جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "کرج" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

subsidence in urban areas poses significant risks to infrastructure, including buildings, roads, railways, pipelines, sewage systems, and wells. Therefore, assessing its potential is crucial. This study models the subsidence risk in Karaj city using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Weight of Evidence (WoE) model. To achieve this, we created maps of factors influencing subsidence, such as slope, alluvial thickness, groundwater fluctuations, aquifer layering, particle size, and permeability. These maps were then compared with recorded subsidence data to determine the weight of each factor's influence. By integrating the effects of these factors, a Subsidence Index (SI) map was generated and categorized using the Success Rate Curve (SRC), identifying five sensitivity zones from very sensitive to very low sensitivity. The effectiveness of the WoE model was evaluated, revealing that the subsidence sensitivity prediction map covers 93.64% of actual occurrences. Results indicated that aquifer layering positively influences subsidence development, with the highest impact arising from alluvial deposits with good permeability and fine particles. This factor, with a weight of 3.72, demonstrates significant influence among all evaluated parameters. In terms of thickness, the most significant subsidence occurred in alluvial deposits exceeding 200 meters. Areas experiencing groundwater level declines of over half a meter annually markedly contributed to subsidence. Additionally, slopes of less than two degrees were identified as the most susceptible to subsidence. Thus, while many areas in Karaj are relatively safe, the threat is notably higher in the southern and southwestern parts, requiring special attention in urban management.

Dogs are one of the most common invasive species, and due to their large population in the city and the creation of conflicts with humans, the management of this species is associated with problems. Obtaining a correct understanding of the native people's attitude is one of the first steps towards population management.In this study, the attitude of people living in Karaj city towards stray dogs was evaluated using a questionnaire and through face-to-face interviews for a period of three months. A total of 500 questionnaires were collected through simple random sampling. Based on the results obtained from the one-way analysis of variance test, people with different educational levels are completely similar in terms of their attitude towards stray dogs. Also, the results of the independent t-test to investigate the difference in attitude of pet owners and  people who did not have petstowards stray dogs, showed that pet owners have a more positive view towards stray dogs. The results of One Sample T-test showed considering that people believe that the presence of stray dogs reduces their well-being, they are not interested in their presence in the city. Finally, according to the findings of this research, it is recommended to take measures such as increasing information about not feeding stray dogs  in the city environment through mass communication media, communicating with people about the negative effects of dog ecology, for Attracting public support and providing effective management solutions to control their population.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are naturally produced by molds and cause contamination of human and livestock food. Aflatoxins are toxic substances that can cause acute and chronic human poisoning with teratogenic effects. They are toxic substances produced by the secondary metabolism of several fungal species such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius, which grow in major food crops under a wide range of climatic conditions. Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk is a growing concern. Milk is a very nutritious food that has protein, fat, micronutrients and water in its composition, and its contamination with aflatoxin is not far from expected. Considering the high toxicity of aflatoxin M1, and the harmful effects on human health, its measurement in milk is of great importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in ruminant milk supplied in Karaj Counti.

60 raw milk samples in summer and autumn seasons (including 20 cow milk samples, 10 buffalo milk samples, 10 camel milk samples, 10 sheep milk samples, 10 goat milk samples) from the supply centers of these products in Karaj Counti was randomly sampled and to evaluate the amount of aflatoxin M1 by ELISA according to the instructions of the AFM1 ELISA kit (Biopharm-R, Germany) was used to measure aflatoxin M1 in milk. They were transferred to the food hygiene and quality control laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the differences in the amount of AFM between milk samples in different ruminants using one-way ANOVA and Duncan method. The mean difference was measured at the significance level of p<05.00. Excel software was used to draw graphs.

The results showed that aflatoxin M1 was detected in all raw milk samples, including cow, sheep, goat, buffalo and camel milk. 29 samples (48.3 %) have contamination less than 5 ng/kg, 27 samples (45 %) have contamination in the range of 20-5 ng/liter, and 4 samples (6.70 %) in the range of 20-50 ng/liter were contaminated with aflatoxin. Also, in this study, none of the raw milk samples of ruminants had contamination beyond 50 ng/liter.

The results showed that none of the aflatoxins in the present study exceeded the standard. due to lower pollution than Iran's standard; Europe and America In the present study, the use of ruminant milk sold in Karaj Counti cannot pose any risk to the health of consumers.

