive. So, the status of economic sustainability in the 5 zones of Arak is evaluated from medium to high. Also, the average of the variables of environmental and physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability is less than 3, and their lower and upper limits are also negative; Therefore, according to the significance level is less than 0.05, it can be concluded that the average obtained is lower than the value of the test (3) and the status of variables of ecological-environmental sustainability, physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability in the  5 zones of Arak are evaluated as less than average and inappropriate. The finding from the Friedman test revealed that the highest average rating (3.14) is assigned to economic and the lowest average rating (2.05) to physical-infrastructural sustainability.

The theoretical and research background review showed that sustainability is valued concerning economic, social and environmental indicators. Paying attention to sustainability issues as one of the most important factors and drivers for promoting urban development has been the focus of urban planning researchers and city planners in recent years. Environment-friendly policies could strengthen sustainability. The present research showed that the sustainability of the different urban zones of Ark is evident regarding the different dimensions. So, it can be concluded that the following recommendations could improve the situation as strengthening local and indigenous industries compatible with the environment, increasing green space, concerning the limits of factories can reduce pollutants, and closing polluting industries or at least modifying and improving them.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting urban sprawl and its impact on livelihoods in Ahwaz metropolis. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The trend of land use changes showed that the amount of built-up area increased, and the area of ​​green and agricultural land uses and so on decreased. The results of Delphi method shows that economic, political-managerial, technological, social-cultural and natural- environmental factors have the most effect on the dispersal of Ahvaz city, respectively. Also, the results of the evaluation of the spillover effects on the biodiversity indices showed that spillover of the urban spill on the increase of the cost of public utilities and consequently the reduction of the quality of services, the weakness of urban service quality monitoring, environmental problems, security decline, public utilities, identity degradation and fragmentation. The landscape has been impressive. According to the results, zones 2 and 3 are very poor in terms of monitoring the quality of urban services and other areas of Ahvaz are in a very poor condition. Zones 2 and 3 of Ahvaz have been in moderate environmental condition, Zones 1 and 4 are low and other zones are very low in terms of livability. In terms of the scattered impact of urban overcrowding on reducing security to four levels of very low viability (areas 5, 6 and 7), low viability (areas 4 and 8), moderate viability (area 1) and high viability (areas 2 and 3) are divided. According to general urban uses, Ahvaz is divided into two categories of low and very low biodiversity, and areas 1, 2 and 3 are better than other areas. In terms of weakening urban identity and landscape, zones 2 and 3 are in the middle range of biodiversity, zone 1 is in the low range of biodiversity and other areas are in the low range of life.In the present study, for the first time, the factors affecting dispersal of the city and its impact on biodiversity are investigated.

The purpose of the current research was to identify the components of urban sustainability in the city of Likk, of the provinces of Kohgiloyeh and Boyer Ahmad, using a descriptive-analytical method. First, 36 indicators in 4 environmental, economic, social and physical dimensions of urban sustainability were determined by using documents and opinions of 23 experts in the relevant field. In order to rank the factors, AHP and Expert Choice software were used. In the present study, the inconsistency rate of all pairwise comparisons was less than 0.1. Therefore, the consistency of the comparison matrix is ​​acceptable. The innovation of the current research was to identify the indicators of sustainability in a small city with a geographical location and specific customs and culture, and to apply quantitative and qualitative criteria simultaneously and score and prioritize them. The findings showed that economic factors, environmental, physical, and social factors were important. Among the components or sub-criteria, income status and employment percentage were considered as the most important factors affecting urban sustainability. Therefore, the indicators of sustainability and their degree of importance in small cities are affected by the economic, social, environmental and physical conditions of those societies. Unbalanced growth of urbanization with inadequate urban infrastructure and lack of sufficient job opportunities cause urban instability. The process of sustainability is a multi-dimensional flow that should be avoided while paying attention to the improvement of the economic situation and the creation of public welfare, the destruction of resources, the destruction of the environment and social anomalies.

Nowadays, studying and surveying the indicators of sustainable development in different dimensions can be an appropriate criterion to determine the status of areas and regions in terms of locative and spatial distribution of proper facilities as well as a factor to resolve the problems in order to achieve economic, social, cultural and environmental prosperity of urban residents. 

