جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صنعت گردشگری » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The Scientometrics method helps researchers identify and examine the different views of researchers and gaps in studies in a specific field of knowledge. The main goal of this research is to comprehensively understand the studies conducted in the field of "climate changes and tourism" in four main parts (ontological, why, challenges and strategies) through the review of related scientific documents in the world and Iran. The research method is qualitative and a type of meta-study is called Meta-synthesis. A Meta-synthesis is a type of qualitative study. In-depth interpretation and analysis of the studies done is important for a deeper understanding of the issues. In this research, in order to achieve the main goal of the research, the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Baros was used. The library method was used to collect data. In order to carry out the research, after designing the research questions, a systematic search based on relevant keywords has been conducted from Scopus, Web of Science, and Elsevier databases. VOSviewer software has been used to understand the development and evolution of the field and the most important concepts in climate change studies and the tourism industry. Cluster analysis and synonym configuration methods have been used in SciMAT software to understand the structure of climate change research in the tourism industry. The research results show that the research pattern in four main clusters, Assessment, impacts, vulnerability, compatibility studies and mitigation are categorized. In the last decade, studies have gone towards climate change adaptation research and climate change reduction strategies and the simultaneous investigation of the effects of COVID-19 and climate change on the tourism industry.

As an economic development means economic growth along with increasing production capacities including physical, human and social capacities, the purpose of the present research is to explain the economic development model of the tourism industry in Iran's free zones from a geographical point of view. through purposive sampling, the data of Chabahar Free Trade Zone Organization managers, tourism activists, tourism officials, local communities and tourists were collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews and applying the grounded theory approach, the economic development model of the tourism industry of Iran's free zones was designed from a geographical point of view. Findings of the research showed that the dimensions of the economic development model can be categorized into sixty-nine main categories such as the lack of a comprehensive data bank about tourism spots, lack of a strong tourism social media (website, blog, social network and...), lack of strong content production in the field of tourism, the existence of cost, process, and inter-unit problems related to tourism, etc. The conclusion of this qualitative research show the correct application of this model can improve the credibility of tourism institutions, increase the interactions between tourism institutions and tourists, improve the satisfaction of tourists and tourism staff, create a distinction in the quality of services and reputation of tourism institutions and increase the productivity of tourism institutions.

