جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "محیط زیست" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد کشاورزی"

Over recent years, environmental sustainability, agriculture and food security have been among the most important topics of global attention. Sustainability is based on economic, social and ecological factors. Sustainable agriculture requires a sustainable environment. Therefore, the main agricultural factors are soil, weather, water resources and nutrients, among which the protection of water and soil resources is more important than others for the efficiency of farmers. Although, water resources are essential for the functioning of any economy, they continue to be degraded at an unsustainable rate. This is true for the developed and developing countries due to the nature of their chosen path of economic growth and development. Both surface and underground water have characteristics of public goods, because the people who use them do not pay for their scarcity (whether in terms of quality or quantity) and only pay the cost of private extraction (private goods). When the cost of scarcity is not recognized, it leads to further extraction and pollution of resources and thus, inefficient use of them over time and space. The choice experiment (CE) method has its theoretical basis in Lancaster's consumer choice model (Lancaster, 1966) and its econometric basis in random utility theory (Luce, 1959; McFadden 1973). Lancaster suggested that consumers get their satisfaction not only with simply goods and services but also with their attributes. According to Lancaster, demand is defined over the characteristics of goods, rather than goods themselves. In any CE exercise, respondents are thus asked to choose between the different bundles of goods- which could in fact be alternative designs of policy to provide such goods- described in terms of their characteristics (or attributes) and the levels these take. Offered choices defined in terms of these attributes, utility maximizing individuals will choose the alternative that gives the highest level of utility. According to the theory of random utility, the utility of a choice includes a deterministic component (V) and an error component (e), which is independent of the deterministic part and follows a predetermined distribution. This error component shows that predictions cannot be made with confidence. The choices that are made between alternatives are a function of the probability that the utility associated with a particular option J (for example, the groundwater pollution reduction program option) is greater than other options:  Therefore, the desired data of this study were obtained through face-to-face interviews and the questionnaires filled out by 108 farmers of Dasht Abbas Plain aquifer in Ilam province of Iran in 2022. The study results showed that the willingness to pay was influenced by socio-economic characteristics (including the level of education, age, household size, and environmental orientation) and other factors such as the use of well water. Therefore, to improve the efficiency and universality of the policy, the willingness and heterogeneity of public preferences should be fully considered in policy formulation. Also, based on the results obtained from the mixed logit model and hidden class, the compensatory surpluses of the aquifer improvement scenarios were specified and calculated. The willingness-to-pay values increased from the moderate improvement scenario of the aquifer environment to the optimal improvement scenario. The compensatory surpluses for the desired improvement of the features were estimated about 980 and 1380 thousand IRI rials per hectare per month, respectively. This research showed that the reduction of desertification, the reduction of reeds and the protection of water quality were all determinants of alternative policy plans.Conclusion and Suggestions: This research showed that reducing desertification, protecting water quality, reducing reeds as well as the number of protected rural jobs were all important determinants of farmers' priorities for determining alternative policy. In this context, the results of this research can guide policy makers in improving the design and creation of agricultural environmental risk reduction policies with the social support of farmers; in addition, the evaluation of the heterogeneity of preferences provides a positive perspective for increasing the social adoption of such programs by farmers, especially that the adoption of such programs is of great importance for the study area. Social support for restoring ecosystems that are being destroyed can also be increased by extending the environmental behaviors by people. Increasing public awareness about the importance of environmental behavior increases social self-confidence and as a result, strengthens social support for improving the quality of environment. Based on the study results, the most important suggestion to be presented is to encourage farmers who use well water to continue using underground water and other farmers are also encouraged to use well water by granting them free well licenses or, if they have a well, by using the necessary incentives (purification device) in order to effectively contribute to the improvement of the environment of the Dasht Abbas Plain aquifer.

Intruduction: 

the purpose of this research is to determine the optimal pattern of agricultural crops cultivation in Abhar plain in order to achieve to sustainability in the agricultural sector using linear and ideal planning models in terms of environmental, social and economic constraints.

The limitations were determined through questionnaires and interviews with farmers and relevant officials, and the optimal pattern of cultivation was investigated according to these limitations using two methods of linear and ideal planning. For this purpose, statistics and information related to 7 products that have the largest share in the agricultural production of Abhar Plain in the crop year 1401-1400 are used..

