جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « لاین » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Tomato is a self-pollinated crop and has a high potential for heterosis production. Tomato has a wide range of diversity in terms of vegetative and fruit traits. Therefore, learning information about the genetics of the tomato plant and the inheritance of its various traits to the next generation will help plant breeders to use appropriate breeding methods to improve them. One of the methods that is used to know the genetic structure of plants, identify parental lines and determine their combining ability is line × tester analysis. Line × tester analysis provides information about general and specific combining of parents and can be useful in estimating different types of gene effects such as additive and non-additive effects. In most of the developed countries, many researches have been done in relation to hybrid production and combining ability among tomato lines, and sometimes the inferred results are different from each other. In Iran, few studies have been done about crossing cultivars and their hybrids, and most of the seeds used by farmers are imported from other countries. Therefore, this study intends to evaluate genetic variance components, general and specific combining ability of some quantitative traits in a number of tomato lines and testers and their hybrids by using line × tester analysis.
 
This research was conducted in Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran Province, Iran in 2022. Two modified cultivars SC and V as lines and three modified cultivars L, R and MZ as testers were crossed with each other to create F1 hybrids. Six F1 genotypes and their parents (11 treatments in total) were cultivated in the farm in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The evaluated traits included the number of days to the first flowering, earliness, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per plant (g), fruit yield (g), fruit length and width (cm). In order to analyze the variance of the experimental design to search for diversity between treatments, to separate the effects of treatments into their components based on line × tester analysis, to mean comparison with Duncan's test, and also to calculate the general and specific combining ability, R statistical software was used. Also, in order to calculate additive and non-additive variances, Singh and Chaudhary's method was used.
 
The results of line × tester variance analysis showed that the mean squares of parents and testers were significant for all traits except fruit length and width, and the mean squares of crosses and lines were significant for all traits except fruit length. The effect of line × tester was significant for all traits except the number of fruits per plant and fruit length. The line of SC to improve the number of days to first flowering, earliness, plant height, fruit weight per plant, and fruit width, and the line of V to improve the number of fruit per plant were the best general combiners with testers. The tester of L for improve all traits except yield, and the tester of MZ for improve plant height were the best general combiners with the maternal lines. Among the crosses, the SC×L cross for improve earliness and fruit width, and the SC×R and V×MZ crosses for improve plant height and fruit weight per plant, respectively, were favorable specific combiners. The mean comparison of the genotypes for some important traits showed that among the parental cultivars, the line of SC and among the crosses, the SC×L genotype had the lowest means for the number of days to first flowering and earliness. Also, the line of SC for the number of fruits per plant and the SC×L genotype for fruit weight per plant, yield and fruit width had the highest means. Also, the estimation of additive and non-additive variances indicated that in plant height and fruit weight per plant traits, additive variance plays the main role. While for the traits of the number of days to first flowering, earliness and yield, the contribution of non-additive variance was more than the additive variance.
 
According to the results obtained from this study, in future projects it is recommended to use parents that have significant general combining ability (GCA) for traits. Because such parents easily transfer the trait to their next generation. In this way, the line of SC was a good general combiner for the number of days to first flowering, earliness, plant height, fruit weight per plant and fruit width, and the line of V was a good general combiner for the number of fruits per plant. Among the testers, the tester of L was a good general combiner for improve the number of days to first flowering, earliness, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per plant, and fruit width, and the tester of MZ recorded a high GCA for the plant height. Also, for the improvement of earliness and fruit width, the SC×L cross and for plant height and fruit weight per plant, SC×R and V×MZ crosses were favorable specific combiner. Mean comparison of genotypes showed that the SC×L cross is superior to its parents for the number of days to first flowering, earliness, fruit weight per plant, fruit yield, and fruit length and width. The traits of plant height and fruit weight per plant are more affected by additive variance, so the best breeding method to improve plant height and fruit weight per plant is selection from among the segregating population. The traits of number of days to first flowering, earliness and yield were affected by non-additive variance, so hybrid production is recommended to improve the mentioned traits.