With this approach, the present research aims to analyze and determine the sustainability levels of the regions and urban areas of Kashan in terms of sustainable development indicators in the nine criteria.  While demonstrating the level of quality of life of the inhabitants, the facilities and deficiencies and degree of stability of the areas and regions identified, the research is to provide programs and strategies to reduce deficiencies and deprivation in areas and regions. 

Regarding the purpose, the type of research is applied and in terms of the method of administration, it is descriptive-analytical. Taking into account the integrated indicators of sustainable development and with the combined approach of multi-criteria decision-making models such as DEMATEL, ANP and TOPSIS, the researcher attempts to answer this question; “How is the locative and spatial development pattern in the levels of the areas and regions of Kashan?”

The results of the research display that the locative-spatial development pattern throughout the areas and regions of Kashan is unbalanced in all selected indicators in three levels of benefited, semi-benefited and less-benefited ones; the areas and regions do not benefit the same conveniences and services. Regarding these issues, the resources, aptitudes, social, economic and environmental capitals and urban capable lands should be applied to eliminate the spatial shortages required in the regions and areas in proportion to sustainability indicators.

Due to the growing trend of urban population all around the world, especially in developing countries, in the immediate future we will face a predominantly urban world that to meet their needs, urban land will be exploited beyond Its threshold of ecology and people will demand their needs from city officials and managers as a result. The theory of smart city, which was formed based on the answer to the many problems of urban dwellers in the 90s, presented the issues of sustainability such as mixed land use, easy accessibility, preservation of the natural environment, etc. in the field of urban planning and urbanism. This theory demonstrated the points that while supporting modern urban life, can solve its problems in the form of following and implementing new urban planning techniques in the heart of existing cities and in contrast to urban sprawl.

Aims and Objective:

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of smartening on the sustainability of Nowshahr as one of the small cities in Iran.

the present study is of the type of applied research. Questionnaire, interview and field observation tools were used to collect information. Using a questionnaire, 383 citizens participated and the findings of this section using statistical techniques, factor analysis and one-sample t-test and coefficient Pearson correlation was analyzed in SPSS software.

In examining the correlation coefficient between intelligence and sustainability, it is found that there is a direct and strong correlation between these two variables in Nowshahr. The results of the one-sample t-test show that the status of intelligent variables in Nowshahr is not in a good position with a stability approach. The results of factor analysis have shown that among the six indicators of smartening, "smart governance" with a factor load of 0.853 has the highest priority in the eyes of experts and specialists in smartening Nowshahr with a sustainable approach. "Smart people" with a factor load of 0.847 and "smart environment" with a factor load of 0.836 have the highest importance in terms of average factor load. In order to develop the level of smartness and sustainability in Nowshahr, a strategy can be developed by urban management along with local sustainability indicators in order to improve the level of services to citizens.

In the last few decades, the number and use of motor vehicles have increased dramatically in cities across the world and urban spaces and mobility have been dominated by motor vehicles. Thistrend has made various environmental, social, and economic issues for cities and has threatened their sustainable development. Therefore, in recent years, special attention has been paid to changing the mobility model as well as urban design and planning. So that the urban sustainable development paradigm and theories like New Urbanism emphasize the reduction of automobile dependence and increasing the walkability of urban space.Walkability refers to the extent to which an environment is suitable for walking. There are various environmental, social, and economic benefits for walkability in urban spaces. Therefore, recognizing the various factors affecting the walking of citizens, including physical-spatial indicators and planning to improve these indicators can be effective in the sustainable development of cities. Consequently, in the study, the relationship between physical indicators of urban space and citizens' walking rate in Qaen city neighborhoods is analyzed. 

The general approach of the present study is descriptive-analytical. This research is applied research and correlational research that seeks to investigate the relationship between a set of variables. The data collection method is library and field study. Statistical population is the inhabitants of Qaen city, that are about 43,000 people. The sample size is 360 people and the sampling method is simple random. The share of each neighborhood in this sample size was determined based on the population share of that neighborhood from the whole city. The dependent variable in this study is citizens' walking rate and the independent variable is composed of the physical-environmental factors, such as access to diverse land uses(land use mix), visual quality of urban spaces, quality of sidewalks, and connectivity of the street network. Multiple regressionhas been used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.

