جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "صادرات غیرنفتی" در نشریات گروه "مدیریت"

The development of non-oil exports is of great importance for a country whose industry is based on the export of oil and its derivatives. Given the emergence of technology-based industries in the past two decades and the increasing importance of the technology economy, focusing on the development of exports of innovation and technology-based products is more necessary than ever. Therefore, examining the existing supportive policies in the country and successful global models to optimize and increase the effectiveness of these policies is crucial.This research examines the supportive policies of the Vice Presidency for Science, Technology, and Knowledge-Based Economy in the development of exports of innovation and technology-based products and formulates an optimal model for supporting knowledge-based businesses. This study has been conducted using scientific research methods, and its results can be extended to other supportive institutions such as the Trade Promotion Organization, the Small Industries and Industrial Parks Organization of Iran, and the Innovation and Prosperity Fund of the Presidency.To achieve the research objectives, qualitative case studies were conducted, and other research areas were reviewed. Additionally, semi-structured interviews with experts and specialists in the fields of export and technology were conducted to gather their opinions.The obtained data indicate that supportive policies have been analyzed in three approaches: government-oriented, firm-oriented, and intermediary-oriented, and an optimal model based on these approaches has been proposed. The research results reveal that the executive policies in the country’s governmental structures, especially in the Vice Presidency for Science and Technology, have weaknesses that need to be addressed and improved. Among these weaknesses are the need for more attention to the export of knowledge-based companies, decentralization from reliance on budget and financial support, and maximum utilization of innovation and technology infrastructure in the country. Additionally, attention to the network of Iranians abroad and extracting comprehensive statistics on the official and unofficial exports of these companies are other important points for improving supportive policies.

The export of agricultural goods, especially nuts, plays a significant role in providing foreign exchange income from non-oil exports. Due to the inadequacy of the models presented in the existing theoretical foundations, this research was conducted with a developmentalist view of the non-oil economy with the aim of designing a model for nuts export tactics to Russia. This research follows the sequential mixed method. First by using the library method, nuts export tactics were extracted. Then in the qualitative part, the initial tactics were presented through interviews to 25 experts who were selected through the snowball sampling method, while confirming them, additional tactics were extracted. Data collection in the quantitative part was also done using a questionnaire which its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach alpha method and its validity was confirmed by content validity method. By asking 110 nuts exporters who were selected through judgmental sampling method, the final tactics were ranked using the TOPSIS method. The results showed that the best way to developing the nuts export to Russia is using of 30 tactics which have the following priority: Integration of small companies to achievement of reliable brand and production on an economic scale, Establishing the joint bank of Iran and Russia and opening branches in both countries to facilitate financial transfers, Controlling pollution and reducing the use of pollutants in export affairs and other tactics in the research model.

Digital currencies based on information technology and without dependence on banks and governments are in the real world, which is called the fourth industrial revolution. In this study, a general discussion was conducted on digital currencies and non-oil exports (handcraft industries) considering the moderating role of international sanctions. The type of applied research and the method of doing it was a descriptive survey and the statistical population included the managers of the country\'s handicraft industry. The research sampling method is available by random sampling and to determine the sample size of Cochran\'s formula which is equal to 367 people; 390 questionnaires were distributed for the possibility of non-return. Finally, by reviewing the returned questionnaires and excluding the incomplete questionnaires, 337 questionnaires entered the statistical analysis stage. The correlation coefficient test was used to test the first and second hypotheses of the research. In the first hypothesis, the positive value of the correlation coefficient (0.106) indicates the direct relationship between digital currencies and the increase in non-oil exports (handcraft industry). In the second hypothesis, the positive value of the correlation coefficient (0.250) indicates the existence of a direct relationship between digital currencies and the reduction of the impact of international sanctions. Finally, to test the third hypothesis, the path coefficient test and the value of tstatistics were used and the value of the path coefficient stated that 34.5% of the capability of digital currencies and non-oil exports (handcraft industry) was affected by the moderating role of international sanctions. The path coefficient also revealed that 18.6% of non-oil exports (handcraft industry) were affected by the capability of digital currencies. In the end, suggestions such as solving jurisprudential challenges and security problems and the adoption of laws to protect digital currencies by the government and government institutions, as well as the expansion of fashion programs based on Islamic and Iranian culture, etc. were presented as research suggestions.