Production of high-quality seeds to stabilize crop yield is an important challenge for breeders. One of the most important answers to this challenge is to clarify the molecular mechanisms associated with seed vigor characteristics. Functional proteins of Cupin superfamily are among the molecules in signaling pathway. Previous research has shown that in maize, a storage protein similar to the functional Cupin superfamily protein called ZmGLP is effective in seed germination. However, in the previous experiments, suitable indicators were not used to assess seed vigor and its relationship with field establishment. So, it is needed to study the performance of ZmGLP in predicting field emergence to complete the previous research.

An experiment was performed on 14 samples of commercial inbred maize lines. In this experiment, in addition to the laboratory evaluation of seed germination, field indices of physiological seed quality including the percentage of seedling emergence in the field, time to 50% seedling emergence, time to 90% seedling emergence, seedling dry weight, seedling height and coefficient of variation of seedling height was also assessed. In the polymerase chain reaction, two pairs of primers (CF / CR primers and IDF / IDR primers) were used to identify the DNA sequence of the Cupin.

The results show that the seeds were different in terms of physiological quality. The lowest percentage of germination in laboratory was related to K1264/1, while the lowest physiological quality of seeds in field indices was observed in K1263/17. The molecular test confirmed the presence of the desired allele at the InDel9 site of vigor-related genes in the three samples of B73, K1264/1, and K1264/5-1, but no amplification band of the InDel9 site was observed in all K1263/17 seed samples. Due to the fact that line K1264/1, which had the lowest germination percentage in the laboratory, had an amplification band at this related site to vigor, it is not enough to rely on the results of the laboratory germination test to investigate the relationship between this gene and seed vigor. The field emergence test and seed vigor test that have a good prediction of field emergence must be used in these studies.

According to the results of this experiment, molecular tests with functional markers based on Indel9 can be used to accelerate the evaluation of vigor, especially when the breeder is breeding a new line or hybrid. It is a useful, rapid, and effective molecular method to predict seed emergence in the field and screen the lines to ensure the genetic strength of the germination of the lines, especially in the temperate germplasms of corn. Finally, it is necessary to determine the threshold of low vigor during seed quality investigation in different cultivars, and relationship between the presence or absence InDel9 site should be considered in future research.

Highlights:

1- The feasibility of using molecular markers to determine the seed vigor of corn lines in the field was studied and optimized for the first time.
2- The results of physiological quality assessment of seeds in the field for the studies related to the relationship between molecular markers and seed vigor were exploited for the first time.
3- The Indel9 site and molecular markers related to seed vigor in the field were introduced.

This study was conducted to obtain high yielding adaptive lines of PachBaghela (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Guilan region, using randomized complete block design with three replications in spring season in three locations of Guilan province (Lahijan, Rasht, Shanderman) in 2016 and 2018 cropping seasons. Nine lines were evaluated along with local landrace. The results of combined analysis of variance of fresh pod yield in three regions during two years showed that the effect of genotype and the interaction of genotype × location × year were significant. Also, the results showed that the lines had a significant difference in fresh pod yield. The comparison of the average yield of fresh pods in the studied regions during two years showed that the G9 line had the highest yield and the lowest yield was related to the local landrace in the spring cultivation. Analyzing the stability of fresh pod yield by the non-parametric rank method showed that G9 and G8 lines were the most stable lines. Also, based on the GGE biplot, G9 and G8 lines were selected as the best lines with high yield and compatibility.

This research was carried out to estimate the genetic variance components for sunflower fatty acids in two separate optimum and drought stressed conditions in Karaj during 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. The plant materials consisted of 12 hybrids derived from crossing of four restorer lines by three cytoplasmic male sterile lines (Testers) that were evaluated in two separate experiments as randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought stress made a reduction in oil yield (34 percent), oil content (six percent), stearic acid (4.7 percent) and oleic acid (10.6 percent) and an increase in palmitic acid (12 percent) and linoleic acid (2.8 percent). Line × tester interaction effect had a major role in explanation of the variance of the hybrids in terms of fatty acid content in both conditions, indicating the critical role of non-additive effects in genetic control of these traits. Under optimum irrigation, oil yield, oil content and stearic acid content were under control of both additive and dominant gene action and palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were under control of dominant gene action. Under drought stress, except oil content which was under control of additive effects, all the other traits were under control of dominant gene action. According to the results of this study, fatty acid composition of sunflower was under control of non-additive genetic effects and the crossing-based methods and hybrid breeding could be used for improvement of sunflower in terms of fatty acid composition.