Urban runoff management models are considered as a useful tool in planning, design and development. One of the most usable models in this field is the SWMM. One of the main problems in studying urban drainage network with these models is the correct choice of parameters. To overcome this problem, the sensitivity analysis method could be used, which shows the relationships between variables included in the model with each other and the priority of their impacts on the model output. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of affective variables that influence urban flood peak using the SWMM model in Azimiyeh region of Karaj. In order to that, the estimated initial value of the percentage of impervious area, slope, width, curve number, N-Manning for impervious area, depth of depression storage on impervious area, percent of impervious area with no depression storage reduction were decreased and increased to a constant value in the range of acceptable changes and their effect on peak discharge was investigated as a dependent variable. Based on the results, the amount of impervious areas and the percent of impervious area with no depression storage had highest and lowest effect on peak discharge, respectively. 30% increase in the amount of impervious areas, as the most effective parameter, caused peak discharge to be increase 5.09 percent.

Plant growth and production models are great tools to study variation of irrigation and fertilizer application and those impact on plant performance. Due to the fact that applying different scenarios of fertility and irrigation in field conditions is time consuming and costly, the use of plant models is a good solution for simulating and estimating the crop yield in different conditions. The accuracy of the results obtained from the simulation models depends on the accuracy of the data required by the model and if the input data is measured and determined accurately, the model will be applicable in different conditions after calibration and validation. Due to the great effect of using different types of chemical and organic fertilizers on plant growth and yield, it is necessary to compare and evaluate changes in wheat yield using chemical and organic fertilizers in order to improve soil and water productivity. Considering the different management scenarios of fertilizer use in DSSAT application model and the role of fertility in plant performance and also that the efficiency of this model in simulating plant performance in different management scenarios of chemical and organic fertilizer application is not clear, so in this regard the efficiency of DSSAT application model In order to simulate wheat grain yield in different application of fertilizer (chemical-organic) in order to increase yield and recommendations were studied and evaluated.

This research was carried out in the research farm of Karaj Soil and Water Research Institute at 35 and 50 north latitude and 55 and 30 degrees east longitude. In terms of climate, this region is one of the hot and dry Mediterranean climates with hot and dry summers and cold winters. 4 fertilizer application treatments in a randomized complete block design in 3 replications including control, without fertilizer application (T0), application of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) based on soil test (T1), application of 20 tons per hectare of waste compost with fertilizer application Chemical nitrogen at 75% and phosphorus and potassium at 50% recommended based on soil test (T2), application of 20 tons of waste compost fertilizer (T3) were considered. In this regard, 4 plots with an area of ​​200 square meters were selected and after tillage operations including plowing,  disc and land preparation, wheat was cultivated. The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of the DSSAT model in simulating wheat yield under different management conditions of chemical and organic fertilizer application.

Results showed that measured and simulated wheat grain yield in the control treatment (without fertilizer application) were 2.3 and 2 tons per hectare, respectively, and the corresponding measured and simulated values in chemical fertilizer application (NPK fertilizer application based on soil test) were 3.9 and 4.2 tons per hectare respectively. In terms of compost application at a rate of 20 tons per hectare, the average simulated and measured grain yield was about 3.1 and 2.9 tons per hectare, respectively. Flowering and ripening phonological time of wheat were 192 and 227 days after sowing, respectively, which is in close agreement with the simulated values, which are 190 and 230 days, respectively. RMSE, NRMSE, EF and d of DSSAT model for grain yield were 0.38, 0.13, 0.57 and 0.93, respectively, which indicates the high and appropriate performance of DSSAT(CERES) model in simulating wheat grain yield in different conditions of fertility managements based on application of chemical and organic fertilizers.

