جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Taxonomy » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The precise conceptualization of the two terms Qarā'at (reading/recitation) and Qārī (reader/reciter) is among the necessities of the historical study of the Quran. Some signs show an important semantic evolution in the concept of these two terms during the first centuries. The semantic evolution of this term through the taxonomic method can be scientifically explained reassuringly. The taxonomic study can confirm the occurrence of this semantic development and explain its reasons. In the historical study of the Qārīs community in the first centuries, a noticeable transformation and change can be seen in the features and characteristics of their community, including jurisprudence, trustworthiness, literature, militarism, and singing. That is, the Qārīs in the first century were the same jurists, but in the following centuries, they gradually became people who had no connection with jurisprudence and piety, and their privilege was in literature and singing.

The current study aims at evaluating the content of questions in Iranian University Entrance Exams based on the attention given to the levels of Bloom's taxonomy. The study applied content analysis and Sociology questions in Iranian University Entrance Exams from 2013 to 2022 were the study population. Given the Bloom's taxonomy pattern, a researcher-made content analysis form was used as a study tool. The findings demonstrated that the question share in the knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, composition, and evaluation level were 72.5, 22.5, 1, 3, 1 and 0 percent, respectively. Overall, the study results proved the unbalanced distribution of the level of questions in terms of Bloom's taxonomy and in favor of low cognitive levels. It is recommended that when designing test questions for University Entrance Exams, all cognitive levels be given enough attention; that is to say that the attention to cognition should not be restricted to knowledge level. The results of this study can be taken into account in designing National University Entrance Exams.

The present paper is conducted through exploratory and inductive approach in order to achieve a business model for data marketplaces. The research paper could be considered as a first attempt in the field of data marketplaces and their business models in Iran. The paper is based on two iterative taxonomy approach that is first introduced by Nickerson et al.(2013).Mixing of a systematic way on current literatures along with structured interviews by some experts who are involved in this area is applied to gain the main objectives. Our results provide the main bloc of the presented archetype with three sub blocs ،attributes and specifications that is titled value proposition. The sub blocs are named value creation، value capture and value delivery.

The need to pay attention to organizing an efficient housing and urban development system and the need to concentrate on new urban planning ideas and defense planning of the city to achieve the goals of urban defense seem very important. Nowadays, the housing system in cities is in a dilemma; on the one hand, the expansion of cities and the formation of new urban patterns, and on the other hand, worn-out and marginal urban textures that are somehow vulnerable to disasters and hazards. The present study used a descriptive-analytical method and library and field work with emphasis on the principles of passive defense and identification of the components and indicators of vulnerability and zoning of danger in four components of natural, physical, social and economic with 45 sub-indices. It also examined earthquake-vulnerable areas comprehensively as well as the neighborhood-spatial structure of Kermanshah urban areas in order to reduce the risk from a defense perspective. In this paper, with fundamental studies related to the spatial structure based on earthquake risk, the formation and collection of experts' opinions and its analysis in the form of taxonomic and Vikor models and the required database in ArcGIS software environment were drawn. In addition to risk zoning, vulnerable neighborhoods and settlements were identified and the necessary defense strategies were provided to reduce vulnerability.