Advantage of native populations of Persian clover to increase quantity and quality of the forage yield, high diversity among the native clover populations of Iran and the lack of registered cultivars driven from these landraces are important reasons for introducing new clover cultivars with native origin in the country. Pars cultivar was selected by pure line selection method in 1999 from 22 native multi cuts clover populations. In 2000-2001, the seed of primary population were planted and superior single plants in each row were selected based on comparison with the native population of Baladeh Kazerun as check cultivar. Then, the selected single plants (top 150 lines) were compared in an alpha lattice design with two replications in 2002-2003. Selected top lines during 2004-2005 were compared in three regions of Karaj, Shahrekord and Broujerd in a semi-final performance trial. To determine the stability and value for cultivation and use (VCU) of the top 15 selected lines, these lines were compared in a completed randomized block design in five regions of Karaj, Boroujerd, Shahrekord, Arak and Sanandaj in 2006-2007. Evaluation of the reaction of selected Iranian clover lines to rust and black clover spot in 2007-2008 cropping year was performed in Boroujerd station under natural infection in the field. To determine the quality and nutritional value of selected lines, an experiment was conducted in Karaj in 2008-2009 cropping year. The results showed that promising Iranian clover lines KPC-EqlidFars-78-4 with 19.9% protein content was superior to the control. In the cropping year 2015- 2016, a research-extension experiment was conducted to compare the forage yield of promising Iranian clover lines KPC-EqlidFars-78-4 with a local control (Harati) in Boroujerd. The results showed that line KPC-EqlidFars-78-4 under farmers' conditions had 72.65 tons per hectare of wet forage yield and 11.56 tons per hectare of dry matter yield with 10.60 and 12.20% superiority to the local control, respectively, Its appropriate optimal use of spring rainfall due to its high growth rate and possibility of mechanized harvesting, due to standing form and high height, early maturity and shorter growing period can result in less irrigation in one growing season, high forage yield potential, especially in onset of the season and also its resistance to rust and black spot diseases that is common in the native population, were some important characteristics of Pars cultivar for release and cultivation in the cold and temperate regions.

Green beans are one of the vegetables with high nutritional value in the food basket of Iranian households. However, the domestic variety of green beans has not been improved and released so far. Therefore, in order to obtain high-yielding cultivars of high quality green beans, this experiment was performed.

Eight lines (KS10008, KS10069, KS10071, KS10072, KS10073, KS940102, KS94014 and KS940144) were compared with the commercial cultivars Sunray and Valentino in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three regions: Karaj, Sari and Zarghan over two years (2017-2018). In both years, at the end of April and the beginning of May, the seeds of each line were planted in six rows of five meters long with a seed spacing of 10 cm and a distance between lines of 60 cm. Morphological traits such as the number of pods per plant, length of pods, weight of pods per plant, as well as phenology traits (such as days after planting to emergence of the third trifoliate leaf, flowering and maturity) and finally green pod yield of each genotype were recorded. The marketability of pods (size, shape, color, crispness and taste) was also checked in each genotype. The results related to the yield of the green pods of the lines were analyzed. Non-parametric rank method was used to determine the degree of compatibility and grouping of genotypes.