Due to the fact that applying different scenarios of fertility and irrigation in field conditions is time consuming and costly, so the use of plant models is a good solution for simulating and estimating the crop yield in different conditions. The results of the statistical indices showed that the appropriate performance of DSSAT model in simulating wheat grain yield in different conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of planting date(13 May,10 June And 8 July) and corn cultivars(KSC400,KSC647 And KSC 704) on the yield and yield components in Karaj. An experiment was conducted as a split-plot design based on randomized complete blocks with four replications in the research farm of the University of Tehran. The results showed that the highest yield belonged to the second planting date (11.98 t.ha-1), the third planting date (11.56 t.ha-1), the first planting date (11.18 t.ha-1), respectively. The results revealed that in the first and third planting dates, corn grain yield was decreased due to the occurrence of the high daily temperatures in the reproductive stage. Furthermore, a coincidence of the decreasing temperatures with the grain filling period in autumn led to corn grain yield reduction. Due to the appropriateness of the reproductive stages in the second planting date, the length of seed abortion was decreased and the length and size of the ear, the weight of the ear, the number of seeds per ear, and grain yield were increased. The results revealed that the 400 cultivar (10.25 t.ha-1) in July, 647 (12.35 t.ha-1) in May and 704 (13.77 t.ha-1) in June had the highest yields in the study area. In addition, to reduce the frequency of irrigation and save water, it is recommended to cultivate medium and early maturing varieties of corn on 13 May and 8 July sowing dates, respectively.

Cultivation of diverse crops is a strategy key in sustainable agriculture. Increasing plant diversity in intercropping systems can be suitable for biological control of pests. In order to investigate the effect of mixed cultivation of sugar beet and red clover on the population of Aphis fabae Scopoli, natural enemies including Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, Hippodamia variegata Goeze, Orius niger Wolf, O. minutus Linnaeus, and Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, and some agricultural traits of sugar beet, an experiment was conducted in the form of completely randomized block design in four replications. Experimental treatments included monoculture of sugar beet (control) and seven types of strip cultivation systems including: 1) two rows of sugar beet  and four rows of red clover, 2) two rows of sugar beet and three rows of red clover, 3) one row of sugar beet and two rows of red clover, 4) two rows of sugar beet and two rows of red clover 5) three rows of sugar beet and two rows of red clover, 6) two rows of sugar beet and one row of red clover, 7) four rows of sugar beet and two rows of red clover. The results of this research showed that the different treatments of sugar beet and red clover intercropping on the aphid population, natural enemies, and agricultural traits including root yield, leaf yield, and shoot yield are significant at 1% probability level. The results of this research showed that the treatment of two rows of sugar beet and four rows of red clover can be useful in integrated pest management and biological control of A. fabae in sugar beet fields and improve agricultural traits.

Population growth and urbanization lead to mass production of waste. When municipal solid waste is landfilled, complex biological, chemical, and physical reactions occur that lead to greenhouse gas emissions. Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and the concentration of methane in the atmosphere is about 200 times lower than the concentration of di Is carbon monoxide, however, methane accounts for about 20% of heating. Emission of methane gas into the atmosphere will cause destructive environmental phenomena that reduce the stratospheric ozone of the ozone layer and over time increase the Earth's temperature. First, using the IPCC model, the amount of methane production in the Landfill of Halghe-Darreh in the study period from the beginning of 2015 to the end of 2019 is calculated and equal to 274.98 thousand tons of waste per year and the emission rate of methane gas in the landfill using the IPCC model. In the above time period is equal to 0.75 (g / sec). Then, the distribution of methane gas over a period of five years was investigated using the AERMOD model. The results showed that the distribution of methane gas with the AERMOD model for the whole landfill in the studied period in the northwest and southeast direction Around Landfill). Also, the maximum and minimum methane gas concentrations in the five-year period were 719.87 and 97.19 mg / cubic meter. Therefore, using two models, IPCC and AERMOD, the production and distribution of methane gas were calculated and the filling map up to 50 km of landfill was drawn.

Considering the importance of mobile sources in the release of air pollutants in the city, the need to develop and use public transportation is very important, for this purpose there are different approaches. Karaj city needs to replace the fleet with updated standards due to the outdated public transport fleet. Considering the economic and environmental dimensions, the effectiveness of the measures taken should be investigated. Therefore, evaluating the change in the release of pollutants based on each alternative scenario can help the authorities to adopt air pollution reduction strategies. The purpose of designing scenarios in this research is to estimate the effectiveness of scenarios in the field of replacing worn-out taxi fleets in reducing the emission of air pollutants. First, the classification of taxis based on parameters such as different systems, production year, emission standard, type of fuel consumed and vehicle class have been investigated. In the following, the scenarios of standard pollutant reduction were designed in two plans, the replacement of the worn-out fleet with a hybrid, dual-fuel fleet with consumable fuel, with the Euro 4 pollution standard, and finally, the scenarios were compared with the base scenario. The emission coefficients and design scenarios were calculated using the International Vehicle Emission Model (IVE) for roads, 1st grade arterials, highways and freeways, with slopes of zero and ±2%. The results of the comparison of the scenarios showed that by replacing the entire fleet worn out in terms of age (to a new fleet, the second scenario), the highest reduction in standard pollutant emissions was 68% (CO, 85% (VOC), 53% (NOX), 100% ( SOX) and 67% (PM). Also, the results of pollutant emission distribution in Karaj city, using Arc Map software, showed that the highest and lowest pollutant emissions are related to zone 10 and zone 1, respectively. Scenarios for reducing pollutant emissions And the solutions to increase air quality are useful and largely operational for politicians and researchers to better understand the current conditions of air pollution in the region, which require timely provision of funds and principled and detailed planning for implementation.

