جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "fatty acids" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Oilseeds are rich in fatty acids, hence they are of paramount importance. Fats and oils are recognized as primary sources of energy in human nutrition. Additionally, fat-soluble vitamins, which play a crucial role in maintaining human health, are supplied through the consumption of oilseeds in the body. Therefore, studying and researching oilseeds and their importance in today's nutrition is crucial. Camelina is an oilseed product belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which can adapt well to various environments and produce suitable oil for biological purposes. Due to its appropriate composition of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (omega-9), linoleic acid (omega-6), alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3), and low levels of saturated fatty acids, it is considered one of the highest quality edible oils.

 This research aimed to investigate the performance and composition of camelina oil under the influence of urea foliar application and irrigation regimes in a split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2021 growing season at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University. In this study, the examined factors included different irrigation regimes at the flowering stage at four levels defined as the main factor. These levels included optimal irrigation (no stress), mild water deficit stress, moderate water deficit stress, and severe water deficit stress. Irrigation continued until the plant's available moisture in the root zone reached 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent, respectively, and then irrigation continued to the field capacity. The secondary factor included the application of nitrogen fertilizer from urea source as foliar spray at six levels (0% (distilled water spray), 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and no foliar spray (control)).

Under optimal irrigation conditions, seed yield and oil content showed the highest values, with the optimal irrigation treatment exhibiting the highest yield. In mild water deficit stress conditions, seed yield decreased by 12.83% compared to the control (optimal irrigation), while foliar application of nitrogen at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% increased seed yield by 18.23%, 27.95%, 16.30%, and 11.74%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of nitrogen foliar spray at a concentration of 3% resulted in a greater increase in grain yield and oil content compared to other concentrations. Oil yield decreased by 4.42% and 21.23% in mild and moderate water deficit stress conditions, respectively, compared to the control (optimal irrigation). Additionally, foliar application of urea at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% increased oil yield by 23.85%, 35.37%, and 23.81%, respectively, compared to the control (no foliar spray). Under severe water deficit stress conditions, the treatment with 2% nitrogen concentration led to the highest amount of seed oil, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b. Regarding the anthocyanin content, under severe water deficit stress conditions, foliar application of nitrogen at a concentration of 1% resulted in a greater increase in anthocyanin content compared to other treatments.

In optimal irrigation conditions, grain yield and oil content showed the highest values. In mild water deficit stress conditions, the use of foliar spraying of urea fertilizer with a concentration of 3% nitrogen led to a greater increase in grain yield and oil content than other concentrations. In severe water deficit stress conditions, urea fertilizer treatment with 2% nitrogen concentration resulted in the highest amount of  oil content and chlorophyll a and b.

The effects of storage of rainbow trout processing by-products at 4 ºC on fatty acid composition and nutritional values of hydrolyzed-derived oils were determined. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 39.97-43.70%) were the major fatty acids followed by monounsaturated (MUFA, 31.90-34.05%) and saturated (SFA, 19.27-22.59%) fatty acids. Among fatty acids, linoleic, cis vaccinic, and palmitic were the main fatty acids. N-6 fatty acids represented 34-38% while n-3 fatty acids were 4.5-6.6% of all fatty acids (P<0.05). Hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (h/H) index in oils was between 4.23 and 5.15. The highest value was found at day 2 while showed no changes among other storage times (P>0.05). Thrombogenic index (TI) at days 0 and 2 were the lowest among storage times while at days 5 it represented the highest value. However, the change was not significant (P>0.05). N-6/n-3 ratio ranged from 5.01 to 7.6. PUFA/SFA was between 1.77 and 2.29 and showed the highest value at day 2 while after 5 days significantly decreased (P<0.05). The highest fish lipid quality (FLQ) index was for fresh by-products (day 0) (P<0.05) and showed no differences from day 1 to 5 (P>0.05). Also, nutritive value index (NVI) ranged from 2.25 to 2.55 with no significant differences during storage (P>0.05). The sum of EPA and DHA was between 1.73 and 4.05% and decreased with increasing storage days (P<0.05). Polyene index (PI) decreased to the end of storage time up to 4 days compared with the fresh by-products and significantly decreased thereafter after 5 days (P<0.05). Results of the present study showed that fatty acid composition and nutritional quality of oils from hydrolysis-derived oils were influenced by the storage days to some degree.