The results of combined analysis of variance of green pod yield in three regions during two years showed that the effect of year and location was not significant, but the interaction of year×location, genotype× year, genotype× location and genotype×year× location were significant. Also, the results showed that the genotypes were significantly different in the green pod yield. The comparison of average yield of green pods showed that KS940144 line had the highest pod weight per unit area. Lines KS10071 and KS940102 ranked second and third in terms of green pod yield. The lowest green pod weight was related to KS10072 line. The KS940144 line also showed the highest number of pods per plant. The highest and lowest weight of green pods belonged to KS940144 and KS10072 lines in Karaj, respectively. In Sari, the highest and lowest green pod weight belonged to KS940144 and Valentino and in Zarghan, the highest and lowest green pod weight belonged to KS940144 and KS10072 lines, respectively. One of the factors affecting the production of crops is the interaction between genotype and environment. The less this interaction is, the more stable the production will be. Yield stability analysis by non-parametric ranking method showed that KS940144 and KS10071 lines were the most stable lines. One of the important characteristics of green beans, apart from stringless of pod, is the length of the pod or its elongation. The crispness of the pod and its color are also prominent features in the marketability of green beans. KS10073 line, although it was identified as a stringless line in the previous steps, but in this experiment, it was observed that for this trait, it is variable with the change of environmental conditions and its crispiness is also different. KS10008 line is one of the early mature lines and can be suggested for areas with a shorter growing season. Of course, the greater thickness of its pod compared to other lines and commercial cultivars reduces its marketability. Lines KS940143 and KS940144 are similar in pod and have good pod elongation. These two lines are similar in appearance to Sunray variety and even better than it. Their difference is the lighter color of the KS940143 line compared to the KS940144 line and the Sunray variety. Also, the KS940144 line has an elongated and slender pod, while the pods of Sunray variety and KS940143 line are sword-shaped. Lines KS10071 and KS940102 are similar to each other in terms of pod shape and also similar to Valentino variety. These three genotypes have elongated pods. Their difference is the lighter color of the KS940102 line compared to the KS10071 line and the Valentino variety.

In general, according to the results obtained in the regions, the stability analysis of green pod yield and also considering the important trait of marketing, KS940144, KS10071, KS10008 and KS940102 were selected as the superior lines.

Recently discovered properties of Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) from Brassicaceae family, including low-inputs requirement, fast growth, essentials oil content with medicinal uses, significant content of linolenic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, have been paied tremendous attention by both agronomic and industrial sectors. To achieve the highest possible level of the above-mentioned properties, it is necessary to find the superior lines. For this purpose, the morphological and biochemical characteristics of 26 double haploid lines were compared in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the 2018 cropping year at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The results of variance analysis showed that all measured characteristics were significantly different at 1% of probability level. The mean comparison results indicated that DH39 line had the highest height and average grain weight per plant and the highest plant dry weight, oil percentage and saturated fatty acids were observed in DH44 line. DH14 and DH46 lines had maximum total protein and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. GC- mass analysis showed that DH22, DH39  and DH12 lines had the highest omega 3, 6, 9 fatty acids, respectively. Cluster analysis categorized the lines into 3 groups. Based on all results, a group containing DH07, DH14, DH21, DH32, DH39, DH41, DH44 and DH46 lines was chosen for further investigation.

The purpose of line production is to increase yields and good behavior of bee colonies. Using inheritance, heritability, heritability, genotypic correlation between them, selection line and production are planned. In each line, important traits are measured and the top queens are selected by kinship and performance test. If pure queens intersect with purebred bees, they create a pure line, and if they intersect with other male bees, a hybrid is produced. At least three independent lines are needed to increase heterozygosity and decrease inbreeding. There is a dilemma between choosing an attribute to improve performance and reducing the cost of breeding. In line production, kinship and mixing methods are used, the combination of which is Diallel cross.The purpose of managing bee lines; Maintaining genetic diversity and improving the performance and behavior of bees, reducing colony losses and reducing dependence on drug treatments. By evaluating the offspring, the response rate to selection and genetic progression will be determined. Queens of high-yielding breeds and commercial lines are also valued and sold based on the evaluation of the desired traits. In creating a bee line with high production of royal jelly, first Italian bees were bred and after six generations, a bee line called znd1 was produced with high production of royal jelly and even high honey production. Quantitative genetic advances and the use of molecular markers over 35 years improved the bee line by producing very high royal jelly.

Sunflower is a semi-drought tolerant plant that due to its importance in oil production, the area under cultivation is expanding. But drought stress severely reduces the yield of grain and oil. Therefore, the production and introduction of hybrid cultivars can help increase performance. The first step in the production of hybrid is to identify parents based on their General and Specific combining ability and also to determine the type gene actions.

In order to investigate the combining ability of sunflowers inbred lines under normal conditions and drought stress, a study using 12 sunflower hybrids obtained from the cross of male sterile and tester lines with two controls, Qasem and Shams, in two separate experiments in the form of The design of randomized complete blocks with three replications was performed under two conditions of normal irrigation and drought stress.