Today, countries are achieving significant progress in the field of innovation in a tight competition. Tourism is one of the most important sectors that has been recently noticed in the discussion of innovation. On the other hand, innovation ecosystems have gained increasing importance in the last decade, and so far, numerous studies and models of innovation ecosystems have been presented in different industries and sectors. The tourism industry can also improve its performance by developing the ecosystem of innovation. Since according to the extensive search by the authors of this research, no research was found about the ecosystem of the country's tourism industry with an innovation approach, in this regard, this research aims to explain the concept of ecology with a descriptive approach and using a comparative study. The innovation ecosystem and review of global experiences will present a plan of the innovation ecosystem of Iran's tourism industry with an emphasis on the supply chain. The reason for this emphasis is the importance of the tourism supply chain in the discussion of value creation, considering the multifacetedness of this industry, the multiplicity of stakeholders and the resulting complications along the tourism supply chain. In the end, a system for the innovation ecosystem of Iran's tourism industry, including various actors and stakeholders and the communication between them, is proposed. Keywords: Innovation Ecosystem, Tourism Industry, Supply Chain, Iran 1. IntroductionToday, innovation ecosystems in the field of tourism with new technologies have been able to cause significant changes in consumer behavior. These changes originate from the ease of access to information, transparency, ease of doing transactions, and increased expectations and demands of customers. Tourists, as one of the most key components of the tourism ecosystem, are more interactive and aware today, and together with the providers of tourism products and services, they co-create and create common value in the production process; All of this has become possible under the shadow of innovation and the use of new technologies. On the other hand, in recent years, researchers' interest in the concept of "ecosystem" has been greatly expanded, and many researches have been conducted on what the ecosystem is and how it functions (Xi and Wang, 2021). The concept of "innovation ecosystem" has been considered since the mid-2000s as a framework for business development and the emergence of new industries. By developing an innovation ecosystem, companies can expand their products, core services or business infrastructure and use them to improve their performance.Iran has been able to reach the 33rd position among the 231 countries surveyed in the global innovation index in 2022, which is the best ranking achieved so far. This rank means being ranked 1st among 21 Central and East Asian countries and 3rd among 33 world economies with medium to low per capita income. Although in recent years, we have witnessed movements and developments in the field of innovation and knowledge-based economy, but in some areas, innovation has not yet had significant influence. One of the fields that needs creativity and innovation today is the field of tourism. The current research aims to provide a plan of the innovation ecosystem of Iran's tourism industry while explaining the concept of innovation ecosystem and reviewing global models and experiences. 2. Literature ReviewThe concept of the "innovation ecosystem" is closely related to the ideas of "business ecosystem" and "innovation system," as Arnal et al. (2020) suggest Innovation is crucial in a business ecosystem where customer needs are met through interaction, cooperation, and competition, with a central characteristic being common evolution. Granstrand and Holgersson (2020) emphasize that many definitions of the innovation ecosystem often omit essential components like competitors/substitutes and artifacts (products, technologies, etc.), which are analogous to natural ecosystems where species compete for resources. They define an innovation ecosystem as an evolving set of actors, activities, artifacts, institutions, and relationships essential for the innovative performance of an actor or group of actors.Bolek (2011) identifies four key elements of the innovation ecosystem: participants, tools, content, and principles. Effective management of these elements focuses on creating customer value, responding swiftly to market changes, accelerating transitions from research to production, and transforming ideas into customer benefits.Participants: These are the stakeholders who support the innovation ecosystem by presenting ideas and turning them into commercial, social, or political realities.Tools: These tools, part of the innovation infrastructure, help define the ecosystem and focus on elements that encourage creative activity. They are dynamic and need to be adjusted based on the specific needs and people involved.Content: The primary content includes ideas and forms that transform initial concepts into market manifestations. The challenge lies in motivating people to generate and evaluate ideas effectively.Principles: The principles guiding an innovation ecosystem should break linear concepts and liberate the creative process. This involves stepping outside conventional boundaries to create unique market relationships.Tourism innovation ecosystems adopt a strategic approach, focusing on the creation and application of intellectual and physical assets within a network. Ndou (2014) highlights that such ecosystems are beneficial for managing the diversity of tourism products and services offered by various interdependent actors under a unified destination brand. Internet technologies enable knowledge sharing and innovation processes, helping companies through close cooperation and specialized resource pooling. A specific approach to creating innovative tourism ecosystems involves developing "destination management systems" (DMS). These systems support local tourism organizations in collecting, storing, and distributing information and resources for commercial activities. DMS create intranet networks for local operators to input data, organize products for online sales, and provide accessible tourism offers to tourists. These systems offer real-time information updates, cost reductions for online space purchases, multilingual website accessibility, and diverse marketing strategy implementations.While technological infrastructure is vital, creating and implementing innovative tourism ecosystems involves more than just technology. These ecosystems require new organizational structures, skills, leadership forms, and public-private sector relations transformation. They comprise numerous independent, interdependent, and self-organizing actors relying on the Internet to integrate and exchange value. Innovation in tourism must be sensitive to customer perceptions, values, needs, and expectations, as well as to political, social, and economic changes. New technologies have significantly impacted tourism ecosystems, particularly in shopping, information search, and decision-making processes. Today’s tourism products target more specific markets, with customers seeking authentic experiences. The growth of social groups on the Internet has created dynamic sources of opinions and recommendations, forming virtual tourism programs that challenge traditional service providers, especially in adventure tourism. This shift also opens opportunities for new types of employment, such as consultants and information organizers. The global innovation index measures a country’s innovation capacity and results through seven pillars: institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication, knowledge and technology outputs, and creative outputs. Each pillar comprises sub-pillars and indicators, forming a comprehensive assessment of a country’s innovation performance. 3. MethodologyThe current research is a descriptive research conducted using library studies and a comparative study approach. First, in order to form the theoretical foundations of the research, an comprehensive search was conducted among articles, books, researches, reports and other reliable scientific sources. Then, the topic in question was examined in relation to the selected countries (based on the 2022 Global Innovation Index report) in order to provide a basis for a comparative study and comparison of Iran's situation with the mentioned countries. Based on this, 5 countries including Switzerland, Unites States, Sweden, United Kingdom and China were selected and their situation in terms of tourism innovation ecosystem was investigated. 4. ResultsIran's tourism industry possesses substantial potential and resources, yet it has not secured its rightful place in international markets. This is due to various factors, some within control and others influenced by complex global political and economic environments. A comparative analysis reveals several weaknesses in Iran's tourism supply chain that need to be addressed. One significant weakness is the absence of destination management organizations (DMOs) in cities and tourist destinations. A DMO acts as a central entity connecting all supply chain members, from service providers to tourists. Despite the presence of cultural heritage and tourism departments across the country, numerous parallel institutions and organizations with conflicting goals negatively impact tourism processes. Although parallel institutions pose a problem, creating a mechanism to consolidate opinions, share resources, and achieve synergies can transform this challenge into an opportunity.On the other hand, Marketing Iran as a tourist destination on an international level is crucial. Effective methods include establishing active offices and agencies in target countries. Sustainability and the circular economy are often overlooked in Iran’s tourism supply chain. Sustainability fosters innovation, requiring changes in traditional production and consumption methods. Successful cities have demonstrated how technology aids sustainability. Iran's tourism development plans should integrate sustainability, becoming a core component of all projects. This includes monitoring standardization criteria, granting green badges to businesses, adopting recycling strategies, and optimizing water and energy use. Today, "competition," "sustainability," and "innovation" are intertwined concepts essential for survival. Iran's tourism sector, however, still struggles with outdated public vehicles contributing to air pollution and safety risks.Enhancing the tourism supply chain's value involves extending tourism development to lesser-known areas and involving local stakeholders. Many regions in Iran have potential tourist attractions, but development and marketing efforts focus on well-known areas, neglecting others. This has led to imbalanced regional tourism development. Promoting lesser-known destinations can ensure a more equitable distribution of tourism benefits. Analyzing Iran’s tourism supply chain involves financial, operational, and general performance criteria. Financial performance, including costs, income, and profit, is particularly challenging due to the pandemic, sanctions, and negative international publicity, resulting in financial difficulties for tourism businesses. Tourism is highly influenced by political, geographical, cultural, environmental, and technological factors. Political issues, sanctions, climate changes, and the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly impacted Iran’s tourism supply chain. By addressing these weaknesses and embracing a strategic, sustainable, and innovative approach, Iran's tourism industry can better realize its potential and improve its position in international marketsBased on the results obtained from the previous chapters and the answers received from the interviewees; Materials were obtained that form the body of our research. The charts mentioned below; There are categories of visual and perceptual components of objective aesthetics and their sub-branches. In this section, we tried to refine the mentioned materials and summarize them in tables.Data analysis was done to extract sub-themes with Atlas.ti software and finally 61 sub-themes (Charts 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) were extracted from the responses of the interviewees. The mentioned themes are subsets of the main themes of proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order. In each of the diagrams 2 to 6, the types of connection between the sub-themes (subsets) and with the main themes (head of the set) are shown. The type of communication between sub-themes is divided into opposite and non-communicating. Also, the form of communication between sub-themes (subsets) and the main themes (head of the set) is defined as "is part of".After extracting and categorizing the sub-themes of the research, we will compare their frequency (mentioned by people) in high and low frequency areas. First, this comparison is done among those sub-themes that are a subset of a common main theme, so that the correlation of those sub-themes is completed, then the comparison of the high and low areas of abundance in relation to all the sub-themes of the research is done at once. is done (diagrams 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). In the mentioned charts, a quantitative comparison of the frequency of each main theme's subgroups (proportions, facade lines, color and materials, form and order) has been done in the high and low frequency areas.In the analysis of the sub-themes, a component has been found that has a 100% share between the interviews of the towers and ranked first in terms of frequency. The sharing of components between the towers is the result of a series of common features in the facade of the towers. In the mentioned towers, the variety of shapes and forms in the facade was present both in the facade itself and compared to other towers around, they had different and more varied shapes and forms. The surrounding towers generally had simple and cubic shapes, and common and simple attachments were also available as facade elements in some of them. 5. ConclusionThe value chain of the country's tourism industry needs improvement and revision at all three levels, macro, intermediate and micro. On the other hand, the innovation and sustainability approach should be the template paradigm in planning this chain. In the end, in order to improve the country's tourism supply chain mechanism, recommendations have been presented at three levels of the tourism value chain. Generally, innovation ecosystem of Iran tourism industry is proposed as figure 1.