Today, one of the best tools available for value chain engineering is applying the practical lessons of business models. By analyzing a business model, the processes of development, presentation and receipt of value by a company can be improved. Although many companies operating in different industries of the country have increasingly turned to the analysis of their business models, the issue is moving forward at a lower speed in the pharmaceutical industry. Numerous new business models have been developed or renovated in today’s changing business environment. The development and renovation of new business models are not a matter of choice but a necessity in order to survive in an environment whose rules of the game are constantly changing. In such a situation, the greatest challenge posed to organizations is developing a framework through which an accurate understanding of the dimensions and components of their business models can be achieved and a point of reference can be offered to compare their business models with those of the competing companies to enable innovation and outperformance. The main focus of this study is to find a practical framework for pharmaceutical companies so as to identify and compare the key features of their business models with those of active competitors, hence to understand the strengths and positive qualities of other models and overcoming their weaknesses.In this study, the latest scientific findings about the business models of pharmaceutical companies are presented, and the common types of these business models are identified using taxonomy (experimental typology) to achieve a more comprehensive and accurate view of the dynamics of this business model in companies. The statistical population of this study included all the Iranian companies producing human drugs that have had a competitive product in the growth stage. The study was conducted in two phases, content analysis and quantitative phase. Initially, semi-structured interviews during the content analysis phase revealed a comprehensive framework for the dimensions and components of the business model of Iranian pharmaceutical companies, and then, through quantitative surveys and in-person questionnaires, the business model of each pharmaceutical company was identified. The sampling method in the qualitative part of the research was judged after 19 theoretical saturation interviews, and the quantitative research became available. By using the PASS software, an optimal sample of 40 companies was adopted. In this study, the empirical classification (taxonomy) approach, rather than the ideal classification (typology), was used to identify various business models. In clustering methods, since the data are classified irrespective of any presupposition or predetermined framework, the fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm serves as the most appropriate tool to attain the typological objective of this study. Finally, by fuzzy clustering with the MATLAB software, four distinct variants of the business model were identified for the pharmaceutical companies, each having significant differences in the key features of the business models with the other types. These four types included Diverse Effectiveness, Concentrated Effectiveness, Diverse Effectiveness, Concentrated Effectiveness. The identified types have specific similarities and differences in each business model dimension and component which can be concisely compared as follows based on their key features including concentration on quality rather than on efficiency, extent of relationships in various areas such as sales, marketing, and raw material supply. The competitive pharmaceutical products in Iran can be categorized in four distinct types in terms of the characteristics of their business model. These models have different characteristics in terms of the amount of value proposition, the processes of shaping the value architecture, the mechanisms for interaction with different groups of customers and value acquisition methods. Finally, these types of business models were named based on their proprietary features as: diversified effective, focused effective, diversified efficient and focused efficient. The first business model type was labeled “diversified effective” as it is greatly focused on quality and extensive relationships with various stakeholders of the value chain. Companies such as CinnaGen, Exir, SobhanDarou, DarouPakhsh, Osvah, and Samisaz had the greatest degree of membership in this business model type. The second type was labeled “diversified efficient” as it is highly concentrated on cost control and extensive relationship maintenance with the value chain stakeholders. Companies such as ParsDarou, TehranShimi, AlborzDarou, TehranDarou, and Actoverco had the greatest degree of membership in this business model type. The third type was labeled “focused efficient” and included such pharmaceutical companies as Hakim, CaspianTamin, Sepidaj, Loghman, and Jalinous which had the greatest degree of membership in this business model type. Finally, the fourth type was labeled “focused effective” and involved companies such as Shafa, Ronak, DinehIran, and Modava with the greatest degree of membership therein.

Idealism as a motivating factor can pave the way for the development of human societies, especially in rural areas. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of idealism on rural development in the Sistan region. This research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and is applied in terms of purpose. Documentary and survey methods were used to collect information. The sample size per village unit was determined using the Sharp correction formula of 40 villages. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size for the head of the household unit was 381. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts on the subject, and the reliability coefficient was 0/856. Spearman correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and taxonomic methods were used to investigate the effects of rural idealism on rural development. The results of the taxonomy of development by leveling rural idealism showed that the highest number in both levels is in the middle group. The results of the evaluation of idealism showed that Jalehie village in Zabol city (124/08) had the highest and Kang Emamdad village in Hirmand city (66/33) had the lowest level of idealism. Also Karbasak village from Zabol city (3/66) had the highest and Akondzad village of Hirmand city (1/86) had the lowest level of rural development and the overall result of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between idealism and the level of rural development in the villages of Sistan region (with sig 0/000).

The purpose of this study is the taxonomy of stakeholders and their role in university governance. To achieve this goal, two questions; Decision-makers and decision-makers in governance within the university are divided into how many categories according to the functions? What are the components of a university model with a self-governing structure? Expressed. In this qualitative study, the Meta-synthesis method was used. Findings obtained in the form of 10 primary sub-categories with 24 secondary sub-categories: Participatory Partnership (University Leadership, University Management), Board Activities (Board Structure, Board Functions), Faculty Members Activity (Management of Faculty Members Activities, Human Capital Development of Board Members) Academic, faculty support), student activism (student activity management, student human capital development, student support), university staff activism (human resource management, staff human capital development, staff support), educational and research system (programs Efficient teaching and learning, academic research management), legal mechanisms (drafting new rules for the university, reviewing university rules), financial mechanisms (financial resources mechanisms, financial allocation mechanisms, financial management and planning), university entrepreneurship (university-industry relationship, Entrepreneurship institutionalization) and capacity building (soft capacity development and hard capacity development) were categorized.