The results of combined analysis of variance of the studied treatments under both normal and drought stress conditions showed that drought stress had a significant effect on all studied traits number of seeds per head. The effect of lines for plant height, oil percentage and head diameter and the effect of testers were significant for most traits except number of seeds per head, which shows a significant difference between the general combinability of lines and testers. Also, line 1 and tester 3 in both normal and stress conditions with a negative and significant combinability for the height of the parent plant is suitable to reduce this trait in the cross. In addition, line × tester interaction had a significant effect on most traits except 1000-seed weight and number of seeds. The Line 1 and Tester 1 with significant positive general combining ability (GCA) effects for grain yields were considered as suitable combiners for improving these traits. So that under normal conditions, hybrid No. 13 with grain yield of 5224 kg / ha had the highest grain yield and under stress conditions of hybrid No. 31 with an average of 3544.6 kg / ha had the highest grain yield.

The general results of this study show that the important traits of grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield are controlled by the dominance gene action, which can be improved by hybridization and best selection of parents in breeding programs.

Effective fertility restorer line is one of the essential components of hybrid seed production in rapeseed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fertility restoring ability in a number of genotypes of rapeseed via test cross. Plant material carrying the fertility restorer gene (Rf) consisted of four lines (two Polima and two Ogura), seven rapeseed hybrids, 14 candidate promising fertile lines and 40 fertile plants selected from F2 populations of two rapeseed hybrids. Cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) plant material consisted of three lines (two Polima and one Ogura) and sterile plants observed in F2 generation of a hybrid with Polima system. Crosses between fertile and male sterile genotypes were made. The progenies were planted in the field and number of fertile and sterile plants, pod density, shape andlength and number of seeds per pod were evaluated. Number of fertile to infertile plants ratio confirmed monogenic inheritance of fertility restoration and a strong relation between the male sterility system and Rf gene in parent. Genotypes carrying Rf gene had larger anthers, longer filament and bigger petals than sterile plants flowers. Based on homozygosity of fertility gene and the traits studied, promising genotypes of R'1.1, R'4.2 and R'2.1 were selected as effective restorer lines in Polima system.

The Persian clover is one of the native forage crops in Iran for which no bred cultivar has been released yet. For identification and release of the first Persian clover cultivar a series of experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2016 cropping seasons. At first, 14 Persian landraces were collected from regions with known clover cultivation in the country and then individual plants were selected from each population in 1999-2000 cropping season. In total, 176 single plants with superior forage performance were selected in this stage. In 2004-2005 cropping season, seeds from single plants were sown in rows and were compared with Haftchin local Persian clover as check. The preliminary and semifinal forage yield comparisons were conducted to evaluate dry and fresh forage yields of superior clover lines in 2006-2009 cropping season. The VCU test (Value for Cultivation and Use) of the 14 selected lines along with a local Persian clover (Haftchin) as a check was carried out in the uniform regional trials in Kermanshah, Karaj and Borujerd Research Stations. In this experiment BPC/Borujerd/81.13 line (Attar) had 2061 kgha-1 higher yield for dry matter compared to the control. Also, to evaluate response of different Persian clover germplasm to rust disease, two experiments were conducted in Borujderd and Karaj regions. The results showed that all lines as well as control (Haftchin) were relatively sensitive to the rust disease. These lines were compared with the control cultivar (Haftchin) under on-farm conditions in Borujedrd and Aleshtar regions, as the main centers of clover cultivation, in 2015-16 cropping season. The results showed that Attar with 72.99 and 11.08 tha-1 fresh and dry forage yields, respectively, showed 23.65 and 21.79% yield superiority to the control cultivar.  Furthermore, this new cultivar showed more yield stability and forage yield compared to the local cultivar. Hence, it was released with the name of "Attar" as the first Persian clover cultivar.