According to official statistics published by the Customs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the amount of exports of industrial sectors in the first 4 months of 1399 compared to the same period in 1398, decreased by an average of 28%. In this article, using the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) in 2016, assuming the continuation of this trend throughout the year, the effects and consequences of shock reduction of non-oil exports following the outbreak of Corona virus on economic sectors production and income distribution are analyzed. These results then serve as the basis for identifying the five important origin and destination segments for applying the structural path analysis approach to impact chains. Also, important paths of impact of export reduction on 5 economic sub-sectors are identified using structural path analysis approach. The findings of the study show that, firstly, the total output decreases by 6.49 percent. Second, the functional distribution of income, changes to the detriment of operating surplus and compensation for employee services, so that they experience a decrease of 5.63 and 3.84 percent, respectively; While mixed income decreases only 2.79 percent. Third, with a 3.23 percent decline in urban household income and a 2.98 percent decline in rural household income, the institutional distribution of income also changes to the detriment of urban households. Fourth, the explanations of the major paths of impact identified using the structural path analysis approach range from 45percent to more than 99 percent.

Non-oil export development is one of the policy priorities in countries dependent on oil exports to achieve balanced and comprehensive development. However, the development of non-oil exports depends on the growth of the private sector and the growth of the private sector is also possible through both the transfer of assets and public corporations to the private sector (privatization) and the removal of barriers to private sector activity (improving the business environment). But, empirical evidence has shown that privatization does not result without improving the business environment. Hence, economists emphasize that improving the business environment is prior to privatization. In this regard, the present study has tried to determine the impact of Business space on market share of non-oil export in developing selected countries during the period 2008-2019. From the three indicators, Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export were used as an alternative to the business environment. Eventually, the research model using panel data and the generalized method of moments estimated and results showed that the impact of Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export Documents to export, Time to export and the Cost to export on market share of non-oil export is negative and meaningful. Also, the effect of controlling variables including per capita production, real exchange rate and openness on market share of non-oil exports is positive and significant

The development of non-oil exports is one of the policy priorities in order to achieve balanced and comprehensive development in oil producing countries. Meanwhile, the development of entrepreneurial space by reinforcement the innovative approach to economic activities and transforming new knowledge into new goods and services, can lead to a competitive advantage in global markets and and the development of non-oil exports. So, in this regard, the present study attempted to determine the effect of entrepreneurship space on non-oil exports in developing and developed selected countries during the period 2013-2017. For this purpose, the research model is estimated using panel data and generalized moment method. The results showed that indicators of entrepreneurial overall, entrepreneurial attitudes, entrepreneurial abilities and entrepreneurial aspirstions as an alternative to entrepreneurial space respectively with coefficients of 0.31, 0.23, 0.29 and 0.34, affecting on non-oil exports. Also, the control variables, including GDP per capita, real exchange rate and openness of the economy, respectively with coefficients of 0.41, 0.14 and 0.17 affecting on non-oil exports.

The development of non-oil exports in oil-exporting countries is one of the policy priorities in order to achive balanced development. However, achieving this important, requires the creation of different infrastructures that the development of information and communication technology is one of the most important of them. In this regard, the present study attempted to examine the impact of ICT development on the market share of OPEC member countries from global exports during the period 2017-2007. In order to achieve this goal, the research model using panel data and GMM method. The results showed that the effect of ICT development indicators (access, use and skill) on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant. Also, the effect of control variables including per capita production and real exchange rate on the market share of selected countries of non-oil exports of the world has been positive and significant.

Non-oil exports have been the subject of a lot of debate and discussions in recent decades. In Iran, the majority of the export revenue comes from oil sales and the government does not necessarily rely on other sources of revenue; therefore, non-oil exports are of particular importance. Meanwhile, Iran has been under economic sanctions for 40 years after the Islamic revolution, and export companies are facing many problems as a result. Thus, appropriate strategies should be used in order to maintain the business and increase the company performance in business exchanges, especially in the complex and ambiguous environment that causes many risks for various reasons due to political, economic, and cultural reasons. Such strategies can help deal with these uncertainties and risks. According to the previous studies in Iran, there are only few researches to analyze and assess export risk, which can be due to the dependence of the Iran economy on imports. Most research in this area has often examined the impact of a single risk. In this study, Miller model is considered as the basis for identifying risk factors. The output of this study is a network model of risks that Iranian exporters are faced with in the non-oil export sector.