In the present study, the amount of proximate composition (protein, lipid, moisture, and ash) and the profile (quantity and quality) of fatty acids and amino acids in different parts of bigeye ilisha (Ilisha megaloptera) including (backbone, head, abdominal fin and viscera, caudal fin and fillet) were measured. The results of proximate composition showed that the amount of these compounds in different parts differed significantly and in many cases, the amount of macronutrients in waste parts was higher than fillet. The results of the analysis of fatty acids showed that different parts of the bigeye ilisha contain high levels of lipids rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) and long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LC MUFAs). Among PUFAs, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) had the highest percentages compared to other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The highest amount of EPA and DHA was found in the abdominal fin and viscera, respectively, equal to 1.986 g/100g (13.61% of total fatty acids) and 5.124 g/100g (35.11%). The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids (n-3/n-6) was different in different parts of the body, and the highest ratio was 17.433 in the abdominal fin and viscera. The highest percentage of the total essential amino acids was also present in the abdominal fin and viscera (43.14%). The lowest percentage of essential amino acids with the amount of 39.66% was found in the caudal fin. The amount of all essential amino acids in all cuts of bigeye ilisha was significantly higher than the amount recommended by FAO/WHO. The results of the present study showed that different parts of bigeye ilisha can be an ideal source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids.

The molluscs of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea have high nutritional value with high levels of protein, amino acids and fatty acids. Little researches have been done on determining the nutritional value of the identified species. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the nutritional value of the sea snail Babylonia spirata in Kanarak Wharf.Thirty sea snails (with an average length of 22±1.12 mm and an average weight of 7.8±0.14 g) from the mud and sand beds of Kanarak wharf (Sistan and Baluchistan province) were kept in cold boxes with powdered ice and transferred to the laboratory. Body chemistry, fatty acids and amino acids compositions were used. The results showed that the amount of protein, lipid, ash, moisture, and dry matter was 18.75, 6.49, 3.30, 70.63 and 29.37% respectively. Total essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids were equal to 15.95 g of amino acids/mg.The nutritional value of snail amino acid content is 60.50% compared to egg. The highest amount of amino acid in snail tissue was isoleucine (4.23 mg/g tissue), valine (3.06 mg/g tissue), lysine (1.10 mg/g tissue) and phenylalanine (1.09 mg/g tissue), respectively. In the analysis of the content of fatty acid groups, it was found that the highest amount among saturated fatty acids was palmitic acid (13.40±0.04%), stearic acid (6.29±0.23%), and heptadecanoic acid (6.17±0.18%) respectively.Among monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), eicosenoic acid (EPA, 20.80±0.33%) and palmitoleic acid (PA, 12.16±0.36%) showed the highest amount, respectively. While the highest amount of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids was respectively related to linoleic acid (LA, 20.27±0.24%), linolenic acid (LNA, 10.23±0.25%) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 2.08±31%). Also, the amount of eicosasterenoic acid (ETA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was reported as 1.10±0.01 and 1.07±0.23%, respectively.The results of this research showed that the presence of amino acids (isoleucine) and fatty acids (linoleic acid) content, gives more economic value to sea snail B. spirata