Five CMS lines and four restorer lines (tester) were crossed in a line × tester scheme in order to analyze general and specific combining abilities and gene effects in sunflower for some agronomic traits. Hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design, with three replications under optimum and limited water conditions in the Agriculture Research Station, Khoy, during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Plant height, head diameter, seeds per head, days to beginning of flowering, days to maturity, proline percent, protein percent, and Chlorophyll b were found to be controlled mainly by dominance effects. CMS lines AGK30 and testers RGHK25 and RGHK50 turned out to be the best general combiners for seed and oil yield. The highest positive and significant GCA for plant height, head diameter, and the number of seeds per head were achieved for RGHK25. The hybrid combination of AGK44 × RGHK56 showed high specific combining ability for seed and oil yield. In the study of general combining ability, the AGK110 line has a positive and consistent general combining ability, and AGK2 has a negative and significant general combining ability with catalase . In the test of the testers, the tester (RGHK50) had the highest GCA positive and meaningful drug tester (RGHK56), which had a significant negative and significant combining ability with catalase . In the study of hybrid hybrid combining ability (RGHK46 × AGK260), the highest positive and significant positive and significant hybrid confinement (RGHK46 × AGK44) had the highest SCA negative and significant levels. In the RGHK46 × AGK260 hybrid combinability study, the highest positive and significant positive and significant hybrid confinement (RGHK46 × AGK44) had the highest SCA negative and significant effect on catalase identity. The AGK44 line has the ability to combine publicly and positively with AGK110 capability. The general combining ability was negative and significant with SOD. In the test of the testers, the RGHK 56 tester had the highest GCA positive and significant mean of the RGHK25 tester, which had a negative and significant general combining ability with superoxide dismutase. In the study of hybrid hybrid combining ability (RGHK50 × AGK260), the highest positive and significant positive and significant positive combining ability (RGHK50 × AGK44) had the highest SCA negative and significant values for SOD. In explaining the traits, plant height, Number of seeds per head and percentage of proline under stress conditions played a more significant role. Plant height and number of seeds per head were controlled by both growth and dominance effects. also In the study of general combining ability, the highest GCA positive and significant values were related to the AGK30 line and the most general negative and significant general combining ability was AGK2 line (Table 4-14). In the test of the testers, the tester (RGHK 46) had the highest GCA positive The drug tester (RGHK25) had the most significant negative and significant general combining ability with proline). In the study of hybrid combining ability (RGHK46 × AGK2), the highest positive and significant positive and significant hybrid confinement (RGHK25 × AGK260) had the highest SCA negative and significant values .

Chickpea is the most important field crop among food legumes in Iran. According to the published statistic by agricultural ministry of Iran, cultivation area of chickpea varies between 550– 900 thousand hectares that more than of 90% them cultivated under dryland condition. More than 63% of country has cold and higher cold climates and more than 60% of drylands in Iran located in cold and highlands where temperature declines to -25°C in some years, with continues cold duration (more than 100 days per year). Reports show that the yield of chickpea is low in cold areas (about 500 kg.ha-1) because of the spring planting and lack cold tolerant cultivars suitable for autumn planting. In cold regions that absolute minimum temperature in winter reaches under -6°C till -12°C, studies showed that it may be complete damage occurrence if chickpea planted in autumn. Studies showed that planting of cold tolerance varieties increased the yield of chickpea almost twice. Hence, screening chickpea germplasms for cold tolerance will help to release new cold tolerant cultivars. The literature review suggests that most studies related to the evaluation and screening of chickpea cold tolerance were done under natural conditions (field), but the spatial and temporal variation in the weather under such circumstances may lead to different results. Researchers reported that using from controlled condition for screening cold tolerance genotypes in chickpea germplasm would prevent seasonal restrictions, saving time and increasing the accuracy of studies while eliminating unwanted factors. In order to study on cold tolerance of 33 Kabuli chickpea genotypes along with three controls (Saral, ILC 533 and Jam), this study carried out in square lattice design (6×6) with two replications under controlled condition (cold room) at Maragheh Dryland Agricultural Research Station, during growing season 2014-2015 . Ten seeds of each genotype after surface sterilized with fungicide (Benomile with 0.015%) planted in five cm depth in planting boxes (100×80×25 cm) at early autumn (29 September). In order to simulation of natural growth condition in autumn and acclimation of seedlings, planted boxes incubated outside of green house. Number of germinated seeds was recorded and seedling of genotypes at six-week stage, incubated in cold room. The temperature of cold room decreased two degrees in each hour up to minus 15°C and seedlings remained for one hour at this temperature. A thin layer of ice nucleation active bacteria sprayed on the surface of seedlings at -2°C in order to establish ice nucleation and prevent ultra-freezing of seedlings. Then temperature increased up to 4°C for three days and boxes transferred to green house for two weeks under 20±3°C. Frost resistance ratios (FRR) of genotypes calculated and analyzed. According to other studies and reports the genotypes with 0.91-1 and 0.81-0.90 FRR classified in highly resistance and resistance groups, respectively. Results showed that there was significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences in frost resistance ratio (FRR) among the investigated genotypes. Lines 14 (Flip98-138C* SEL99TER85074)*Sel.99th.15039, 28 (FLIP 00-84 C) and Saral cultivar had the highest FRR (100, 98 and 89 survived percentage, respectively) among the genotypes. Also Kaka cultivar and line 12 (Flip 98-28C*Flip 98-22C)* ICCV2 had the lowest frost tolerance among the studied genotypes. About 30% of genotypes could tolerate the frost damage, for example, genotypes 14 and 28 had between 0.9-1.0 ratio, whereas, the FRR of susceptible check (ILC533) was 0.13.  The existence of wide range of diversity for frost resistance among the studied germplasm would be useful to introduce new tolerant chickpea cultivars with autumn-sown potential. Moreover, the tolerance of Saral cultivar to frost stress, its cultivation under cold dryland regions could be recommended as the first frost tolerant variety in the country.