The results suggest that there is a positive relationship between the level of land use  diversity and the rate of citizens' walking. So it can be expected that with the increase in the land uses diversity in urban neighborhoods, the probability of walking will increase. The land uses diversity and proximity of residential units to various urban and neighborhood activities (commercial, office, green space, schools, parks, restaurants etc.) makes less need to use motor vehicles and instead, walking is considered as a basic mode of mobility within neighborhoods. On the other hand, the mixture and diversity of land uses in an urban area can cause more people to be present in urban spaces and this presence increases the sense of security that encourages walking.Another finding is that the connectivity of the street network has a positive effect on the level of citizens’ walking. In fact, the connectivity of streets, based on the frequency of intersections and their short distance from each other in a range, helps to connect multiple paths and, on the other hand, reduce the speed of vehicles. This makes it possible, firstly, to select a variety of routes for walking within the neighborhood, and secondly, due to the close distance of the intersections in reducing the speed of motor vehicles, the safety of walking increases.The results also showed that the effect of sidewalk quality is significant on people's walking rate. Thus, it can be said that improving the quality of sidewalks can increase the desire of citizens to walking. However, the relationship between visual quality and walking in the neighborhoods of Qaen city was not conformed. So the visual quality of urban spaces (beauty, cleanliness, lighting, etc.) has not affected the level of citizens’ walking.

The study examined four important physical indicators of walkability to determine how much it affects walking in Qaen city. According to the findings, 3 indicators including diversity of land use, connectivity of the street network, and sidewalk quality have a positive and significant effect on the amount of walking, but the visual quality indicator does not have a significant effect on  people's walking. Thus, it can be said that by improving these three indicators along with social and cultural planning, citizens' walking rate is expected to increase in this small city.

Following the change in conditions and factors affecting urban development in recent times, man-made residential neighborhoods have a special place in the formation of cities and their sustainable development. Sustainable urban development, including recent theories and policies and is considered current, has occupied a major part of the urban planning literature of recent years. But the recent theory at the local scale has not yet been properly explained and can be considered as the subject of research, sustainable development at the residential scale. Viability Improves the quality of urban spaces in modern cities while humanizing them as much as possible. The present study tries to assess the situation of diversity and development in residential neighborhoods as one of the most basic pillars of sustainable urban development. In this article, descriptive-analytical method has been used. To measure the diversity and development of neighborhoods and urban livability indicators, a qualitative model with 3 general indicators (diversity in construction, diversity in use and diversity in users) and 69 variables has been designed and used. Then, for data analysis and final decision making, non-compensatory multi-criteria decision making (MADM) method of Maximin and Maximax was used. The results show that neighborhoods 12, 8, 6, 2, 9, 1, 3, 11, 10, 7, 5, and 4 have the desired status of diversity and development, respectively.

The rapid population growth and urbanization in the metropolis of Tehran in recent decades has led to an increase in resource consumption and the spread of pollution. Continuation of this process can upset the economic and social balance within it and cause ecological imbalance in the urban area in which it is located. This is exactly contrary to the principles of sustainable development for the city of Tehran and its environment. The study area in this study is the 13th metropolitan area of Tehran, which is located in the east of Tehran with an area of about 1283 hectares and from this area is about 930 hectares to the urban fabric and the rest of the military lands, industries, sanctuaries, etc. Also, Sorkheh Hesar forest park with an area of about 394 hectares is located outside the legal limits and on the outskirts of the region, which is one of its prominent features to become a green city. On the other hand, the location of this region on the eastern outskirts of Tehran and the existence of a large military and industrial use can be major obstacles to urban stability and the formation of a green city. Based on this, the present study tries to assess the existing spatial-physical structure of Region 13 in the framework of green city indicators and to evaluate and analyze the capacities and challenges of green city formation in its areas