In this study, the risks were identified by reviewing the related research literature and the opinions of professional and academic experts were collected through a questionnaire to select the most important risks. Judgmental sampling was considered for this study and an online questionnaire was sent to 187 people in both stages where the first questionnaire was responded by 31 individuals and the second questionnaire by 18 individuals. In this study, the same 31 questionnaires were considered sufficient. Then, interpretive-structural modeling method was used in order to extract the relationships between these risks. Using SPSS software, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the initial questionnaire was reported 0.722 and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each item was higher than 0.7, which indicates that all the questions in the questionnaire are reliable. The second questionnaire was designed based on the outputs of the first questionnaire and the second questionnaire was analyzed using interpretive structural modeling.

The final model obtained from this study consists of 6 levels; it should also be noted that the higher level risks are less effective and are more likely to be affected by other barriers. Level one risks include changes in the pattern of society, changes in the amount of use by others, the elimination of pollution, product innovation and workforce, which indicates that these components are affected by their five sub-levels. On the other hand, level two risks include quality change in machinery, social unrest, job security, and motivation management. Monetary-financial reform, price control, shortage of complementary goods, process innovation, shortage of raw materials and the results of research and development activities are considered as level three risks. Level four risks include strikes, barriers to capital and money outflows, inflation, changes in consumers’ taste, and collection of debts. Level five risks include chaos, revolution, business restrictions, earthquake, interest rates, heavy rainfall, and technology. Finally, level six risks, which are considered as the last and the most influential factors, include war, government laws, and exchange rates.

Managers should note that the importance of risks will be different compared to each other in different environments and different conditions, and also in different stages of the product life cycle. Therefore, considering the type of organization and environmental conditions, the manager should pay attention to the risks with different prospecrives. Regarding the connections made between the risks, it can be seen that most of the risks are associated with a lot of communication and impacts, and no unnecessary or insignificant risks are found. Any type of defect or shortcoming in a risk can cause disruptions in the end result, which is the increase in non-oil exports. In other words, the obtained model indicates that the model should be viewed as a process or system and also all the related aspects should be taken into account as well.

The development of non-oil exports can regulate the employment situation and help to the provide of necessary foreign exchange resources for imports. It can also increase the resilience of the economy by cutting off dependence on foreign exchange earnings from oil exports. But to achieve this, in today's competitive world, It needs to support creative ideas, build new products and services, based on the needs and preferences of foreign customers using their new tools and methods of production and commercialization, referred to as innovation. Therefore, the present study attempted to examine the effect of inputs and outputs of innovation on the market share of two oil exporting selected countries (sample group) and Innovation -Driven Stage selected countries (control group) from non-oil global exports during the period 2007-2017. For this purpose, the research model was estimated using panel data and generalized method of moments in two groups of countries. The results showed that the effect of inputs and outputs of innovation on the market share of both groups of selected countries from non-oil world exports was positive and significant. Of course, the estimated coefficient of these variables is higher in oil-exporting countries.

Trade affairs, particularly export, have been always encountered with risks and uncertainties. It is obvious that coping with these risk categories requires a systematic process for identifying, analyzing and responding to the risks in order to maximize the results of positive events and minimizing the consequences of bad and negative events that can affect the main goals of export. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to design and determine the optimal risk management model and its executive requirements in the Islamic Republic of Iran's Custom Administration (IRICA) with the export development approach. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section was the managers and experts of the IRICA in Tehran and in the quantitative section, was all experts of customs with a definitive export procedure. The sample needed for qualitative interviews was collected to the extent of theoretical saturation through a targeted judgment sampling. The qualitative data was analyzed by the grounded theory. Out of 181 subcategories extracted from verbal propositions, 41 core categories were extracted which formed the paradigm model of export risk management. Results indicated that product-based risk, trade risk, export decleration risk, non-performance risk, credit risk, transportation risk, individual based risk, and legal risk are the main export risks in Iran and related strategies were suggested. In addition, contextual factors including cultural, legal, environmental, economic, and political facors as well as mediator factors including quality of export operation mechanisms, human resource quality and stakeholder participation have affectd the risk management strategies.