The tourism industry as one of the service industries is very important in the economy of countries. Like any other phenomenon, tourism also has effects on societies. Economic impacts are one of the most important impacts of tourism that can have both positive and negative impacts on destinations and host communities. Therefore, examining the economic impacts of the tourism industry is of great importance. Based on this, the purpose of this research was to review the positive and negative economic impacts of the tourism industry. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of the method. The method of data collection in this research was library-document type. The research results showed that the tourism industry in a region can have positive and negative economic impacts at the same time. So that parallel to every positive economic impact in a region, negative economic impacts can also be seen and it is necessary to act in such a way that positive impacts are strengthened and negative impacts are prevented as much as possible.

This research aims to explain the socio-economic development model of the tourism industry of Iran's free zones from a sociological point of view.

Design/methodology/approach: 

Through targeted sampling, the information of 15 people from the Chabahar Free Trade Zone Organization, tourism activists, officials related to tourism, the local community, and tourists, was collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews and using the Grounded theory method, the socio-economic development model of tourism industry in Iran's free zones was designed from a sociological point of view.

The dimensions of the socio-economic development model of the tourism industry of Iran's free zones from a sociological point of view can be categorized into 69 main categories in the form of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.

The correct application of this model can lead to the country's development in the shadow of the development engine (tourism), creating stable employment, prosperity of small and local businesses, development of international tourism, and better income generation of tourism institutions.

Originality/value:

 Providing new methods for developing tourism in the free zone from a sociological point of view; including the level of tourists' satisfaction with social services, the level of social support of tourism institutions for tourists, and the level of social participation of tourists.

Despite the fact that tourism was facing a growing and positive trend in the world and has made significant economic progress in tourist destinations, this progress has been hampered by the incidence of some crises and negative events. Crises such as floods, earthquakes, pandemic outbreaks are an unprecedented threat to the tourism industry.The present study tries to investigate the challenging effects of COVID-19 on Iran's tourism industry and to present scenarios for tourism behavior after passing through this crisis and the action of tourism operators in the post-Corona era and in the horizon of 1405. The research method was descriptive-analytical and survey using content analysis, Delphi method and scenario writing. The results show that COVID-19 has devastating and irreparable effects on Iran's tourism industry and the decision to travel domestic and foreign tourists and their understanding of the current situation and finally, three scenarios of golden, black and white and critical towards the future of tourism in Iran were proposed in the horizon of 1405.