population infestation to major cities in order to take advantage of economic, social opportunities, etc.; has led to the formation of several challenges as economic weakness, insecurity, migration and depopulation of border areas. Sustainable development is one of the global issues for dealing with various problems of cities, which has been highly emphasized since 1980. one of the new approaches that can play a key role in achieving the sustainability of cities is the tourism approach. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of sustainability dimensions of the border city of Khaf and then explain the role of tourism on the dimensions of urban sustainability . The research method is descriptive-analytical and to identify the main criteria, research literature and theoretical foundations were examined. the final criteria were extracted in accordance with the opinions of experts. The statistical population of the study includes two groups of residents of Khaf city and experts and specialists in the field of tourism and urban planning. In the first stage, in order to explain the situation of the four dimensions of urban sustainability, one-sample t-test was used in SPSS software and then LISREL software was applied to analyze the impact of tourism factor on each of the dimensions of urban sustainability.the research findings show that the situation of Khaf city is not desirable in terms of urban sustainability. Also, tourism factor has a significant effect on all aspects of urban sustainability.

Natural disasters and hazards have become one of the main concerns of planners and urban managers in recent years due to the severity and short duration of impact on urban communities. Meanwhile, sustainability is considered as an appropriate approach and method to reduce the risks of crises and hazards. This research was carried out with the aim of measuring the sustainability of Tehran metropolitan's 4th district in social, economic, institutional and physical-environmental dimensions in order to deal with the effects of natural disasters. The research has been carried out using descriptive-analytical method to investigate the sustainability of Tehran metropolitan's 4th district against natural hazards and 384 questionnaires were distributed randomly among statistical society on Cochran model based that 300 correct questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample T-test and Friedman test). The results indicate that among the different dimensions of urban sustainability in Tehran's 4th district, the Social dimension status of the natural hazards is poor and the status of institutional, economic and physical dimensions with very weak desirability and in general, the desirability of urban sustainability in Tehran metropolitan's 4th district with respect to all dimensions and indicators is very weak against natural hazards. Hence, the region is not resilient to natural hazards and requires special attention of officials, urban planners and citizens.

Development of communicative action theory in urban planning, has introduced new perspectives in the contexts such as public interest, urban justice, equal social and economic opportunities, empowering deprived urban classes, rejecting the dominance over nature, participation of people, and rejection of the sovereignty of power and money. Considering that the way of achieving urban sustainability is to pay attention to social dimensions along with economic and environmental dimensions and to establish a balanced relationship between them, this research considers communicative action theory as one of the most important areas of sustainability, and believes that for going toward the sustainability; a relationship between stakeholders should be exist from the lower policy levels to the highest levels, and sustainability will not be possible if this discourse and communication is distorted. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between communicative action and urban sustainability. In this regard, research hypotheses have been developed that indicate a significant relationship between communicative action and urban sustainability in Tehran city as a case study.

In this paper, the concept of communicative action includes indicators which are presence in urban space, communicative rationality, critical point of view and social capital; and the concept of sustainability includes the dimensions which are social, economic, environmental, physical, institutional and political; and the relationship between these mentioned variables and dimensions has been investigated. This research is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical framework of this research is based on documentary studies and its operational part is conducted with quantitative analysis based on field study. Based on multistage cluster sampling, region three in the north, region ten in the center and region nineteen in the south of Tehran city were selected. These regions were located on the basis of development indicators such as “housing, education, employment, demographic indicators, access to information; and infrastructure” and were identified respectively as developed, moderate developed and underdeveloped region. Sample size was divided according to the distribution of the population of the administrative neighborhoods of the regions and ultimately (according to the sampling rules) the results will be generalized to the whole city of Tehran. The number of samples based on the Cochran formula was estimated to be 384 that were distributed in proportion to the number of neighborhoods in each of these three regions. The research hypotheses were analyzed by SPSS software.

Reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire of this paper was measured by Cronbach's alpha test and shows that the questionnaire has a high reliability. The questionnaire is also based on content validity and has been reviewed several times. Structural validity (factor analysis) was measured using the KMO test, which indicates the fitting of the data, and the Bartlett test, which suggests that there is the possibility of performing factor analysis on research data. The ten extracted factors are the result of 55 items that have been used in subsequent analyzes.Communicative action analysis was performed based on four components of presence in urban space, communicative rationality, critical point of view and social capital. According to Kruskal-Wallis test, at 99% significance level, the communicative action is different among three regions of Tehran City, so that the third region with the average score of 161.27 has the highest communicative action. These differences indicate that Tehran does not follow a single pattern. But in all three regions, social capital is the highest among the other indexes.The Pearson correlation test was used to identify the relationship between communicative action and urban sustainability. The relationship between communicative action and urban sustainability is significant using Pearson correlation test with a confidence level of 99%, and Pearson coefficient of this relation is about 0.617 in Tehran, which indicates a high correlation between these two concepts. In other words, the reduction or increase of communicative action has a direct and high impact on the sustainability of the city.The results also show that the relationship between communicative action and sustainability is different between the three regions. Thus, the correlation between these two concepts in region three by using Pearson coefficient is 0.635 which is more than of region ten with Pearson coefficient of 0.507 and of the nineteen region with Pearson coefficient of 0.381.In this research, the relationship between communicative action and various dimensions of sustainability has also been evaluated. The relationship between communicative action with social, economic, environmental, physical, institutional and political dimensions of urban sustainability has been measured by Pearson correlation test. The results show that the relationship between communicative action and all dimensions of sustainability is significant at 99% confidence level and the relationship between communicative action and political dimension of sustainability with coefficient of 0.613, social dimension with coefficient of 0.608 and institutional dimension with coefficient of 59.22 is higher among other dimensions.

The results show that the changes in communicative action have a direct and significant impact on urban sustainability and all its dimensions; and strengthening communicative action can lead to increase all dimensions of sustainability in Tehran city. In addition, the relationship between communicative action and sustainability varies between the three urban regions. Results show that this relationship in region three is greater than that of region ten; and in the region ten it is more than region nineteen.The third hypothesis of this research is devoted to the relationship between communicative action and the income. The results show that there is a positive and poor correlation between these two variables. With the conclusion of the second and third hypotheses, it can be concluded that the relationship between communicative action and sustainability in a region is more appropriate with the economic conditions. By substantiating the assumptions of this research, its claim to consider communicative action as one of the most important areas of sustainability is accepted.

Natural phenomena, as the earthquake has always existed, and modern humans, despite the remarkable advances in technology, can not prevent them from happening. The earthquake has always been regarded as a threat to human life, and despite the fact that it does not exclude non-urban areas, and these regions suffer a lot of financial and human losses, cities, because of the accumulation of capital and high population density, as well as due to their widespread damage is more than other human settlements. What causes fatalities and injuries is human non-standard construction. Earthquake occurrence is probable and inevitable. What needs to be considered is how we deal with it. Given the earthquake in the country, there is a probability for each of us to be one of the victims of the earthquake in the future. Therefore, the first step is to prevent such damage. Natural hazards have the potential to become a terrible accident in the absence of risk reduction systems (Chadha et al., 2007). Therefore, reducing the risk of accidents is of paramount importance and it is necessary to establish a suitable place in national policies of each country in order to create favorable conditions for reducing effective and effective risk at different levels. (Davis et al, 2005). In this regard, the explanation of the relation of resilience to natural disasters (earthquakes) is, in fact, how social, economic, institutional, political and executive capacities of societies influence the resilience and recognition of the dimensions of resilience in the community. Meanwhile, at present, many governmental and nongovernmental organizations prioritize strengthening the resilience of groups and communities by researching, developing and developing programs, policies and also through educational interventions for disaster management they have payed. It is worth noting that the type of attitude towards the resonance category and its analysis, on the one hand, plays a key role in recognizing the status of the state of affairs and its causes, and on the other hand, it has a major impact on policies and measures to reduce the risk and the way it is confronted with it. . What has been studied and analyzed in this research is the analysis of the urban resilience potential of Tehran's 12th district versus the earthquake. In fact, the purpose of this approach is to reduce the vulnerability of communities and strengthen the people's ability to deal with the risks of accidents It is natural.