Bean root rot caused by soil pathogenic fungus, F.solani f.sp. phaseoli, is considered as one of the most important diseases of bean in the world and in Iran. At the moment use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method of control. For this reason, the response of five cultivars and 14 lines of white beans were evaluated to Fusarium root rot. Firstly, a morphological evaluation of disease symptoms and then real time PCR quantification were performed. Based on the results of morphological evaluation the KBC43106 line and cultivar Dorsa, were found to be sensitive and tolerant, respectively. For quantitative assessment and growth trend of the pathogen in sensitive and tolerant genotypes, the bean seedlings were inoculated by 107 suspension of relevant pathogen with root dip method, then DNA was extracted from root of inoculated and control seedlings at regular sampling intervals. The gradual increase in the amount of fungal DNA of roots was quantified by Real time PCR technique and utilizing of SYBR Green system with specific primers for elongation factor 1-α gene. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the amount of pathogen DNA in the roots of susceptible and tolerant plants, so Real time PCR technique is suitable for resistance screening of bean genotypes against Fusarium root rot.

Early maturing maize hybrid KSC 201 is developed from a cross between S61 and K1263/17 inbred lines in 1996. In the semi-final trail in 1997,this hybrid with average grain yield of 11.18 tons/ha was selected as the superior hybrid in comparison with check cultivar. It was evaluated in final test in 2001 and 2002 in six locations and two growing seasons. Combined analysis of variance showed that KSC 201 hybrid with an average grain yield of 9.98 tons/ha per hectare had 1.8 tons per hectare greater than check hybrid (KSC 301), but was not significantly different from Fajr hybrid with average grain yield of 10.25 tons/ha. In 2012, again it was tested in preliminary yield trial in Karaj and Zarghan filed stations with Dehghan hybrid as check cultivar. Results showed that it had average grain yield of 11.85 tons/ha and was superior in comparison with the other hybrids and check cultivar. In 2014 and 2015 it was examined in adaptability trial in 8 locations and two growing seasons. Combined analysis of variance showed that the new hybrid, “Kousha”, with average grain yield of 11.37 tons/ha and suitable adaptability was one of the superior hybrids. Kousha (KSC 201) hybrid and it parental lines were evaluated and identified as moderately resistant to smut and fusarium ear rot. It was also evaluated under farmers’ conditions in two regions of Kermanshah province and showed that this hybrid was at least 30 days earlier than KSC704. It's grain moisture at harvest time, very important factor, was more than 15% less than the check cultivar. Considering its early maturity, it needs at least 4000-3000 cubic meters less irrigated water.