To evaluate the response of different rapeseed cultivars to cut-off irrigation at the end of season on seed fatty acids, glycosinolates and agronomic characteristics of cultivars, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Moghan Research Center ,was conducted during 2014-2016 cropping season.Experimental treatments were levels of irrigation as the main factor in three levels, normal irrigation (control) according to plant needs and local customs, low irrigation stress in the form of irrigation cutting at the plowing stage and irrigation cutting at the flowering stage and Rapeseed cultivars as sub-factors in 11 levels included 003RGS, Sarigol, Zafar, Dalgan, Julius, Jacomo, Jerry, Jerom, Zabollo, 401Hyola, 4815 Hyola. In this study, the yield and yield components of rapeseed were not significantly affected by water stress after flowering and pods and only post-flowering stress reduced the number of seeds per pod by 4.7%. Biomass also decreased to 2.9% under the influence of stress. Despite the above results, the properties of rapeseed oil were strongly affected by water deficite. The amount of palmitic acid due to stress decreased to 32.6% (at Jerome cultivar), while the amount of linoleic and, erosic acids and glucosinolates under stress increased to 84.4%and 148.7% (at Zafar cultivar) and 118.7% (at Jerome cultivar). In this study, the highest grain yield  sa2986 and 2981 kg / ha was obtained in Julius and RGS003 cultivars. In these cultivars, all three components of yield as , yield of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were higher than with comparison of other cultivars.There was a high difference between cultivars for palmitic, lithinolenic, linoleic, oleic acids and glucosinolate. In general, Zafar and , Julius cultivars were the best cultivars due to their high  yield and oleic and linoleic acids content.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) is a deciduous shrub or tree in the Elaeagnaceae family. Sea buckthorn is one of the native species of the Turani regions of Iran, with limited and scattered habitats in Gachsar, Haraz, Arasbaran, Khoy, and Alamut. An old miraculous plant, it is highly regarded for its richness in bioactive and nutritional substances. Hippophae rhamnoides is one of the valuable precursor species in terms of nitrogen fixation for the soil. It is a storage shrub resistant to cold, drought, and low-cover environments. Sea buckthorn contains nearly 200 nutritional and bioactive compounds. This plant's fruits are rich in lipids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and flavonoids. The purpose of the present study, considering the high medicinal and ecological importance of the Sea buckthorn plant and the few studies in Iran, especially in the field of phytochemical compounds of this valuable plant, is to introduce the Sea buckthorn plant, its phytochemical compounds, and some of their uses in the pharmaceutical and food industries.  This article contains scientific papers published between 2001 and 2022 from Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. All parts of sea buckthorn (fruits, leaves, stems, branches, roots, and thorns) have been traditionally used in medicine and food supplements. Sea buckthorn leaves, fruits, and oils are rich in macro and microelements, vitamins A, C, E, lipids, carotenoids, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and phenols. In recent years, there have been several reports on the medicinal activities of sea buckthorn, including its anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities and its ability to protect the heart and blood vessels. The oil obtained from the seeds and fruit includes bioactive compounds such as palmitoleic acid (omega 7), a part of skin lipids, and stimulates epidermis repair and healing wounds. Flavonol glycosides are one of the most abundant phenolic compounds in sea buckthorn. Flavonoids are antioxidants in sea buckthorn that prevent blood platelet accumulation and cancer cell spread. They improve blood circulation and reduce inflammation. As an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and other natural additive, sea buckthorn is used in various food products. In addition, it is used in diverse forms, such as oil, dried powder, fruit juice, pills, drinks, fruit, and tea.   Besides its high nutritional value as a food, the genus Hippophae has several economic advantages as a raw material for cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical industries, and environmental protection. Due to its high tolerance to cold, drought, salinity, and alkalinity and the ability to fix nitrogen in the soil, it is an ideal product for protecting soil and water and windbreaks on marginal lands prone to soil erosion.

Sunflower is one of the most important oilseed crops with more than 50% of nutritional (table) consumption. Considering the climate changes, the development of genotypes tolerant to abiotic stresses is more important than before. In the present research, the recovery capacity of two oilseed sunflower genotypes (DM-2 and H158A/H543R) was evaluated 24 hours after irrigation following sever drought stress (30% of field capacity) by evaluating the changes in enzymes activity at 8-leaf stage and quality and quantity of end product at adult plant stage. The experiments were conducted in frame of completely randomized design with 3 replications under controlled conditions. A significant difference was observed between genotypes in the terms of guaiacol, ascorbate, lipoxygenase and proline contents, as well as leaf area, leaf length, root weight, plant height and root sodium-potassium ratio in recovery conditions. Based on the results of the evaluations and changes in the mean of traits in the comparison of two normal and recovery conditions, as well as the pattern of fatty acids, genotype DM-2 has a high recovery ability.

In order to study the effects of starter nitrogen and foliar application with methanol on nodulation, grain filling components and quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean (Glycine max L.), an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm at Parsabad of Mogan from Ardabil province in 2022. Factors experimental were included application of methanol at three levels (foliar application with water as control, application 15 and 30 volume percent) and three levels of starter nitrogen (no application as control, application of 25 and 50 kg/ha) by urea. The highest rate of nitrogen application (50 kg/ha) increased the number of nodules per plant (139%), number of pod per plant (37%), harvest index (9%), grain filling period (8%), oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid (14.7, 16.3 and 20.6% respectively) in comparison with no application of starter nitrogen. Hovewer, there were no significant difference in oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid between 25 and 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen. Foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol increased the number of nodules per plant (15.2%), number of pod per plant (47%), harvest index (12%) and grain filling period (5%) in comparison no foliar application of methanol. Also, the highest rate of starter nitrogen and methanol application increased dry weight of nodules per plant (26.2%), plant height (54.2%), number of grain per pod (109%), maximum of grain weight (45.3%), grain filling rate (14.1%), effective grain filling period (28%) and grain yield (61%) in comparison no application of starter nitrogen and methanol. In this study, it seems that application of 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen and foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol can be suggested for improve of nodulation, grain yield and unsaturated fatty acids.