Iran is among the 10 most vulnerable countries in the world. Among natural disasters which caused this vulnerability, flood has high priority. Paying attention to the vulnerability of the country as well as the vulnerability of cities against the natural disasters threats is one of the most important aspects of development planning. Hence, making decision in urban areas is one of the most important issues in modern management. The purpose of current research is to prioritize urban vulnerability to floods using Delphi method. The statistical population includes specialists who had sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of vulnerability management in urban areas. To carry out this research, initially the factors influencing urban vulnerability to floods was determined through literature review. After that effective indicators were ranked and selected using expert’s opinion and Delphi method. Based on the results, the main channel transmission capacity and flood control operations with 30.2%, drainage density with 29%, topographic conditions and land use of urban area with 28.6% were the most important criteria. The results of this study demonstrated that Delfi method is an appropriate and acceptable tool to development effective indicators in depicting of the cities vulnerability against floods.

The complexity of the urban environment makes it difficult to consider all the vulnerable components of the urban. Hence, decision-making in urban environments is one of the most important issues in modern management. As a result, the purpose of this study is to investigate the urban vulnerability of Azimiyeh in Karaj to flood based on multi-criteria decision-making method. The statistical population includes specialists who had sufficient knowledge and experience in the field of vulnerability management in urban areas. To this research, first, comprehensive knowledge of the factors affecting the urban vulnerability to floods was obtained using library studies, and then, the results of the Delphi technique, , was shown that among the primary indices, a total of 11 effective indicators were selected and a map of each of them was prepared using ArcGIS software. Then, the urban vulnerability to floods was calculated using the TOPSIS method. The study area was divided into 13 sub-areas based on runoff directional pattern and field observations, and then the decision matrix was made according to 13 sub-areas and 11 indicators. The results showed the vulnerability of this region to floods, which among the studied sub-areas, in sub-areas No. 1 and 2 observed the highest of flood vulnerability and the lowest of it observed in sub-area No. 13. Causes of flood vulnerability in the region include a direct connection to the upstream catchment that has lithology impermeable and geologically impermeable, high-density of building and population, and lack of proportionate open spaces.

Background and Objective:

 In recent decades, natural ecosystems have undergone fundamental changes due to increasing population growth and increasing demand in order to provide the necessary facilities for human welfare. Since these changes are generally associated with environmental degradation, one should always be concerned about the damage to the ecosystem that supports human life. Therefore, the maintenance and protection of ecosystems are critical to achieving balance, equilibrium and coordination between human society and the ecosystem and their functional services. Ecosystem services have the potential to be considered as a key tool for policy-making and decision-making at the global, national, regional and local levels. Using ecosystem services, several applications including sustainable management of natural resources, land use optimization, environmental protection, nature conservation and restoration, landscaping, basic nature solutions, water conservation and weather, disaster risk reduction, environmental education and environmental research can be pursued. However, the relationship between ecosystem processes and functions and human well-being is complex and a multifaceted and preventive approach must be taken to evaluate these relationships and value the benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend of changes in ecosystem services in urban growth and development, evaluation of ecosystem services and the consequences of urban growth on carbon storage ecosystem service in the study area of Karaj catchment area in the period (before and after the development of irrationality).