The importance of improving the level of health and treatment as one of the criteria for sustainable development led us to measure the health index in the cities of Semnan province during the period of 1393-1396 and compare it with other regions of Iran as a whole. Firstly, the situation of Semnan province cities is examined in the mentioned period; Secondly, the gap between and among them is assessed; Finally, the gap between the cities of the province and other regions of Iran is evaluated.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical study. In this study, the Shannon Entropy Method is used to obtain the weights associated with 17 selected criteria, and using the numerical Taxonomic method to compute health index.

The general situation of urban areas of Semnan province is favorable in terms of having health and medical indicators compared to Iran, but over time it has been declining. Meanwhile, the situation in the cities of Semnan and Shahroud has improved, but the situation in the cities of Damghan and Garmsar is still declining. Also, in 1393 and 1394, the health gap between the cities of Semnan province and other regions of Iran in favor of the cities of Semnan province was very large, but during the next two years, this gap has decreased.

Shahroud city has always been the most beneficial city of Semnan province in terms of health and medical indicators. The average of the health index over a four-year period indicates that Semnan, Damghan, Garmsar and the whole country were ranked next, respectively. In addition, the trend of index among the studied areas indicates the convergence of the regions in terms of health index.

The distribution of capital market resources depends on the presence of market participants, and the main issue we are facing is the decision to allocate resources, the selection of suitable securities for investment, and the formation of optimal stock portfolios. The development of new techniques in operational research and financial science, along with advances in computer science and technology, has led to the emergence of models, including multi-criteria decision-making models for selecting stock portfolios. Based on the fundamental analysis of stock valuation, 18 financial ratios in 6 groups of profitability, liquidity, activity, leverage, market value, and ownership were used to evaluate 30 companies during 2011-2017. Two methods, Taxonomy and PROMETHEE, is done to rank the sample shares and compare the result. The results showed that the ranking of the Shannon- PROMETHEE entropy model in comparison with the taxonomic-factor analysis models has a better prediction of stock returns.

This survey study's main goal was to present a taxonomy of tourists visiting Mashhad according to their accommodation type. The required data were collected by administering a researcher-developed questionnaire on domestic tourists who visited Mashhad in the winter of 2019. The accommodation centers' typology was done based on qualitative typology and taxonomy. The former was done based on cost and grade criteria, and the latter was carried out by ''two stages clustering analysis ''. The study's findings indicated that most of Mashhad tourists (97%) were considered loyal visitors who had visited there frequently. Measured in terms of individualistic-collective criterion, the visitors' travel style was found to be collective (81%). On the other hand, based on the Institutional-Independent criterion, the visitors' travel style was Independent (68%). Taking the ethnographic factors and the characteristics of the visitors' travel into account, three types of tourists were identified as follows: ''non-individual less frequent visitors'' (37%), '' short-stay costly visitors" ' (36%), and '' frequent frugal visitors'' (26%). The first group accommodated in guesthouses, rental houses, and low-grade hotels and hotel-apartments. The second group accommodated in high-grade hotels, hotel-apartments, and guesthouses; the third group accommodated in their relative's houses or personal homes.