Various factors contribute to the successful formation or distortion of this image. In the meantime, not only natural factors play a role in the image of the destination; more importantly, the inhabitants of an area form foundation of the destination image. One of the most effective issues in the image of a tourist destination is human and natural hazards. In fact, environmental hazards can act as a Strong repulsion to travel to a tourist destination or distort the image of a tourist destination. The importance of this has led us to explore the potential risks and impact on the image of tourists from the region in the Miankooh area. Exploring this issue can help enrich theoretical and empirical studies of the problem of imaging capital for tourist destinations. Also, due to the novelty of the tourism industry in the case study, it will help local policy-makers to pay special attention and inform environmental hazard management and improve the imaging capital of the region to diversify income, equitable income distribution and social sustainability.

A combined methodology based on the philosophy of pragmatism was chosen to conduct this research. A sample of 15 experts living in the area selected as Snowball sampling was used to identify possble hazards in the study area, and then a questionnaire was distributed among 194 tourists in the Miankooh area, and data was collected to factor these hazards based on their impact on the image of the tourist destination.

In the present study, we asked the experts to describe the extent and probability of each risk occurring during different months of the year. After stating the possible occurrence in the year, we asked the experts to prioritize the risks based on the extent and probability of occurrence. According to the survey, road biographies were identified as the most likely hazard in the region. After that, drought, rock fall, and flooding were ranked next.The results of the impact of environmental risks on the capital picture show that they can be identified in four factors and the general category. These four factors include a lack of human security and privacy threats, climate crises and rock falls, a lack of adherence to the principles of human interaction with the environment, and geological risks. The factors in question account for 65% of the tourism image of the study area.

The research literature shows that the image of the destination and its related concepts, due to its effects on supply and demand in marketing, is an important indicator in the rural and natural tourism. Despite the widespread attention of researchers to this concept, there is a gap in the comprehensive conceptualization of the image, its complex relationships and the factors affecting it. Many aspects of this complex structure have not yet been explored experimentally and operationally. The identification of environmental hazards shows that many hazards, due to the mountainous nature of the region, the occurrence of such natural hazards seems logical to some extent, but the weak infrastructure and the lack of correct location and warning signs have doubled the damages of these hazards. And they will play a prominent role in the possibility of its occurrence in the future. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the infrastructure reconstruction, Guiding signs and other environmental and safety policies for mountainous areas. In addition, to reduce human risks, the host community should be involved in the tourism industry and provide them with the necessary training.

Considering the lack of theoretical studies in the field of tourism marketing professional competence, the present study has discussed a future-oriented reflection on tourism marketing professional competence with a view to sustainable development.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The required data were collected from two parts of the research literature to identify the indicators of professional qualification (marketing) of tourism, as well as the opinions of nine senior managers of government organizations and reputable tourism companies to identify the local structure of the indicators. In order to identify the indicators, the inductive content analysis tool was used, and to present the native model, the theme analysis tool was used in the Max QDA software.

The findings of the study showed that the professional competence of tourism industry activists can be evaluated based on 88 skills, knowledge, personality, attitudinal, motivational, and general indicators. Moreover, the results showed that the country's tourism marketing professional qualification system included six dimensions of skills, knowledge and information, behavioral indicators, general competencies, management capabilities, and auxiliary enhancing factors.

The tourism industry and tourism marketing will not be able to influence the behavior and decisions of customers without the presence of people who can show behavioral flexibility and have a high level of self-confidence and creativity. In addition, the ability of leadership refers to the existence of charismatic abilities in a person, and the existence of such abilities and characteristics means the ability to deeply influence others.

Originality/value:

The issue of professional competence in the tourism industry is considered extremely vital. Despite this importance, the studies show that there is not much theoretical attention to the issue of tourism marketing professional competence and the effective indicators of measuring such competence in the country, and the present study seeks to solve this gap among domestic studies.

Nowadays, environmentalism has increased among consumers. For this reason, firms can use a concept called green creativity to respond to this trend. Also, since the development of the tourism industry in a region can lead to disadvantages such as environmental pollution or damage to local culture and heritage in addition to advantages, tourism firms should pay more attention to the concept of green creativity. The purpose of this research is to answer the main question: what role does green creativity play in the development of the tourism industry in Ardabil province? The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of the nature of the method. The sample of the research was the employees of service businesses related to tourism in Ardabil province. For sampling, a simple random sampling method was used, and to select the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used, based on which the sample size was equal to 346. Collecting the required data was done using two standard questionnaires on green creativity and effective factors in the development of tourism in the region. Validity was checked and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability by Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was done using the SEM method and SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 statistical software. The findings of the research showed that since the variable of green creativity explains the variance of the tourism industry, green creativity has a positive and significant effect on the development of the industry. Also, based on the findings, among the dimensions of green creativity, green creative motivation is effective for the development of the tourism industry. The findings of this research can be effective in encouraging organizations and firms active in the tourism industry to pay more attention to green creativity.