The results showed that in the optimal models proposed by the linear and ideal planning models, the cultivated area has been greatly reduced In the pattern of optimal cultivation, crops whose cultivation does not have much planned efficiency, such as grapes and lentils, are either completely eliminated, or due to the fact that they are considered strategic crops, such as wheat and barley, their production is reduced and the cultivation of products such as walnuts, which have a high planned efficiency, is reduced. attention is increased. Finally, it can be said that the cultivation of crops has become more specialized and the variety of crops has decreased.

Suggestion: 

the policy maker should apply incentive policies in order to implement the program in addition to informing the users. Of course, the purpose of the study is not to destroy the vineyards and fields and turn them into walnut gardens, but considering the destruction of many of these gardens as a result of the lack of attention of the operators due to their lack of profitability and also the presence of uncultivated land in In the study area, in the coming years, this pattern will gradually replace the current cultivation pattern.

Considering the different views regarding the effect of the depth of democracy on the environment, in the present research, a comparative study was conducted between Iran and South Korea regarding to the effect of the depth of democracy on the relationship between economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions.

In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the required data collected from the World Bank during the period of 1981-2021 and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the depth of democracy, the growth rate of gross domestic product and labor force in South Korea is more than Iran, and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and fixed capital formation in Iran is more than South Korea. In addition, in the long term, the depth of democracy has an inverse effect and gross domestic product, the ratio of capital formation to gross domestic product and labor has direct effect on the emission of greenhouse gases in both countries. Also, the depth of democracy in the long term reduces the direct effect of gross domestic production on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions of both countries.

Increasing the depth of democracy reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and reduces the direct effects of economic growth on greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is suggested to the officials of the country especially the Ministry of Interior to provide the basis for the formation and growth of non-governmental organizations, especially in the field of environment.

Due to the negative effects of agricultural production activities on the environment, especially water and soil pollution, one of the most important decisions in the agricultural sector is the optimal allocation of resources. In this study, an attempt was made to propose an optimal cultivation pattern for crops in Shiraz County with a multi-objective approach based on the water-food and environment nexus. The goals of this research include maximizing economic benefit, minimizing water consumption, minimizing fertilizer and chemical pesticide consumption, and maximizing food security. To solve the multi-objective programming model, the weight Lp metric method was used. The information required in this study included information on the production pattern, consumption of inputs, price, and performance of significant crops in Shiraz city in the crop year of 2019-2020, which was collected through library documents and completed a questionnaire by random sampling method. The results of the study showed that the area under cultivation of most of the crops of this County is reduced in the optimal pattern with the combination of goals. Onion crop was not prioritized and the area under cultivation of cucumber, lentils, barley, and beans is increasing. In total, this model will be able to reduce water consumption in the agricultural sector by 10.75%. The 10.26 percent reduction in the cultivated area of Shiraz County is associated with a 10.60 percent reduction in chemical fertilizers and a 10.37 percent reduction in chemical toxins. However, the cost of managing the consumption of production resources in this model will be a 9.71% reduction in the profit of the farmers of this city. Therefore, if the policymaker tends to lean toward environmental goals, he should consider that the main incentive for farmers to produce is economic incentives for production. Therefore, policymakers should find suitable solutions to make the farmers follow the proposed model.

It is necessary to move towards a productive and environmentally friendly agricultural system. Some microorganisms known as plant probiotics, can be used as biological fertilizers in the production of crops. Plant probiotics are compatible with any agricultural system, including the organic system, and play a special role in protecting the environment, reducing the need to use chemical pesticides, maintaining and improving the soil structure, and producing food for the growing world population. A better awareness and understanding of the functions of plant probiotics leads to accelerate the acceptance of the advantages and use of these microorganisms and creates a potential to overcome the obstacles to the acceptance of this management process. Some of the solutions to accelerate the adoption of biological control are increasing the awareness of farmers and stakeholde in the field of successful applied examples, clarifying the economic and environmental benefits of biological control as compared to chemical control, as well as incentive policies for the use of plant probiotics through the government and private sectors.  In this article, in addition to addressing the importance of plant probiotics and their application to achieve an environmentally friendly and sustainable agricultural system, the challenges of using this management method and the solutions to solve these challenges have also been discussed.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

Achieving high economic growth is one of the development goals in countries that have a direct relationship with the quality of the environment, because the increase in economic growth has led to an increase in agricultural and industrial activities and has caused an increase in environmental pollutants and more use of scarce natural resources, both of which will mean reducing the quality of the environment. But the path of a knowledge-based economy is a path that pursues both economic development and does not have the plagues of ordinary industrial development. Therefore, paying attention to the knowledge-based economy can be important in the path of sustainable development.