In this study, the effect of lack and phosphorus deficiency (dipotassium phosphate; K2HPO4) on the growth rate, biomass, biochemical content, and fatty acid profile of Desmodemus sp. was investigated for 14 days. Accordingly, Desmodesmus microalgae were grown in culture media containing no phosphorus (P0), 10 (P10), 20 (P20), 30 (P30), and 40 mg/liter (P40). The P40 treatment was considered as a control group that had the amount of phosphorus required in the standard culture medium BG11. Based on the results, the highest cell density, specific growth rate, and biomass production were simultaneously recorded in the P20, P30, and P40 treatments on the 14th day of culture, which showed a significant difference from the other two groups (P<0.05). In addition, the highest chlorophyll a was also recorded in these three groups, which showed a significant increase compared to the group without phosphorus (P<0.05). The lowest chlorophyll b was recorded in P0 (1.62 mg/L) compared to other experimental groups (P<0.05). The analysis of body composition showed the highest amount of lipid productivity (14.93 mg/liter per day) in P20 treatment, which has a significant difference with other experimental groups, except for P10 (13.17 mg/liter per day) (P<0.05). The highest protein productivity rate was measured in P30 and P40 groups (P<0.05) and the highest carbohydrate productivity rate (10.55 mg/L per day) was measured in P40 without significant difference with P30 (8.87 mg/l per day). The highest amount of saturated fatty acids was observed in P0 (47.66% of total fat) and the highest long-chain unsaturated fatty acids in P40 treatment (30.58% of total fat) without significant difference with P30 (29.33% of total fat). Based on the results, the concentration of 20 mg/liter of phosphorus is a suitable concentration for the cultivation of Desmodesmus sp. microalgae for the production of biofuel, while the concentration of 40 mg/liter of phosphorus is a suitable concentration for the cultivation of the microalgae for using in the food and aquafeed industries.

Fertilizer management and irrigation are important factors in camellia cultivation at water deficit stress condition. The purpose of this experiment is to obtain the best fertilizer composition for increase yield, forage quality, and fatty acid of camellia seed at different irrigation levels for sustainable agriculture.

This 2-years experiment were performed in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 as a split-plot based on RCBD with four replications. The main plots included: rainfed, once irrigation, and twice irrigation. The sub-plots included: chemical fertilizers, bio-organic and control (without fertilizer). In this experiment, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage and camellia seeds and the amount of fatty acids of camellina seed were determined.

The application of bio-organic and chemical fertilizers significantly increased dry matter digestibility, crude fat, and forage ash. The highest yield of dry forage (2122.4 and 2018.5 kg ha-1) was obtained from chemical fertilizer and bio-organic treatments respectively, and the highest grain yield (2018.9 kg ha-1) was obtained from twice irrigation treatments and the use of chemical fertilizer. The use of bio-organic fertilizers increased camelina yield by 25.49% in rainfed conditions. Bio-organic fertilizers at all levels of irrigation had the greatest effect on palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosadienoic acid compared to the chemical fertilizers.

Although use of chemical fertilizers under twice irrigation showed the highest effect on camellina traits, but use of bio-organic fertilizers under rainfed or low irrigation conditions can be recommended due to a significant increase in grain yield, forage quality and fatty acid composition.