Today, the tourism industry is one of the pillars affecting the urban and regional economy and is a powerful tool that includes economic, social and environmental effects. Urban tourism, as one of the sub-sectors of tourism, has recently received the attention of planners and administrators. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to investigate the impact of urban tourism indicators on the urban and regional economy, which has been carried out on a case-by-case basis in Ardabil city. The current research is applied in terms of its nature and descriptive, analytical and survey method. The statistical population of the research includes 15 experts and specialists. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the research was obtained using face validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha 0.828. In order to analyze the data and prioritize the indicators in terms of effectiveness, the EDAS multi-criteria decision making model was used in the form of Excel software. The results of the application of the mentioned model showed that among the selected indicators, the physical-spatial index with the highest score (1) is in the first place and the human resource management structure index with the lowest score (0.728) in the first ranks, respectively. They are placed last.

Although crowdsourcing is a new business principle in many tourism programs in the modern world, its basic mechanism remains unknown in the tourism industry, especially in Iran. This study aimed to comprehensively determine a crowdsourcing program in the tourism industry at both technical and conceptual levels (i.e., nature, reasons, challenges, and strategies). Cluster analysis for understanding the conceptual framework of the challenges that exist in the field of crowdsourcing in the tourism industry and finally knowing the strategies introduced in crowdsourcing in the tourism industry will help the researchers to develop a comprehensive cognitive framework in this field. This study is qualitative in nature and uses a meta-synthesis approach and a library-based method for collecting the required data. In order to carry out the research, after formulating the research questions, a systematic search based on the related key terms was conducted using the target databases including EBSCO Business Source Complete and Web of Science. The results of the study showed that the pattern of research in crowdsourcing challenges in the tourism industry can be determined in four clusters namely technology, human beings, strategies, and third-generation studies. Moreover, the strategies presented by the researchers in the successful implementation of a crowdsourcing project in the tourism industry can be implemented in four categories of strategies related to vision and strategy, human capital, infrastructure, and external environment. The results of this research can be used as a road map for future studies and provide a more comprehensive understanding of creating crowdsourcing platforms in the tourism industry.

The present study was investigated with the aim of designing and explaining the policy model in the tourism industry with the focus on mountain tourism. In terms of its purpose, this research is part of applied research. The philosophy of the current research is interpretive. In fact, the research approach of this study is inductive-deductive in terms of data collection logic. In order to analyze the data, the methods of thematic analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used; In the stage of model design, the use of academic experts and experts in the field of the subject area of the research, as well as experts in tourist and tourism companies, have been the intended community. Sampling at this stage is of the targeted reference or snowball type, which is a non-probability method. In this research, the selected samples include the managers and experts of tourist and tourism companies, who were selected based on their expertise, education, experiences, and busyness in the number of 25 cases, and interviews were conducted from them. In the present research, the interviews were used to determine the variables of the policy model in the tourism industry (mountain tourism) through experience. Based on the findings of thematic analysis, 4 dimensions and 14 components affecting policy making in the tourism industry with the focus on mountain tourism were identified. These topics include: strengthening the cultural foundation of tourists, emotional reactions, improving the decision-making style of tourists, market effectiveness.

The expansion of statistics and the possibility of using time series information in tourism economics studies have led to the increasing use of time series models in research of tourism economics; also, due to the high impact of various factors such as disease, war, sanctions, political events, economic shocks and many other international and national shocks on the tourism industry, structural changes occur in this industry which make the common results in time series surveys unreliable. To solve this problem, structural break points in tourism industry studies should be identified to be the basis for researchers' modeling in strategic studies and policy-making. The present study aimed to determine the structural break points in the Iranian tourism industry, using quarterly data from spring 2013 to summer 1399. All these tests have confirmed the existence of a structural break in the fall of 2019. However, if the coefficient decreases significantly, only the fall of 2019 would be recognized as a breakpoint in the Iranian economy. Due to the high volume of tourism and the growth of this sector in the spring and summer of 2019, it is expected that in the annual surveys, 2020 will be the only year that a structural break has occurred in tourism in Iran. Political events such as the Saudi Embassy or the referendum in Iraq Kurdistan, the signing of the UN Security Council, or the imposition of severe sanctions on Iran's economy have virtually failed to bring about structural changes in Iran's time series tourism models. There are more pervasive factors such as the Covid-19 epidemic that have caused a structural break in Iranian tourism.