IntroductionDurum wheat (Triticum turgidum var.durum) because of the high protein content compared to other grain products plays a major role in providing the protein needed by humans. Different crop varieties have different performance potential even a figure from region to region does not have the same performance. Nano slow and controlled release fertilizers because of root elements in a good area, have high efficiency. In Iran, 300 to 400 tons of durum wheat annually produced which 60% is recoverable for production of pasta and other domestic needs is imported. Per capita consumption of pasta in the country is 5 kg per year (about one quarter of Europe) and with regard to nutrients such as gluten and beta-carotene in pasta and very low losses, it is necessary to increase the amount of its consumption. For this purpose, the government has taken incentive policies such as higher rates order of durum wheat (about 6%) compared to bread wheat and prizes export to exporters of this product, to increase its production and exports. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of foliar application time of Nano-chelate Super Plus on yield and its components and protein content in durum wheat varieties in Parsabad Moghan area was conducted.
Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted as the form of randomly split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments include the application of Nano-chelate fertilizer Super Plus (Biozar) with a concentration of two per thousand in four levels, (tilling, flowering, seed and control (no application)) as the main factor and cultivars of durum wheat lines operating in 18 level as were minor. Studied traits including plant height, number of tillers and fertile tillers, peduncle length, ear length, number of spikelets, number of seeds per plant, grain weight, straw weight, total seed weight per plant, total plant weight, number of days to heading, days to maturity, grain weight, protein content and seed yield. Each plot area of 2.7 square meters (6 lines with a length of 6 m and 20 cm spacing) and a total area of 6 square meters plot was harvested. The company proposed application of Biozar at the dose of 2 per thousand, according to the desired level, calculated and prepared and was sprayed every step of the treatments in question. At each plot also a sample of 1.5 kg of grain was sent to the laboratory to determine protein content of each sample. Finally, the obtained data collected using the SPSS and MSTAT-C statistical analysis soft wares for analysis of variance, and Interaction between treatments and figures and data clustering was performed and the results were presented.
Results and DiscussionResults showed that the highest grain yield obtained from spray at tilling stage in L16 (2948 kg ha-1) compared to the control group (771.70 kg ha-1) by 228.01%.Comparition of the interaction of means showed that the highest grain yield in the spray at tilling stage L16 (2948 kg ha-1) as compared to the control group (771.70 kg ha-1) 282.01% increase. Results of mean comparisons of the timing of application × figures also showed the highest protein content in line L5 and the spray at tilling stage (12.23 %) as compared to control 23.54% increase .The lowest percentage of protein in the DEHDASHT and spraying at the seed (9.10%) respectively compared to control (9.53%) 4.73% decreased. So, it seems that the use of Nano-chelate Super plus ZFM (zinc, iron, manganese) which contains micro elements, amino acids as nitrogen source and as a powerful antioxidant ascorbic acid can be very effective to increasing yield and its components and also the protein content of durum wheat in dry land.
ConclusionsNano-chelated Super Plus foliar application increased grain yield and yield components of durum wheat. According to the results the most appropriate timing of application of Super Plus for Durum Wheat was at the time of tillering and among the highest protein content and yield showed in the tillering stage to arrange in lines L5 (12.23 %) and L16 (2948 kg) respectively. Repeating this study for few years of research as well as in other areas could also be useful in confirming the results.

One of the major problems in dry countries such as Iran is water and soil salinity. Deficiencies in water resources have led to the use of saline water for irrigation in agriculture. In order to study the effects of salinity stress on seed, oil and protein yield of Camelina, a randomized complete block design factorial experiment with three replications was designed in a research greenhouse. The factors included 4 lines Camelina (80, 115, 130 and 131) and 5 saline levels (0.6, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS/m) and the control sample was rainfed condition. The results showed that by increasing salinity levels, grain yield and its components decreased significantly but there were no considerable differences between Camilina lines at all. In addition, the results showed that the seed, oil and protein yields in rainfed conditions is more than that of irrigation with 12 dS/m salinity, and it suggests that the cultivation of this plant in the rainfed conditions is not economically efficient for more than 9 dS/m salinity condition.

In this research the nutritive value of straw from 6 lines of barley including 3 lines from cold and 3 lines from moderate climates were studied in order to select the elite lines. Samples of straw were subjected to botanical fractionation (leaf, internodes and node) and chemical analysis (CP, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL and Ash). Fermentability of the samples was measured using in vitro gas production technique. The results showed that there was no significant difference in botanical composition between straws from cold climate but significant difference (p