Considering the importance of the knowledge-based economy on the level of pollution, the present research examines the four knowledge-based economic indicators introduced by the World Bank, including economics; innovation; technology and education deals with the emission of three important pollutants, CO2, CH4 and N2O. To achieve this goal, 8 Islamic developing countries (D8) were used for the period 2000 to 2019, which were estimated with the help of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) to investigate the effect of sub-indices on the amount of pollution, artificial neural networks were used. It has been used to Iran.

The results of the DOLS model showed that in all three pollution diffusion models, the information technology and the innovation indexs had a negative and significant effect on pollution diffusion and the education index had a significant positive effect. The results of the neural networks for Iran indicated that there had been a negative effect on the amount of pollution in all three sub-indicators of economic and innovation pollution.

The results showed that among the four indicators, the innovation index had a greater elasticity on the spread of pollution than other indicators. Therefore, it is suggested to invest more in the use of innovations in Iran and other D8 member countries. Also, according to the results of neural networks in Iran, it is suggested to move with more attention and more correct management in controlling corruption and the quality of regulations, as well as increasethe country's economic growth in the direction of reducing pollution.

Ensuring food security is one of the most important global concerns of national and global policies. The agriculture is important sector in the country economy due to the supply of food for society, and appropriate developmental measures must be taken to ensure the sustainable security of this sector. On the other hand, agricultural production has a significant impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to provide people's food basket while maintaining the principles of sustainability with minimal environmental effects. In this study, the life cycle assessment method was used to evaluate the environmental effects of the Iranian food basket. The investigated products in this basket included: red meat, white meat, rice, milk, vegetable oil, eggs, potatoes, onions, wheat, sugar, beans, oranges, apples, tea, tomatoes and vegetables. The results showed that the biggest environmental burden is related to animal products (chicken and beef, respectively), followed by the production of wheat, which is consumed in the form of bread and pasta in the food basket. Edible oil is also in the next place. After identifying the products with high environmental load, two strategies have been presented to reduce the environmental effects. First, changing the food basket and forming an optimal food basket by considering environmental issues, and the second, increasing the efficiency of production systems and reducing the waste at different stages of the supply chain it is then up to policymakers to provide the bases for practical measures.

The agricultural sector relies heavily on energy consumption to meet the growing need for food. One of the challenges of sustainable agriculture is that the majority of farmers still use fossil energy. Carbon dioxide emissions in Iran have caused $ 26.27 billion in damage to the country, of which $ 1.57 billion is the share of the agricultural sector. The final energy consumption per capita in Iran's agricultural sector is 3.3 times the global average. Therefore, energy use in the country is very important. This study prioritized renewable energies in the agricultural sector of the north of Iran (Golestan, Mazandaran, and Guilan) using the Entropy weighting technique and the TOPSIS method. The information required for this study was collected using a Delphi method from 39 experts and five types of renewable energy and five criteria. The results showed that the Prioritization of energies are solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy, hydropower, and geothermal energy and Environmental, political, social, technical and economic criteria rank first to fifth in importance, respectively.

Dasht-e Abbas plain is one of the most important agricultural areas of Ilam province of Iran, which has suffered environmental problems in recent years. If the new water resource management policy causes an increase in the pollution of underground water resources or in general, damage to the environment, there is no price for this damage in the market. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the non-market value of water entering from the Karkheh dam to the Dasht-e Abbas plain aquifer using the Choice Experiment (CE) method; Also, by presenting environmental and socio-economic characteristics in a questionnaire and data collected from 108 operators, the value of non-use and indirect use of water transfer to this aquifer was estimated. The study results showed that in this aquifer, the highest amount paid was related to soil salinity and desertification with the amount of about 258 thousand IRI rials per hectare per month and the reduction of the reed area with the amount of 176 thousand IRI rials placed in the second rank; and the amount of employment with the lowest amount of willingness to pay was about 69 thousand IRI rials per hectare per month and the total willingness to pay of each reservoir operating household was about 630 thousand IRI rials per hectare per month. According to the study results, estimating the preferences expressed by farmers regarding the extracted characteristics can help planners in managing aquifers before applying any policy or program. Therefore, it is suggested that the authorities and planners of the agricultural sector pave the ground for participation of less experienced farmers in such projects by making them aware of the importance of the environment and its close relationship with their product yields,.