This study, using the combined method, aims to build and validate a tool for measuring the value of tourists' participation. In the first stage, using the meta-combination method, the researcher focused on the subject during the years 2000 to 2020 and the values ​​resulting from the participation of tourists were identified. In the second stage, based on the literature, a questionnaire was prepared and given to several university professors and marketing and tourism researchers, and after applying the necessary comments and corrections, the questionnaire was distributed among 440 tourists who had visited one of the countries of Malaysia, UAE, Azerbaijan, and Turkey during the last 5 years. Next, the validation of the model was done using the SPSS24 software. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fitness of the 5-factor model. Based on the obtained results the questionnaire of this research can be used as a suitable tool to measure the value of tourists' participation. Using the mixed method to identify the effects of tourists' participation and also introducing a tool to measure the value of tourists' participation was one of the innovations of this research.

This study aimed to identify and analyze the barriers to tourism development on the coasts of the Oman Sea. It was descriptive-analytical research. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The research population included two categories: the incoming tourists to the region, from which 382 questionnaires were randomly selected using Cochran's formula from among the available and responsive tourists, and 30 officials of departments related to tourism. A one-way t-test, multivariate regression analysis, and path analysis were used to analyze the research findings. The results of the one-sample t-test showed that in terms of tourists, tourism on the Oman Sea coast is unfavorable. The average economic barriers (2.920), advertising barriers (2.957), infrastructure and service barriers (2.912), beach sports barriers (2.767), socio-cultural barriers (2.928), and Management barriers (2.857) were all below the desired average (3). The results of linear regression analysis showed that the managerial barriers and economic barriers with beta values ​​of 0.368 and 0.302, respectively, had the most impact and barriers to doing water sports with a beta coefficient of 0.154, social barriers with a beta coefficient of 0.171 barriers to infrastructure facilities and tourism services with a beta coefficient of 0.224 and advertising barriers with a beta coefficient of 0.294, respectively, had less impact on the coastal tourism on the coast of the Oman Sea. Also, the results of route analysis showed that managerial barriers with 0.820 and economic barriers with 0.623 had the most significant impact on the coastal tourism of the Oman Sea, respectively, and the beach sports barriers with 0.154 had the least impact on tourism. Therefore, according to the obtained results, it can be said that the barriers to the development of tourism on the coasts of the Oman Sea depend on factors such as economic, propaganda, management, socio-cultural factors, beach sports, and infrastructure - services. As long as these problems and barriers are not removed, tourism in these areas will not reach proper growth and development.Extended Abstract Introduction Activities on the shores and areas surrounding the seas, such as sunbathing, swimming, boat riding, wave surfing, water skiing, flying in the air, diving, fishing sports, and other water recreational activities, are the main attractions in many parts of the world. Today tourism primarily develops adjacent to the seas, and beach tourism counts among the most significant economic development and job creation models. Tourists travel to coastal regions to visit the shores and use the coastal facilities. Enjoying the benefits of tourism requires removing all the hurdles and challenges facing this activity, such as the lack of management skills, poor marketing, lack or shortage of tourist services, seasonal limitations, and regulation void. To this aim, actions, including building and developing the infrastructures, sustainable advertisement, and marketing, responsible holding of tourist tours, setting the stage for private and non-public investment in beach tourism, prioritizing the demands and goals of locals to satisfy their needs, and designing appropriate laws and regulations. MethodologyThis research is applied in terms of objective. It draws on a descriptive and analytical methodology and utilizes the library method and fieldwork to gather data. Questionnaires are used in the fieldwork. The statistical population of the research consists of incoming tourists to the region (Konārak and Chābahār shores) and the authorities in charge of beach tourism. According to data released by the Ministry of Heritage, Culture, Tourism, and Handicraft, tourists visiting the Sistān and Baluchestān province shores reached over 100 thousand in 2019. Using the Cochran formula, 382 questionnaires were completed by availability sampling from among the tourists visiting the Sistān and Baluchestān province shores. Thirty officials from the office in charge of tourism in Konārak and Chābahār towns were chosen as the second statistical research population. SPSS and EXCEl software packages were employed to analyze data. One-sample t-test, linear regression analysis, path analysis, and factor analysis were used to analyze data. Opinions of 5 university professors and experts were elicited to examine the questionnaire validity, which was confirmed after investigation and revision. The questionnaire reliability was calculated using alpha Cronbach 0.81. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed a normal distribution of the data. After conducting fieldwork and interviewing local experts, the challenges facing tourism development on the shores of the Sea of Oman were identified and categorized into six groups: Cultural-social, economic, infrastructural, tourism services, management, advertisement, and beach sports.Results and discussionFindings suggest that 138 respondents (36 percent) are female, and 244 (64 percent) are male. Other findings are as follows. Challenges to beach tourism development are cultural and social obstacles, economic hurdles, infrastructural facilities, tourism services, management hurdles, challenges facing the development of beach sports, and advertisement challenges. Given the data's Normal distribution, the one-sample t-test and parametric tests were employed to investigate the obstacles to the development of beach tourism on the shores of the Sea of Oman.ConclusionFindings indicate that the development of beach tourism faces numerous challenges in these regions. These challenges include social-cultural challenges like the lack of familiarity of the locals with the role and significance of tourism in development, lack of complete knowledge on how to treat the tourists, fear of insecurity among the tourists, lack of tourism police in the region, lack of a culture of using tourism resources, and facilities; economic challenges like the tourists' propensity to neighboring rival regions, lack of governmental insurance and financial support of the existing investors, Unwillingness of the native and non-native investors to invest in tourism, local's lack of access to more financial resources, inflation, foreign exchange fluctuations in the country, tourism services, and infrastructural challenges, such as welfare facilities in the tourism sites, and the low quality of tourism services Management hurdles like inattention of authorities to the significance of beach tourism, lack of expert and skilled forces in tourism institutions and bodies, lack of cooperation among organizations in charge of tourism to develop beach tourism, planning and decision-making weakness regarding tourism and beach tourism, neglecting the task of spreading information regarding tourism on the part of tourism authorities, lack of suitable, early-yielding tourism plan to encourage investors in beach tourism, and the lack of sufficient skills on the part of tourism officials in the region to plan tourism development Beach sports challenges like a lack of boat riding tournaments, beach soccer, wave surfing, open water swimming tournaments, international beach sports tournaments, lack of investment in beach sports, neglect of the high potential of beach sports to attract tourists, lack of high skills on the part of tourism officials in the region to plan tourism development, lack of necessary facilities for beach sports Advertisement challenges like lack of radio advertisements on the province's beach tourism, negligence on the part of information-broadcasting institutions such as the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting in changing the perceptions of the country's tourists toward the province and its shores, a multitude of documentaries and films depicting the area as unsafe, and media exaggeration of the adverse events in the region (insecurity).FundingThere is no funding support.Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the workConflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest.Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the persons for scientific consulting in this paper.