Data were analyzed by SPSS software (Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation, T-test, multivariate regression and data path analysis) and using multi-criteria decision-making methods in the form of AHP hierarchical analysis And Expert selection software, ArcGIS and Arc Map software have been used to draw maps

The findings of this study indicate that, based on the findings of the theoretical framework, urban alleviation has dimensions and indicators that affect the amount of these indicators. In this study, to investigate the resilience of area 12 with approach and attention to earthquake as one of the most important natural disasters, four dimensions including socio-cultural, economic, institutional and physical-environmental aspects have been used. Each of these dimensions is with Various indicators are defined. In order to analyze the region and the statistical population, preparing different layers in each dimension in the area and drawing maps of vulnerability, vulnerability and resilience of the area, a questionnaire analysis and various tests have been carried out. So that the quality of the indicators of the dimensions of social resilience in the region is low and weak. However, at the district level of the region, this process has different conditions, in the analysis of all options and indicators of resilience in this Next, the neighborhoods of Iran and Ferdowsi have the best situation, and the Harandi and Sangalaj neighborhoods have the worst situation in earthquake resilience. This is more weak in economic analysis of the economic situation in the region, so that in the economic dimension of the defined terms, nearly half of them have a coefficient of less than 2 (average level 3), which indicates that there is no weakness In this context. However, the situation is not uniform in the future, so that the Mokhtari-Takhty and Baharestan settlements are the best, and the Harandi and Arg-Pamjaran neighborhoods are in the worst condition for earthquake resilience. An analysis of the pattern of institutional dimensional layers at the district level 12 as well as the views of citizens and experts indicate weaknesses in the infrastructure of the region, including the capacity of existing organizations in the region to provide services during times of crisis such as earthquakes and increasing vulnerability. This area is in a disaster like earthquake. As with other dimensions, this is true in the institutional aspect, the weaknesses presented and the existing strengths are not uniformly distributed across the region. On a more general level, the neighborhoods of the Pajmran and Mokhtari-Takht tribes are best placed, and The waterfalls and the market are worst offshore in earthquake resilience. The later physical-environment that refers more to the physical infrastructure in the city and the region, has a relatively different pattern than the other dimensions, so that conditions such as satisfaction with the pattern of power lines in the area, the degree of satisfaction with The region's gradient pattern (so that it can manage urban sewage without any disturbances leading to the accumulation of surface water) is in conditions above the average. However, it remains to be noted that the level of proportionality or inappropriateness of the infrastructure and the intended use in this dimension is not consistent at the level of neighborhoods of the region, and the locations of Mokhtari-Takhty and Harandi have the best situation, and the market places and Baharestan's worst situation in terms of Earthquake resilience..

Cities will have accommodated most of the people around the world in the future. Therefore, the focus of managers should be on making these places more sustainable and resilient. Urban resilience is a concept that has recently been considered by urban planners and managers around the world. This has been a key concept in response to natural disasters and socio-political crises. The purpose of this study is to identify the dimensions of urban resilience and their relationship with urban sustainability in Rasht. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Besides, it is a kind of applied research in which data has been gathered by the methods like the documentation and surveying. The statistical sample of the research consisted of 35 experts familiar with the subject of the research who were selected by Delphi method and reached consensus on the research questions in three stages. Data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software. To determine the validity of the items, a first-order confirmatory factor analysis model was used and Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess its reliability. Model results and standardized coefficient measurements indicate the correlation between the present variables and the corresponding indices. The findings from confirmatory path analysis (structural model) show that social resilience (Beta = 0.87 T 0.87), economic resilience (T = 5.62 eta Beta 0.84), resilience Environmental-physical (T = 9.78 eta Beta = 0.85) and institutional resiliency (T = 8.17 eta Beta = 0.85) affect urban sustainability. Therefore, it is concluded that urban resilience can be considered as the foundation of urban sustainability and paying attention to the benefits of urban resilience in strengthening sustainable urban systems is a vital factor in achieving a desirable urban future.

The concept of resilience, in the face of political, socio-economic and environmental disadvantages, has attracted the attention of academic communities and decision makers. Resilience has become an important goal for cities, especially in the face of climate change. Although resiliency has recently been added to the suite of planner arguments, it is not a new concept. The Latin root of resilience goes back to the word 'Resi-lire' which means leaping backwards. For the first time, resilience was used in the physical sciences to identify elastic properties and to describe the stability of materials and their resistance to external shocks. In the 1960s, with the rise of systemic thinking, resilience entered the field of ecology and urban planning. The appearance of resilience, signifies the ability to change to protect and preserve the character of the urban system.