The effective rate of exchange is one of the most important factors in international competitiveness. The more it increases, the better the competitiveness of exports is. So, keeping or raising the real effective exchange rate has a positive effect on the country's trade balance, but reducing it will have a negative effect. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exchange rate on the non-oil exports of Iran with the time series analysis approach. The data on the variables were extracted from databases for the period of 1991-2012, and the Dickey-Fuller test was used to evaluate the reliability of the variables. Also, the Granger causality test and the VAR model were used to test the hypothesis. The results showed that the variable of exchange rates had significant adverse effects on non-oil exports during the studied period; with an increase in the exchange rate in that period, non-oil exports declined. It was also shown that the impacts of GDP, the degree of economic openness and non-oil export facilities granted to the private sector were positive.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of sanctions on Iran's non-oil exports during the period 1979-2013. The method of this research is to document the data and to analyze the econometric model with structural time series method which has modeled factors influencing non-oil exports. The results of the model estimation have shown that sanctions have a significant negative effect on non-oil exports of the country. Also, real GDP, openness rate and real exchange rate have a significant positive effect on non-oil exports of the country. The terms of trade or the ratio of the price index of exported goods to imported goods, has a significant negative effect on non-oil exports. The results also show that the level and gradient of the underlying trend have a significant effect on non-oil exports, which shows the significant effect of the non-visible factors on non-oil exports. Based on the results of the research, the necessity of adopting economic policies based on the development of non-oil exports and dealing with sanctions conditions is proposed.

As a developing country, Iran has taken non-oil exports into consideration as an important strategy in its economic plans in order to be released from single-product economy and develop non-oil exports. However, in practice, the achievements associated with non-oil exports are mainly related to petroleum commodities and derivatives. Hence, the country needs to strengthen export firms and their international competitive capabilities, in particular, in the fields which have the required potential for international trade and competitions. One of the industries that can be of great value in a situation that the country is seeking non-oil exports is food industry (Kaffash et al. 2012). However, despite high potentials of food industries in Iran, the balance of trade is negative for this area and it should gradually become reasonable and positive (Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Mines, 2016).Therefore, this study has been focused on the food industry and export power. On the other hand, after examining the literature the gap in international marketing and small and medium enterprises, one can say that the criticism of the views in these areas is that they seek to identify and utilize existing resources and capabilities of the organization, and they have static view (Teece, 2009). Thus, in this study, factors affecting the ability of the firms to export entrepreneurship from a dynamic perspective are examined. As it has been mentioned earlier, in previous studies, the models of entrepreneurial exports presented from static perspectives like resource-based view (Navarro-Garcia et al., 2016, Tayloe, 2013). In addition, it should be noted that in each industry, different types of dynamic capabilities can be identified, which are different. So, it can be said that dynamic capabilities are vaguely identified. Therefore, another research gap is the ambiguity of the concept of dynamic capabilities in the food industry that this study try to identify. On the other hand, one of the concerns of business professionals is the documentation and modeling of the practices of entrepreneurs in various functional areas, including the field of marketing and internationalization. But entrepreneurial exports, which are part of international entrepreneurship, have not been taken into consideration (Hessels & Vanstel, 2011). Indeed, it can be said that there is a research gap in the field of international entrepreneurship (Mainela et al., 2014). Also, the models presented in the international entrepreneurship are about large and global companies. They are less relevant to small and medium enterprises, especially in developing countries (Taylor, 2013). Therefore, in view of the existing gaps in the literature on the issue of non-oil exports in the country, this study tries to identify the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurial exports of Iranian food industry enterprises in terms of dynamic capabilities.

Methods

 In the first stage, a theoretical discussion on the interviews and content analysis and sampling have been provided. In the design phase of the model, in addition to reviewing the literature, interviews with experts in the food industry were considered. These experts in the food industry include people from different levels of the organization in the leading manufacturing and exporting food companies in Iran. Sampling in this research is theoretical in the first stage. In this type of sampling, samples are not necessarily composed of individuals, and the specialized and theoretical literature related to a domain can also be considered as a unit of data and analysis, and the goal is to achieve theoretical saturation (Adolph et al.., 2012). In the first stage, a series of deep interviews was conducted with 20 academic experts and food industry experts to reach the theoretical saturation. Interviews were analyzed with MaxQDA 10 software and a model has been achieved. The statistical population in the second phase of study is small and medium-sized enterprises in the food industry, which these companies operate as exporters in the food industry, with more than three years of export experience. In total, 24 companies participated in the research. Sampling method at this stage is a purposive sampling and the tool used in this stage is a questionnaire. Of the total questionnaires sent for 210 people, 193 questionnaires were answered and analised. For testing the model, this study used a structural equation model and Smart Pls software.   Findings This study seeks to identify the factors affecting entrepreneurial exports using the dynamic capabilities perspective, at the level of small and medium enterprises that are known as a successful entrepreneur and exporter in the food industry. Therefore, in this study, based on the obtained model, the analysis of the content of interviews and the study of literature 5 dimensions were considered for the identifying and seizing the opportunities capability. But after test of the model, only four dimensions including management competencies, networking capability, entrepreneurial orientation and external market orientation, respectively, were identified as constituent dimensions. Furthermore, the results showed that four dimensions of the identifying and seizing opportunities capabilities are effective on the configuration capability and the macro environment has a negative impact on the configuration capability. Also, the micro-environment has a moderating effect in the relationship between the two variables. On the other hand, the configuration capability affects the entrepreneurial export.