Severe cold is one of the most important limiting factors for olive production. This research aimed to evaluating and selecting cold-tolerant olive cultivars. Therfore, six olive cultivars including; Grossane, Abusatl, Koroneiki, Chavar, Siab and Kolafaraj were evaluated under five cold treatments (Control, -9°C, -11°C, -13°C and -15°C). Electrolyte leakage, leaf thickness and relative water, nitrogen, calcium, potassium, total carbohydrate, oleic and linoleic acids contents of the leaves of olive cultivars were measured. The results indicated that the lowest leaf thickness related to cv. Koroneiki with average of 0.42 mm. The highest total carbohydrate was in the leaves of Grossane (4.83%) and the lowest in Koroneiki (2.20%). The cultivar × cold treatment interaction effect showed that in the -9°C, the highest changes in electrolyte leakage, as compared to the control temperature, was in cv. Siab (53.26%) and Koroneiki (48.59%). At the -11°C, the highest electrolyte leakage related to Kolafaraj (73.39%). There was significant difference between cold treatments for electrolyte leakage. As the temperature decreased to -15°C, electrolyte leakage increased. Mean comparison showed that cv. Abusatl (60.0%) and Grossane (60.86%) had the lowest electrolyte leakage. Correlation coefficient between oleic acid and linoleic acid contents was negative and significant (r = -0.490*). Relative water content had positive and significant correlation coffeieceint (r = 0.533*) with leaf potassium content. Leaf thickness had positive and highly significant correlation with oleic acid (r = 0.878**), and significan with linoleic acid (r = 0.545*). Correlation coefficient between total carbohydrate and linoleic acid was positive and significant (r = 0.804**). Based on the results of this research cv. Abusatl and Grossane were cold tolerant, and cv. Koroneiki, cv. Siab and cv. Kolafaraj were cold sensitive.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) containes 40 – 46 percent oil and rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic and linoleic and has a high nutritional value. The abiotic stresses such as drought stress causes to decline the quantitative and qualitative yield of many field crops in developing countries. In order to evaluate the foliar application effects of Zn and Fe micronutrients on growth and yiels of rapeseed under deficite irrigation condition, this experiment was carried out as factorial based on complete block design with three replications in two regions of Qazvin and Karaj, Iran 2019 cropping season. Three levels of irrigation regims including whole irrigation, cutoff irrigation from flowering stage and cutoff irrigation from silique stage and four levels of micronutrients including zero (as check), foliar application of Zn, Fe and Zn + Fe as 3×4 factorial as main plot and two varieties of rapeseed as sub plot comprised experimental treatments. Results showed that seed yield, relative water content and some fatty acids such as linoleic, palmitic and stearic deccreased in response to drought stress caused by cutoff irrigation from flowering stage and micronutrients deficiency and foliar spraying of Zn + Fe enhanced them equal 136.13, 8.20, 7.72, 12.87 and 22.55 percent, respectively. Some evaluated traits such as stomatal resistance, prolin, soluble carbohydrates and oleic, linolenic and erucic fatty acids increased under cutoff irrigation condition from flowerin stage compared to whole irrigation. Result showed that integrated application of Zn and Fe as foliar spraying through increasing of stomatal resistance and increasing of stomatal conductivity and relative water content caused to enhance seed yield of rapeseed under drought stress condition.

 Thermal process is the most prominent option for treating foods. During the heat treatment, food nutrients response simultaneously but adversely under pH, temperature, moisture, and other provided conditions. It might result in an irreversible transformation of composition and structure that influences oxidative stability and sensory properties. The use of antioxidants is one of the most common methods to prevent edible oils oxidation. Safety concerns of synthetic antioxidants including tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) as food additives have led to increasing demands for natural ones. Phenolic compounds such as Gallic Acid (GA) and Methyl Gallate (MG) represent to possess markedly high activity to scavenge free radicals which are among the most powerful natural sources of oxidative inhibitors in foods. Apart from their antioxidant activity, GA and MG also exhibit multiple biological characteristics such as anti-atherogenic, anti-spasmodic, and anti-microbial activities. This study aimed to investigate the oxidative stability of the in-use sunflower (S) and palm (P) oils as affected by the GA, MG, (GA+MG), and TBHQ to clarify their antioxidant behavior.

Antioxidants Gallic acid, Methyl gallate and TBHQ (Purity>98%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA. All solvents and chemicals were provided from Merck, Germany and Sigma Aldrich, USA with analytical grade. Antioxidant-free sunflower and palm oil were prepared from Three Goals factory, Neyshabur, and potatoes (Agria variety) from Fariman region, Khorasan Razavi.