Materials and Methods:

 Ecosystem services mapping is an effective tool to improve land planning and land use. Valuation of these services can be an effective factor and a promising way to explain the relationship between services, society and the economy and can play an effective role in the cost-benefit system of policies to rehabilitate and manage the environment. In this study, carbon storage service was investigated in three catchments of Alborz, Karaj, Hashtgerd and Eshtehard provinces. Since the study area covers almost two-thirds of the province, so in the study of the characteristics of the study area, the same characteristics of the Alborz province have been mentioned. In line with this research, In the first step, land use maps of the study area using trust software and GIS and Landsat satellite imagery (Landsat 5TM sensor images 1988, Landsat 8 satellite ETM+ sensor 2018), and the Supervised classification have been applied for the two periods of 1988 and 2018 in four classes of vegetation, man-made space, the aquatic environment and non-man-made space. After preparing the land use map, the accuracy of the maps was checked using Google Earth software and field visits. Then, using the land use map, the carbon storage ecosystem service map was extracted using Invest software and finally evaluated using soil carbon, ground carbon, basement and dead tissue information.

Results and Discussion :

The results showed that the most changes in land use maps belong to non-constructed space and man-made space, which shows a decrease of 16% and an increase of 11%, respectively. Regarding carbon storage service, according to the plans obtained in two years, in the central part of the region, which has witnessed the growth of agricultural lands, the amount of carbon storage has also increased. The maximum carbon reserve, with a share of 78377470 tons per hectare in 1988 and 72618450 tons per hectare in 2018, belongs to the Tehran-Karaj basin, and the lowest with a share of 36078497 tons per hectare in 1988 and 34606913 tons per hectare per year. 2018, belongs to Eshtehard. In total, the value has increased from about 14163 billion rials per ton per hectare since 1988 to about 13163 billion rials in 2018, which has gone in a negative direction. Although the amount of carbon storage varied and changed in different places, the maximum amount of carbon storage remained unchanged during this period; because there is still unbuilt space.

Conclusion:

 In general, it can be stated that the use of ecosystem services valuation does not necessarily mean a reduction in the value of services in the development process, but it means that using this approach can be used to improve development planning to maintain and used to improve the quality of the ecosystem. In fact, it can be said that this approach can be used as an interface to link the anthropological and ecological sections under a single programmatic and managerial framework. and in order to; used instead of "to", especially after try, come, go More (Definitions, Synonyms, Translation).

Increasing water productivity in agricultural sector is necessary, since this sector is the largest consumer of water in Iran. Because of higher irrigation efficiency, in particular, the reduction of losses of deep percolation and evaporation from the soil surface, drip-tape system is a good option for irrigation. Additionally, using varieties of a crop having high yield is another way to increase water productivity. The objective of this study is to investigate the crop yield and irrigation water volume and to estimate the physical and economical water productivity for different hybrids of maize by drip-tape irrigation. Field experiments were conducted at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources College of the University of Tehran, in Karaj in 2017. The treatments were nine hybrids of maize (BK42, KSC400, KSC260, BK65, KSC600, BK50, BK74, Barekat3 and KSC704). The results of this study showed that the type of hybrid had a significant effect on crop yield and water productivity. Generally, among the examined varieties, the BK65 hybrid had the highest biomass production (19.54 ton/ha) and biomass water productivity (3.43 kg/m3), and the lowest yield (10.55 ton/ha) and grain water productivity (1.62 kg/m3). Additionally, the KSC600 hybrid had the highest grain yield (13.86 ton/ha) and grain water productivity (2.12 kg/m3) compared to other hybrids. The reason for the high biological performance of BK65 hybrid compared to other hybrids was the higher growth of vegetative part related to reproductive part. The BK42 and KSC260 hybrids had the lowest yield and productivity.

Simulation of water movement in soil profile and recognition of the effect of irrigation systems on soil moisture dynamics is of great importance. For this purpose, one-dimensional LEACHW numerical model was used in selected agricultural areas of Mohammadshahr plain of Karaj. By describing 9 profiles the soil in 3 selected fields and gardens and taking into account the initial moisture conditions and monitoring their changes during the crop season or simulation period, the LEACHW model was implemented and the estimated moisture values of the model were measured with measured moisture values. The results were compared by means comparison test, sensitivity analysis of the model, and the model was again run on the basis of calibrated parameters and the amount of water lost and remaining in the soil profile during the growing season. At the output of the model, the amount of water lost and remaining in the soil profile was estimated. The results showed that modern irrigation systems were not effective in aquifer nutrition; therefore, one of the ways to increase water productivity is to reform traditional irrigation systems and move towards the development of new irrigation systems. Undoubtedly, the main task of developing new irrigation systems to ensure the country's food security is to optimize water use in the agricultural sector as the main consumer of water resources in the country.