This study was Comparison and investigated the impact of the Triple dimensions (Economic, Social and Political) of Globalization indicators on Environmental degradation in Iran for the period 1981-2015 and in the framework of Johansen -Juselius co integration model (VECM).For this purpose, KOF index has been used as a global variable. The results showed that from Triple dimensions of Globalization indicators, the economic and political dimensions of globalization increases Environmental degradation but the social dimension of globalization, due to increased awareness of the people about the danger of environmental degradation in Iran during the period under review. It is suggested that the policy makers, In order to benefit from the achievements of the globalization process, through the establishment of the necessary institutions and capacities, policy makers will provide the conditions for the development of clean technologies, the creation of comparative advantage in the clean industries and the limitation of highly polluting industries to minimize the negative consequences of global competition on environmental sustainability

Impact of trade liberalization in different economic sectors on environmental pollution in Iran has become one of the challenges faced by policymakers. This study aimed at investigating the effects of agricultural intra-sectoral trade liberalization indexes on environmental degradation in Iran using the indexes of level of international trade (LIT), integration of international trade (IIT) and agriopenness in agriculture sector within Johansen-Juselius cointegration model (VECM) for the period of 1981-2015. The study results showed that all of these three indexes had significantly negative effects on the environmental degradation; also, intensity of energy consumption in agriculture sector and value added in this sector caused an increased environmental degradation. Finally, it was suggested that the government should pay more attention to transnational and extraterritorial cultivation while supporting the agricultural products with high relative advantages and less degradation impact on the environment of the country as well.

The agriculture sector plays a role beyond food security and has a significant effect on the political, social and economic situation of a country. In general, 34.3% of the world’s land, 70% of water use and 37.3% of the world’s jobholders belong to the agricultural sector. The agricultural sector in Iran employs 18% of the total jobholders. Food demand requires a substantial increase of global food production of 70% by 2050 which may cause unsustainability through excessive utilization of resources, contamination of soil and water, and the excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to sustainable agriculture development to maintain natural resources. Sustainable agriculture development should be ecologically appropriate, economically justifiable and socially desirable. While the Five-year Plans after the Islamic Revolution have focused on agricultural development without emphasis on sustainable development, the focus of the country's fifth and sixth development plans has largely been on sustainable agricultural development. The study of indices of sustainable agriculture development in Iran in comparison to some neighboring countries indicated that Iran has not achieved its true status and is necessary to develop agriculture sustainably by adopting the appropriate developmental models. The most important agricultural development models in the world include the frontier model, conservation model, urban-industrial impact model, diffusion model, high pay-off input model and induced innovation model. It seems that a combination of these models is necessary for sustainable agricultural development in Iran.

The occurrence of environmental problems and its increasing trend has become a major concern of international organizations and experts in this field. Since human behavior is the main cause of environmental hazards, in recent years, the type of human behavior with the environment has been at the forefront of international attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was Modeling Effective Factors on the environmental ethical behavior of villagers with an emphasis the theory of value-conscience-normative. The statistical population of this research included all the supervisors of villages of Alishravan’s and Mishan Khas’s family in Siwan in the city of Ilam. Using the Cochran formula, 332 people were sampled. Finally, 335 questionnaires were collected and analyzed in a proportional sampling method. The present study was carried out using a questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a survey of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. In order to test the structural model presented in the theoretical framework of the research the path analysis technique was used by maximum likelihood method using AMOS software (V 20). Structural Equation modeling showed the optimal fit of the structural model. In total, the variables of research explained 72% of the variance of environmental ethical behavior of villagers.