In this study, three dimensions of strategic, analysis and global commitment as constituted dimensions of managerial competencies for identifying and seizing opportunities in international markets for small and medium enterprises were recognized. Networking capability, entrepreneurial orientation and external market orientation (retail environment audit and market research) are other dimensions of identifying and seizing opportunity capabilities. Moreover, the reconfiguration capability on entrepreneurial exports has a significant impact. Researches have also shown that the competitive responsive capability is effective on export performance of a firm (Helfalt et al., 2007). Based on testing the model, the micro-environment features, including market uncertainty and competition level, have positive impact on the relationship between identifying and seizing opportunity capability and reconfiguration capability. This means that companies that operate in environments with high levels of uncertainty can identify opportunities more quickly and face better environmental threats. In this study, is also has been found that the macro environment has a negative impact on the reconfiguration capability. But this impact is less than the positive impact of identifying and seizing opportunities on reconfiguration capability. Thus, by enhancing the capability of identifying and seizing opportunities with the following four sub-dimensions as mentioned above, the negative impact of the macro environment on configuration capability  to face market threats can be reduced.

Islamic Republic of Iran is among countries that in terms of locating in the very appropriate geographical location has good transit benefits and by the expansion of transport network and efficient communication can use the benefits properly in order to increase exchange earnings and improve its strategic position in the region. Due to the special geographical position of Iran in the region and being in the path of goods transfer between Central Asia and open seas, developing the transportation network to provide transit services is the commercial valuable opportunities that have been provided to the economy of Iran. Considering the material presented and the current economic conditions and existing sanctions or even stages of after sanctions (Barjam), the present study seeks to investigate the role of goods transit in its non-oil exports. This method is an applied research objectively and in terms of research method is descriptive analytical. To evaluate the data and estimating designed model, the data of 1978-2014 is used and given the role of variables of transit, four models were evaluated. By investigating four estimation model based on transit, only the first model that includes variable of transit's value added in terms of theory and statistical significance was accepted.

The export of non-oil products, particularly agricultural products has a significant effect on foreign exchange earnings in Iran. Therefore, it seems essential to study the effective factors and its extent on the agricultural products export. In this research, the effective criteria on kiwifruit export is identified using Delphi technique. Then, using DEMATEL method, inter-affected and inter-effective relations of the criteria is explained and eventually effective factors on agricultural products export are extracted. The statistical population, in this research, consists of export companies and sorting companies located in Talesh and Astara. The main data collection tool is a questionnaire. In this regard, using Delphi technique in two stages, 9 criteria as effective factors on kiwifruit export are identified. According to the results from the analysis of the criteria using DEMATEL technique, it is determined that among the 9 selected criteria, product price is the most affected criteria and the most weighting coefficient in the whole system, as well as being the leading factor on export. However, the economic factors are the most effective ones. Findings indicate that controlling the economic factors on kiwifruit export allows for access to many markets and can also improve the foreign income.

This paper adopts Kalman filter approach to investigate factors affecting the supply of Iran’s non-oil exports during the period 1981-2011. This approach examines the structural instability in the coefficients of the models and allows for parameters change over time. In view of the structure of Iran’s non-oil exports، the empirical results imply that the elasticity of Iran’s non-oil exports supply to domestic product، price and exchange rate during the war years were very unstable. With the end of the war and the relative stability of the economy، the elasticities show little fluctuations. In sum، the elasticity of Iran’s non-oil exports supply to domestic product، and exchange rate were positive، however the elasticity of Iran’s non-oil exports supply to price was negative. This means that increasing in domestic product and exchange rate has positive impact on the Iran’s non-oil exports supply. On the other hand، inflation influences negatively the Iran’s non-oil exports supply.

This study investigates the impact of globalization on non-oil exports in Iran based on monetary and non-monetary factors through application of GMDH neural network model, as a tool with high ability for tracing and indicating complex nonlinear trends, especially when limited number of observations are available. The research has used International Trade Integration criteria and trade openness index as indices of globalization. The findings of this research illustrate that the impact of the growth of the world income and the growth of imported capital goods on non-oil exports in Iran is more important than the effect of other factors in globalization process. Furthermore, this study concludes the growth of GDP as an internal factor has a significantly major effect on increasing non-oil exports.