One of the small and young industries in the stock market is the tourism industry, which includes ‎several companies, ‎including the Cultural Heritage Investment Group. In the present ‎by using the complex networks theory two networks are ‎presented. First, a network is chosen from 36 ‎industries in Iran economy according to active industries in the stock ‎market using a fundamental approach. The weight of the edges is ‎determined according to a 36-section of input-output ‎table. In the next step, a correlation network ‎among the stock market indices of these 36 industries is formed using a ‎technical analysis approach. ‎ a centrality criteria is used to provide an approach to determine the position of the ‎tourism ‎industry as well as its connection with other industries in Iran stock market. According to the ‎results, the food industry has ‎the most impact on the ‎tourism due to the required food supplement for hotels and restaurants. The ‎industrial ‎contracting is the most affected by the tourism due to the impact of tourism ‎development on activities such as ‎the restoration of historic buildings. The stock market index of the tourism has the ‎highest correlation with the stock ‎market index of the Printing and‏ ‏publishing. ‎

The tourism industry in today's world is considered as one of the economically profitable industries and the creation and exchanging means of culture. Measures should be taken to attract tourists and introduce the buildings. These measures include advertising, book printing, publishing brochures, and billboards for better access of tourists to the desired areas. Tourist boards play a special role. In a way, it can be said that these signs are eloquent language to guide a tourist and a good guide to attract the tourist, a reliable guide to get to the desired place; signs are not only a guide but also carry a brand of advertising. Thus, their shape, size, color, installation location, and multilingualism, all are effective in the structure of the signboard; and the tourism sign depicts the cultural identity and personality of an area. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of the use of tourism signs in the city of Isfahan and the development of tourism in this city. The method of this research is applied based on the purpose and based on nature is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research includes all citizens over 18 years old in Isfahan in 1997 who were randomly sampled. The necessary data were collected through a questionnaire. The results of this study show that more than 62% of foreign tourists and more than 52% of local tourists in their comments have described this situation as weak and very poor.

Experiences play an important role in people's lives and contribute to a person's mental health. Most of these experiences take place in the activities that people do in their spare time (Tan and Chang, 2016). From a consumer’s perspective, leisure tourism can be a source of memorable experiences (Menga and Hanb, 2019). Tourism activities are considered the fourth part of human activities after agriculture, industry, and services and can be called invisible exports that can create a suitable platform for friendship and understanding between nations and peace without polluting the human environment and brought peace to the people; for this reason, tourism is also called the white industry (Rabbani et al., 2020). Tourist attractions are known as a field of study in the field of tourism. The value of these attractions is evident in the strategies that governments develop to make a benefit, as they can be mentioned as the main assets for the development of tourism destinations (Liask et al., 2013). Also, managing the tourist experience can lead to more tourists’ knowledge and their inclinations and interests, and provide grounds for attracting more tourists, which in turn can have desirable consequences in the form of the value of tourist participation. Due to the importance of the tourism industry and the expansion of studies with a managerial and practical nature in this regard, the present study has been conducted to achieve a model of antecedents and consequences of the tourist experience. For this purpose, first, the method of combining the antecedents and consequences of customer’s experience as well as the experiences of management approaches in the tourism industry (separately) was identified, and with the guidance of 10 experts and marketing and tourism experts and their opinions, and lastly, a questionnaire was prepared. 440 Iranian tourists who had traveled to Turkey, Malaysia, Azerbaijan, and the UAE in the last 5 years (1396 -1400) were distributed. In the first stage, each of the structures of the proposed model, in terms of being one-dimensional in a separate measurement model by Klein's (2005) method was investigated so that, firstly, the factor load of the indicators was more than 0.5; not more than 0.85. In the second stage, the validity and reliability of the structures were evaluated and Cronbach's alpha, structural validity (CR), mean explained variance, construct validity, convergent validity, and divergent validity were calculated and evaluated. After the assessment tools were finally approved at each stage, the research model was developed and tested. The result of the present study is to model the antecedents and consequences of the tourist experience using a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) which is one of the innovations of this research, which can be used by managers and industry activists and the  development of tourism-related activities on a global scale.