In many herbaceous species, the seeds are different in terms of germination capacity inside and between species and also inside the mass. Some of these variations may have a genetic origin, but many of them are related to the phenotypic characteristics of the seeds, which is caused by the local conditions in which the maturity of the seeds has taken place. These conditions include the combination of the microclimate that the seed experiences according to its position on the mother plant, also due to environmental conditions of the plant (environmental temperature, daytime, water availability, etc.). Some of the physiological and agronomic characteristics of plants play a role in their drought tolerance, and these characteristics are used to select drought-tolerant genotypes. One of the most important characteristics of drought tolerance is seed germination and seedling development under conditions of inaccurate moisture. Due to the proper establishment of seedling in the field and the production of vigorous seedlings indirectly related to the higher yield of the plant. This research was conducted to investigate the reaction of sugar beet monogerm hybrids produced in different climatic conditions to drought stress in the germination stage and seedling growth and to compare the hybrids obtained through crossing between advanced lines under different climatic conditions. This research was conducted in 2014 as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Laboratory of Seed Technology at Ardabil Sugar Beet Processing and Preparation office under laboratory conditions. . Experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included 20 hybrids seed (hybrids derived from the cross of five promising diploid cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines (7112×SB36, SB37×28874, 7112×436, 419×SB36 and 261×231) and four diploid, pollinator lines (SHR.1-P12, F-8662, FC709-2/24 and S1-88239) which was produced in two regions of Ardebil and Karaj. and drought stress levels (control, -2, -4, -6 and -8 bar). Germination parameters were estimated in pleated filter paper and seedling growth parameters (root, shoot and weight) were evaluated in paper towels. The results of the experiment showed although the percentage of germination in seed produced at Karaj station was far lower, but the important point in this research was that the germination velocity in seed produced at Karaj seed production station was higher than the seeds produced in Ardebi. Germination percentage, germination rate, percentage of emergence, root length and hypocotyl and seedling dry weight in different hybrids produced in both regions decreased with decreasing of water potential and the time to germination and abnormal seedling percentage increased However, the amount of reduction in seeds from different areas of seed production was different, and in seeds produced in Ardebil, the reduction in germination and seedling growth was lower than the seeds produced in Karaj. Among the hybrids produced in both regions, hybrid 7112*436×SHR01-P.12 had the highest and hybrid 419*SB36×S1-88239 had the lowest germination percentage, and the hybrid 261*231 × SHR01-P.12 and 28874*SB37 × SHR01-P.12 had the highest and lowest germination rates, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this experiment showed that germination percentage and seedling growth indices in the seeds produced in Karaj region were significantly lower than the seeds produced in Ardebil. Moreover, the tolerance to drought stress was also observed in seeds produced at the station Karaj was lower. Among the seeds of hybrids produced in both regions (Ardebil and Karaj) under severe drought stress, hybrid of 7112*436 × SHR01-P.12 had the highest germination percentage and seedling growth, and among the hybrids produced in each two regions of seed production and in all moisture treatments, hybrids 261*231 × SHR01-P.12, 261 * 231 × F-8662, 261 * 231 × FC709-2 / 24 and 261 * 231 × S1-88239, have the highest germination rates .

Air pollution is one of the most important problems in megacities. To provide comprehensive reduction plan for air pollution and pollutants emission prevention, first it must be estimated the amount and importance of major pollutants emission from various sources. The aims of this study were estimation the air pollutants emission from mobile sources and spatial modelling for each pollutant in Karaj. International vehicle emission model (IVE) was used to obtain air pollutants emission factors based on vehicle type. Finally, the annual pollutants emissions of vehicle fleet were calculated and spatial distribution of pollutants emissions based on traffic data and road networks were mapped in GIS environment. The results showed that the maximum annual emission of air pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matters (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were estimated about 1688.84, 185.61, 6.26, 31.16, 120.54 and 33737.04 t y-1, respectively. The highways and the heavy vehicles were the major source for PM and NOx. In addition, the arterial roads and light vehicles were the main source for CO and VOCs. Despite the highest SOx emission factor was for heavy vehicles, the total SOx emission from light vehicles was higher than heavy vehicles because of their numbers. Also, the highest emissions amount of pollutants in municipal districts of Karaj were in 3, 4 and 6 and the lowest amount were in 1, 8 and 9.