The main purpose of this research is to use the Factor Analysis-Taxonomy method to select the best stock from listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Portfolio Selection is one of the most important issues in the field of finance and there are some models for optimal selection. One of the problems of the presented models is to ignore the multiple indexes and dimensions, and to not identify the reasons for the rejection or acceptance of a company in the selection of stocks. In this research, to solve these shortcomings, a taxonomy method, which is a multi-criteria decision-making method, is used. The results showed that 6% of the selected companies, the first priority shares, 68% of the shares with the second priority and 16% of the shares with the third priority and ultimately 10% of the shares with the fourth priority are considered. Finally, the analysis of the findings showed that the stocks with the higher priorities presented by the model only in some years had better performance.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of knowledge workers’ innovative behaviors on knowledge sourcing, self-efficacy and perception of information transparency. The statistical population consisted of 240 knowledge workers in R&D pharmaceutical industry in Mashhad. From this statistical population 148 workers were selected using the random sampling method and assessed by the standard questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation analysis and taxonomy methods, using SMART PLS3 and SPSS software. The results indicated that innovative behavior is affected by knowledge sourcing (R=0/521, T=7/61) and self-efficacy (R=0.61, T=2/81), and information transparency facilitates the relationship between self-efficacy and innovative behavior (R=0/43, T=2/17). The results of taxonomic analysis also showed that three behavioral clusters of knowledge workers can be conceived and transparency of information and self-efficacy play an important role in the occurrence of these behaviors. Results showed that supporting knowledge-workers can have a significant impact on the employee behavior and by implementing information transparency, managers can ensure self-efficacy growth of knowledge-workers and thus enhance their innovative behaviors which will lead to improvement in their individual and organizational performance and productivity.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate existing taxonomies and provide taxonomy suitable for use in Iran.

The present study was applied in a desirable and qualitative research method using Delphi technique. After studying and reviewing the texts, the taxonomy features were extracted and a questionnaire was developed based on them.The research was carried out in two stages. At first, the taxonomic features were extracted from some bases and information sources, and in the second phase, a survey of taxonomy experts in the field of information science and science. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire based on extracted features in three sections: extension criteria, adjustment criteria, and screening criteria.

The results showed that most of the proposed taxonomic features have multiple and hybrid features. Different forms of taxonomy have different uses, and various forms can be used in specific circumstances based on the general or specific taxonomy.

The results of the research, in addition to identifying taxonomic features, is a proposed model for creating a taxonomy in Iran.

Passing of time and problems in writings and copying of hadith's writings caused damages for documents of narrations. Transmitting, dropping and omitting of intermediary in the chain of documents are among them. This writing tries with emphasizing on documents of narrations of The Four Books, to discover, study and analyze recognizing methods of hidden transmission, reason and evidences of them in narrations of The Four Books. The basic question is what factors or evidences led to hidden transmission in documents of narrations? Which methods and approaches are there for dealing with the dilemma of transmission in documents of narrations? For achieving this goal, we analyzed methods like taxonomy and comparison of similar documents, Takhrij(process of tracking the hadiths in various collections) of documents and text of hadith in other narrative sources, difference in versions and other Ijtehadic evidences with samples of that in documents of The Four Books, and in second chapter, dealt with reasons and evidences of hidden transmission such as: falsification in document, alternation in name of the narrator or narrators in documents and similar names of some narrators in documents of The Four Books.

Extensible business language reporting was revolution in financial reporting, which reduces the cost of creating, processing, and accessing information.Implementation of XBRL in Iran has not been properly implemented for the reasons we seek to identify it in the research. The purpose of this study is to identify the barriers and strategies for using XBRL. The research methodology was grounded theory, interview data collection, theoretical sampling and snowball, and 19 theoretical saturated interviews. At the company level, barriers to knowledge and recognition, complexity, infrastructure, cost and resistance to change, and education and awareness strategies, budget allocations, and incentive policies were identified. At the software manufacturer level, barriers to complexity, costs, sanctions and infrastructure strategies, budget allocations, and so on were identified. At the level of regulators , the requirements and pressures, infrastructure, the lack of custodians and strategies for the formation of specialized working groups, the minister at the level of ministry, culture, education and awareness and ... were identified.

The interest in the concept of "open innovation" has increased dramatically in the last decade. However, the widespread literature on this subject is scattered. It is because open innovation is a "fuzzy" concept, and there are no exact boundaries with closed innovation. In other words, any innovation process can be considered to be "open" and partly "closed". Therefore, innovation is a spectrum and not a precise boundary. One of the ways to bring an understanding of open innovation is to use taxonomy. The purpose of this paper is a taxonomy of open source using a literature review. This research uses a qualitative review method. To collect the data, the study uses the library method of data collection (secondary studies, meta-synthesis) and is based on an online study of information sources. By briefly reviewing the concept of open innovation and knowledge management, the paper tries to bring these texts together using the new literature in the field of open innovation array. The presented taxonomy also helps to understand the terminology of this field, and comparing similarities and differences can be used as a decision tool.