With the development of soft technologies with their value-oriented nature in the context of culture, in the form of creative industries in line with the tourism industry can be a specific goal for development strategies in the context of regional economic planning. The degree of tourism potential in creating development in a region largely depends on the alignment of tacit culture and objective culture of tourism stakeholders in the region, especially decision-makers at different levels of local government. Qazvin is one of the historical and cultural cities of Iran that has the largest number of registered antiquities. Due to the loss of the opportunity of Qazvin tourism pilot by the United Nations Human Settlement Program in 2005, in which tourism was introduced as an important factor of public welfare and income for all segments of the population, and according to statistics It is stated that the increasing and decreasing trend of credits allocated to the tourism sector, the current situation and the impact of tourism on the regional development of Qazvin and its future forecast from the perspective of tourism stakeholders in the region. The main purpose of this study is to identify and study the impact of tourism industry on regional development of Qazvin province (case study of Qazvin city). - What is the sociological analysis of the effects of tourism indicators related to the regional development of Qazvin province (case study of Qazvin city) from the perspective of tourists and stakeholders in the region? And predicting the future of the tourism industry according to the current situation from experts and officials How is it with tourism in the region?

Descriptive-analytical in three stages, using the SWOT technique to develop a strategy from two groups of tourists to 140 people and stakeholders (tourism-related jobs) 120 people and using the Delphi method in three rounds, officials and experts up to 41 people to advance Forecast of the future of tourism in Qazvin Data collection has been done. According to the Likert scale and gaining a maximum of 5 points in each case with 41 participants, the maximum score of each agent could be 143.5 points and gaining 70% of this point.

The SWOT results of tourists:the top strengths of the region:diversity of historical and natural landscapes of tourism, sense of security and confidence of tourists during the trip, clean climate of the region and its opportunities, ability and potential of the region for tourism development. Recommend to friends, good travel experience due to reasonable costs, weaknesses:poor quality and high cost of accommodation centers, traffic on communication routes within the historical context, lack of proper access to information centers and Tourism guidance as well as threats:Lack of proper use of natural and historical resources in the region in the form of sustainable development, incoherence in tourism management, lack of proper investment in the tourism sector. Stakeholder SWOT results the strengths of the region: people agree to the expansion of tourism, life satisfaction in the region according to the business environment and increase the personal income of residents related to tourism, knowledge and interest of people in reviving history And Opportunity:The Ability and Potential Necessary for the Development of Tourism in the Region, The Originality and Specialness of the Works and Places of the Region and the Presence of Women in the Footsteps of Men in Tourism Jobs Quality in the facilities needed by tourists and is faced with serious threats:lack of systematic planning and planning of tourism, lack of appropriate investments in tourism, inappropriate change of use, including the traditional garden of Qazvin. In the third stage of the analysis using the Delphi technique process in three rounds, the consensus of Delphi panel members, officials and experts related to tourism in the province, predict the future of tourism .In the economic dimension: Reconstruction of tourist places in order to create a hotel and visit historical centers, direct supply and prosperity in the production of handicrafts, impact on increasing newly established urban spaces and impact on the growth of value added in the tourism sector. In the cultural dimension: impact In the prosperity of Saad al-Saltanah and the reconstruction of such historical collections, the impact on the preservation of archeological and historical monuments, the effects of original architecture and historical memory.In the social dimension: the impact on facilitating communication services, the impact on Public transport services. In the environmental dimension: an effect on the attractiveness of the environment of historical places and attractions, the impact on the development of ecotourism, tourism advocates and conservation of the natural environment. In providing and training skilled and experienced manpower at management levels, his work The purpose of the tourism sector is to comply with international tourism laws and international relations between governments in order to improve the standards of the region.

The difference between tacit culture and objective culture derived from the goals and values of all stakeholders, including people and managers, has created a conflict of interest. It is closely related to the future of Qazvin tourism industry. decision-makers in terms of the ability to set a goal and achieve it in policy fail and work with very little power. Economic development of tourism depends on coordinating these conflicting interests.Development requires change, and change always happens in the context. In order to make improvements, one must pay attention to the context and create accessories that are both functional and in line with the goals. Principles of Qazvin tourism policy can be used with a recurring problem-based adaptation approach to empower local government and community-based tourism from the component Regional development opportunities are possible. especially in the city and region with a rich historical and cultural background of Qazvin.