The natural resources in any country are considered as the important infrastructures for economic development; this mainly applies to developing countries. Climate change and imbalance of rainfall over the year has made shortage of water a fundamental crisis in Esfahan Province; therefore, providing strategies and instructions which are in accordance with climate conditions of the country will significantly help to get out of the present critical situation. In this regard, dam-building projects have been one of the strategies which have been used to face these crises. Lack of attention to consequences of human interventions in environment and lack of considering these damages in considering pros and cons of man-made structures will cause reduction of natural resources and will increase the growing process of dam-building in the country. Prevention of damages to the environment can increase construction of dams in the country.
The purpose of this project is environmental analysis of one of the 10 dams of the country using comprehensive management program, so by estimating the damage and its cost, in addition to making managers aware, it is possible to announce maximum support of people for ecosystem management. Results in cost-profit analyses of developing Zayanderood Dam and its watering and also authoritie's attention to more investment on the most important performance in view of the people of this province. This method can also be used to reform national accounts. In this method, first, created values of Zayanderood River flowing are considered and then each performance was evaluated. Improving environmental features of building a dam includes reducing public recreational areas (because the river does not flow), destroying some plant species around the river, Gavkhuni Swamp, animal species (such as fishes, water and migrant animals) and also destroying Gavkhuni Swamp (which in general because of no more flowing of the river Zayanderood and lack of watering of this swamp by Zayanderood river, it has been totally dry and destroyed) has been estimated. Similarly, choice experiment was employed for estimation of economic value of recreational areas, some plant species around the river, Gavkhuni Swamp, animal species by means of D Optimal design and distributions of 150 questionnaires in river ward zayanderood district during various seasons (2016) and the nested logit model.
The results of this research indicated that total value of recreational areas, some plant species around the river, Gavkhuni Swamp, and animal species were estimated 1176,610,852, and 566 thousand rials respectively. Among services damaged of zayanderood rangeland ecosystem, the maximum value belongs to recreational areas and of protection Gavkhuni Swamp. Ignoring and destruction can be the cause of not enough knowledge about the value of the local and natural ecosystem. Sometimes these effects may decrease the remedy of justification of collusion, and cannot evaluate composing dam and gains for local people. All the payment appetency of the family to improve all the properties, computed 320 thousand rials in this year. This research has prepared for estimating environmental effects of composing zayanderood dam and estimating effects of different sides of dam. Final results of the final orientation of the interest of families in paying each environmental feature of Zayanderood Dam determine the environmental damage of this dam and showed that mwtp (marginal willingness to pay) was positive for every recreational, vegetative species, animal species and Gavkhuni Swamp and this means that improving these features increases the average satisfaction obtained by using these dams. Regarding the results of this study, significant amounts of interest in payment for different features of the river showed the strong will of people to exit these conditions of the river.
Based on the results of this research, it can be argued that increasing the amount of attention to the various characteristics of the Zayandehrood River is due to the strong determination of people to get out of the current situation. Thus, one of the strategies for improving the environmental conditions of river in the current situation is the general participation of the people of the region. On the other hand, through the development of a coherent program to allocate water between Isfahan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, and also improving water use efficiency, especially in the agricultural sector which is a major consumer of water, the rate of decline in water can be controlled. Obviously, the present research is a preliminary study and a comprehensive assessment of the profit-to-cost ratio is necessary for providing more accurate information on the cost of constructing the dam(s).The finding indicated that the study area had high importance and value therefore it is necessary for accurate administration and planning to increase awareness of the people in the study area. Also the results showed that the studied case zone has a high importance so planning to decrease the remnant of environment is very necessary. User-friendly and comprehensive studies (especially environmental) are essential for increasing economic plans.

The Irregular and unprincipled use of modern agricultural technologies lead to irreversible harm to natural resources and the environment. This study examines the factors affecting environmental sustainability in production of agricultural products. The research method in this study is quantitative and in term of controlling the variables is descriptive and correlation kind, which has been carried out in a survey way. The method of collecting data was a structured interview by using 351 questionnaires. The results of SEM and factor analysis indicated that the most important factors affecting environmental sustainability are: protective technologies (particularly crop rotation), economic and marketing (especially the production of healthy and marketable products), educational and promotional (in particular, training courses and workshops), policy and planning (especially supportive laws and regulations), and social and cultural (especially social capital of farmers).

Birds have a role much higher than beawty in the nature. birdsare one of elements of the nature that have an important role in the echosistem. it has been much observed that seeds attached to the bird٬s body or dropped from thir mouth create green and beautiful farm. some parts of the birds body are used in medicine and pharmacy. in this article we introduce some birds in the poem of one of the Persian٬s poets. chractristics ¡environment and also the presence of the birds living for a better life for human beings are described. our more attention is to seeming beauties of the birds. while birds teach us nest making and mental concepts that are necessary for social life. the first creature that creates man٬s dream for flying were the birds. and the first creature that taugut Burial in the Abel٬s death by Cain was a bird. birds migration is a signal of season and climate changes. so birds having an important role in humans life¡ are much beautiful than beauty in the nature. this text considers more than 7 birds by witnessing to the Persian and investigation in great notables with a library stale and can be considered as a poetry description from bird٬s behavior in Farming and…by investigators.