Accurate estimation of crop evapotranspiration has a major role in optimum agricultural water management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of using real time (3days in-advance forecasts) temperature data for estimation of maize evapotranspiration comparing to conventional methods in Karaj, Iran. To achieve this goal, the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was calculated using FAO ETo Calculator software. Two climatic data set were deployed for comparisons i.e. 10 years (2004-2014) mean values of meteorological data of maize growing season and real-time 3-days forecast of temperature. Actual values of evapotranspiration based on a water balance approach were measured using watermark sensors during the summer 2014 as a control treatment. Comparison of ETc measurements with estimations obtained by using different climatic data and also a combined set of data (real time and long term means) revealed that estimated values of ETc using combined weather dataset for amount of 551.6 mm/season and ETc values estimated using 3 days forecasts of air temperature (497.2 mm) had maximum (12%) and minimum (2%) difference with actual ETc values obtained by water balance method i.e.565.64 mm, respectively. Both proposed methods showed underestimation. Further studies are recommended for more scrutiny.

The objective of the present study was analysis of agricultural production cooperatives in achieving sustainable development in agriculture. The statistical population of the study consisted of active members of agricultural production cooperatives in Karaj city (N=1354). 168 individuals were selected using Cochran sampling formula. The main research instrument was a questionnaire that its validity was obtained by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach''s alpha coefficient (α>0. 7). The data were gathered at a given time in 2014. Data analysis was performed using the SPSSwin18. The results showed that components of the studied cooperatives do not have perfect knowledge regarding to sustainable development. Also، factor analysis classified the role of agricultural production cooperatives to reach sustainable development into some factors including improving the utilization system، soil conservation and restoration of the degraded agricultural lands، increasing income and economic ability of producers، self-sufficiency and food security، enhancing the biological production and biodiversity، management of plant pests and diseases، and conservation and sustainable use of plant and animal genetic resources. Besides، obstacles of sustainable development in the agricultural sector were classified into the Socio – economic، infrastructure، natural resources – environmental and technological factors.

The main objective of the present study is to assess distinct aspects of citizens'' intention to buy fruits and vegetables from municipal markets and its parallel markets within Karaj city. The required data was collected by completing 150 questionnaires from Karaj citizens in 2013. Using the multi-Group discriminant analysis، analysis ofthe study results within the three groups including buyers from municipal markets، local shops and fruit pickups show that possibility for non-cash payment، presenting printed purchase receipts، a higher quality of product، degree of fruit importance in the household basket، seller’s behaviour، more openning hours، use the benefit of the more familiar seller، and length of time allocated to buy fruit play the greatest role in making a distinction between two groups of buyers including buyers from local shops and buyers from municipal markets against buyers from fruit pickups. In addition، the results of this study indicate that monthly household expenditures، number of monthly fruit purchase، possibility for customers to select his desired items، a reasonable price comapared to the product’s quality، appropriate packing، education، how often a household buy fruits in a month a wide variety of products، trust to the offered prices، distance to the market play the greatest role in making a distinction between two groups of buyers from local shops and buyers from municipal markets، respectively. Ultimately، it is suggested to train sellers how to behave properly withcustomers. In addition، it should be paid more attention to appropriate packing and to make it possible for the citizens to select their desired items themselves.

To select the best drought tolerant forage maize hybrid، an experiment was conducted in seed and Plant Improvement Institute (Karaj)، in 2010. The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block with three replications. Three irrigation regimes (irrigating after 70، 100 and 130 mm evaporation from surface of class A pan) were considered as main factor and 14 maize hybrids (11 new hybrids and three commercial hybrids KSC700، KSC704 and KSC720) were assigned to the sub plots. Based on results، hybrid No. 10 was tolerant in both mild and severe drought stresses and is suggested for further researches. Hybrid No. 11 and 1 were the most sensitive hybrids in both mild and severe drought stresses and are not recommended for places with probability of drought stress during. Four indices of MP، GMP، STI and Harm have a high positive correlation with each other and forage yield in mild and severe drought stress can be used as indicators for choosing the best drought tolerant hybrids in the same conditions.