Chemical changes, oxidative stability and quality indices of the in-use sunflower oil (S) and palm (P) (65:35 w.t. %) were evaluated during 8-hour heat treatment at 180 °C through GA, MG, GA/MG (25:75, 50:50 and 25:75) and TBHQ. All experiments were carried out in quadruplicate, and data were subjected to analysis of variance (One-way-ANOVA). Mean data were compared based on Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level (p<0.05). Observations of the chemical properties showed that sample S mainly contained Linoleic fatty acid (61.53%) and Oleic acid (25.50%) and for sample P, Oleic acid (41.90%) and the saturated long-chain fatty acid of Palmitic acid (38.9%). Also, the total phenolic content (TPC) and tocopherol (TTC) of sample P were 53.12 and 185)µg.g-1(, respectively, and sample S were 36.01 and 490 )µg.g-1(. The results of oxidation stability test were analyzed based on Carbonyl value (CV), Conjugated diene value (CDV) and acidity (FFA) parameters. According to our findings, all parameters increased significantly at different speeds during the heat treatment (p<0.05). Moreover, the oxidative stability of the in-use oil was significantly promoted by the antioxidants added, meaning that the control treatment and the treatment containing synthetic antioxidant TBHQ had the highest and lowest FFA%, respectively. The CDV of the antioxidant-free treatment was reduced by 68.6% in the presence of GA75+MG25.In addition, the CV change rate of the antioxidant-free sample in the presence of TBHQ was reduced by 70.2%. It was concluded that the natural antioxidants were capable of being competed with TBHQ antioxidants.

The results of this study showed that the heat treatment affected the nutritional value, quality indexes and chemical structure of the treatments, decreasing the quality and stability of the oil. As observed, all FFA, CDV and CV parameters increased significantly at different speeds during 8-hour frying process. The analysis also indicated that the oxidative stability of the treatments increased at the presence of antioxidants during the heat treatment at 180 °C. Thus, the control treatment and the treatment containing synthetic antioxidant TBHQ had the highest and lowest acidity, respectively. Also, the CDV of the antioxidant-free treatment decreased by 68.6% in the presence of GA75+ MG25. In addition, the rate of CV changes was declined by 70.2% through the TBHQ. The results indicated the key role of this synthetic antioxidant in preventing the formation of secondary compounds in the advanced stages of oxidation.It is evident that most synthetic antioxidants are volatile and heat sensitive. Furthermore, there are some limitations in applying TBHQ to promote oxidative stability of food products due to its toxic potential. Evidences have also been reported on the mutation caused by  the synthetic antioxidant TBHQ in the living organism's body. Compared to synthetic antioxidants, natural polyphenolic antioxidants such as MG and GA which widely distribute in plants mainly have antioxidative properties. Compared to GA and MG, GA+MG antioxidants have a longer induction period and higher oxidative stability. Promoting oxidative stability with such an arrangement of antioxidants is a good option in taking advantage of this class of natural antioxidants. According to the results of this study, it can be inferred that with a slight increase in natural antioxidants levels, we might be able to obtain the oxidative stability level comparable to the behavior of synthetic antioxidant TBHQ. Of course, it is worth noting that the addition of natural antioxidants to food such as edible oils should also be done according to national and international standards.

Bacteria are used directly by zooplankton as a food source. The purpose of this study is to use straw as a substrate for the proliferation of bacteria in geomembrane pools and its effects on the production and biochemical compositions of Artemia. One week before Artemia culture, the pools inoculated with Dunaliella sp. and straw (particles less than 200 microns) as follows: treatment 1= geomembrane pool containing Dunaliella sp. (one week of algae cultivation), treatment 2 = geomembrane pool containing Dunaliella sp. and 0.5 grams per liter of straw (one-week algae cultivation and adding straw from the second week), treatment 3 = geomembrane pool containing Dunaliella sp. and 0.5 g/l of straw (algae cultivation and adding straw from the first week) and treatment 4= geomembrane pool containing 0.5 g/l of straw (adding straw from the first week). Artemia was cultured for 18 days and fed based on a turbidity depth of 15 cm. The highest growth rate was observed at the end of day 18 in treatment 3 (P<0.05). The highest amount of protein was obtained in treatment 1 (P<0.05). The highest amount of biomass was observed in the control and T3 groups (P<0.05). The presence of straw in Artemia pools decreased EPA fatty acid by 5-7 times less than the control (P<0.05). Artemia can grow while feeding on environmental bacteria. Applying straw in Artemia cultivation can lead to an increase in PUFA fatty acids with 18 carbon chains.