This study aimed to identify the factors affecting urban resilience and its relationship with urban sustainability in Rasht. Documentation and survey methods have been used for this purpose. Questionnaire distribution method is Delphi method. The sample consisted of 35 senior experts familiar with the subject. Factors affecting resilience were identified by documentation studies. They are classified into economic, social, institutional, and environmental categories provided by experts. In this questionnaire, consensus was reached in three stages. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha test. SPSS and LISREL were used to analyze the data.

Sustainability and resilience are two intertwined concepts, both of which are known as the ability of the system (urban, social, and ecological) to provide optimal development paths. The diversity of the relationship between these two concepts has been studied in the literature and sustainability has been introduced as a normative concept for promoting intergenerational justice, however, resilience is viewed as a descriptive concept, desirable and sometimes even undesirable. However, combining aspects of sustainability and resilience provides strategies that enable these two concepts to work at their full capacity: A city without stability cannot be resilient, and vice versa. What is said implies that resilience and sustainability do not necessarily overlap and can only be said to be a prerequisite for each other. The research findings confirm this. The results showed that social resilience (T = 8.19 eta Beta = 0.87), economic resilience (T = 5.62 B Beta 0.84), and physical-environmental resilience (Beta = 0.85 (T = 9.78) and institutional resiliency (Beta = 0.17 = 0.85) affect urban sustainability. Therefore, it is concluded that urban resilience can be considered as the foundation of urban sustainability. What the authors emphasize in this study is that resilience can be considered as one of the pillars of urban sustainability as a strategy to reshape urban areas from environmental crises and hazards.

The city is the product of human effort as a complex social ecological system. As urban planners and executives and other urban area researchers move to a new world of processes in the globalization process, urban paradigms move towards urban resilience and sustainability in times of environmental hazards. In a rational approach, urban resilience and sustainability must be combined. In the view of some scholars, despite the theoretical differences between these two concepts, they can be linked in practice. What is also confirmed in this study is that there is a significant positive relationship between resilience and urban sustainability dimensions. Resilience in social, economic, environmental, physical, and institutional dimensions will move towards urban sustainability when it comes to indicators of participation, environmental justice, equality of education and other influential elements. Besides, Resilience can be seen as one of the cornerstones of sustainability, which is a necessary but not sufficient condition for sustainability. The authors have attempted to study the relationship between resilience and urban sustainability, apart from theoretical and empirical differences. It is clear that these concepts cannot be used interchangeably, but rather that they are cross-sectional and inter-conceptual. Based on the results, it can be said that paying attention to the benefits of urban resilience in strengthening sustainable urban systems is a critical factor in achieving a desirable urban future.

In beginning of third millennium era, cities because of population growth and urbanization have been faced by increasing challenges such as urban poverty, lack of infrastructures, informal settlements, growth of pollutions, reduction of life quality, and finally growth of unsustainability. In this situation, finding new and less- cost solutions are more necessary for attaining sustainability. Therefore, this research reasons that smart- making, by having indicators of smart governance, smart environment, smart economy, smart mobility, smart living, and smart people, is effective approach for attaining sustainability (in economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions). Research method is correlation method, namely there is a logical relationship between smart- making and urban sustainability. Data gathering has been done using library and survey methods (by questionnaire, observation and interview tools). Information has been analyzed using descriptive and deductive tests (includes of multinomial Regression, Pearson correlation, One sample T-test, ANOVA Varian's, and Beta Coefficient). Case study is neighborhoods of zone 6 Tehran city, which are 18 neighborhoods according to municipality dividing's. Indicators reliability has been done using Cronbach's alpha, and their validity has been done using Face validity. Results show that there is a direct relationship between smart- making and sustainability that sustainability of nighbourhoods increases by growth of smart- making. Nighbourhoods of Arzhantin- Saei and Daneshgahe Tehran that have the most smart- making scale, simultaneous have the highest sustainability level, and Nighbourhoods of Ghezel Ghale, Gandi and Abbas Abad that have the least smart- making scale, simultaneous have the lowest sustainability level.