The objective of the present study was to determine optimal economic use of environmental pollutant chemical inputs in Varamin plain for irrigated wheat crop by using two-stage cluster sampling method by filling out 113 questionnaires by farmers of that area. The most beneficial rate of these inputs use were estimated by estimating appropriate translog production function and with the objective of maximizing economic benefit of farmer. The results showed that farmers use N fertilizer in third production area and uneconomically and 100 Kg per hectare more than economic optimal amount and also they use P fertilizer in second area and economic of production and 5 Kg per hectare more than economic optimal. It can be managed efficiently using appropriate political tools such as promoting actions and informing about bad effects of high use of chemicals and promoting farmers to use organic and biological fertilizers. In addition, the results show economic optimality of using poison input by farmers of this area.

Industrial revolution occurrence and changing human's relationship toward nature, has been caused numerous environmental problems for human. Due to abundance those problems, the environmental aesthetics dimension has been less considered, compared with the other aspects. The purpose of this research was to investigate affective components on rural people's environmental aesthetics attitude in Miandoab Township. This research is a casual-correlative research that was fulfilled using a survey technique as a research method. Statistical population was rural people (N=121149) in Miandoab township that 136 people was selected as a sample by Cochran test and stratified random sampling method (0.63≤ ≤0.94). The research tool was a questionnaire, which its validity confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education experts and its reliability was calculated by using a pilot test and Cronbach's Alpha. Findings revealed that there were significant association between "environmental aesthetics attitude" and "aesthetics knowledge", "spirituality and ethic", and "environment factor". Also analysis results showed that environmental knowledge has highest ability to anticipation of environmental aesthetics attitude ( 0.632). In this regard, regression analysis showed that independent variables can explain 59.6 percent of environmental aesthetics attitude variance. Based on the findings, some executive recommendations have been presented at the end of the article.

Crop production challenges in Iran are: preserving natural resources, climate change and environmental sustainability. A nation who could not be able to save his environment including soil erosion, forests, climate change and increasing consumption of natural resources, would not be survived. Such nations, like Polynesians and Mayan people are cited in this article. Ignoring soil erosion through agricultural activities has been the cause of plaguing ancient civilizations, too. Increasing cultivated area without specific plans, deforestation, overgrazing, overusing of fertilizers, insecticides, and fossil fuels cause environmental contaminations, increase greenhouse gases, increasing air temperature which altogether result in change in precipitation pattern, incidence of droughts, floods, dust storms, and water shortage in the area. Confrontation of these challenges are: population control, sustainable consumption pattern, reducing the use of insecticides and fertilizers, range and forests conservation as carbon sequestering sources, suitable cultivation methods like no-tillage, replacing fossil energy by renewable energy, making logical balance between development and ecological strength of environment, breeding agronomic and horticultural cultivars resistant to heat, drought, pests and diseases, and using new agricultural management policies. Environmental factors affecting crop yields are: water, land, soil, soil nutrition, energy, food, biodiversity, solid waste recycling, management and climate change. In addition, drought, temperature, atmosphere CO2 and ozon, biotic and abiotic stresses affect crop production, too. The food needs of Iran for strategic crops such as wheat, rice, sugar, fat, barley, corn, and pulses for now and for 2025 and 2050, with respect to population growth, have been estimated. To meet the food needs of growing population in Iran, increasing cultivated areas should not be considered . Instead, genetics and breeding approaches to develop new cultivars and also production and management techniques should be taken into account. Management approaches such as efficient water use, new cultivation techniques, efficient use of fertilizers, precision seed planters, integrated pest management (IPM) and new cropping information technology have been discussed in this article. Our planet earth is sustainable in terms of water and sunshine. Natural resources and environment are the main background for agricultural activities and their safeguarding is the main factor for agricultural production in any habitat

In recent years, increased public awareness of the detriment of consuming common products, during whose production chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used, on the one hand, and also the benefits of organic farming for health and environment, on the other hand, have caused an increase in the demand for organic products. Due to the yield loss in product in organic farming because of the lack of the use of chemicals, the estimation of the consumer's willingness to pay, for surveying the market of these products, and estimating the total economic value of the desired product, seem necessary. In this study, 400 questionnaires were collected from the residents of Dasht-e Marghab County, through random sampling method, in 2015. The logit model is used in this study in order to achieve the desired results. The obtained results show that 70.25% of consumers are willing to pay more to buy organic tomatoes than ordinary tomatoes. Also variables, such as: age, sex, income, education, the weekly consumption of non-organic tomatoes, the environmental index, health index, and the offer price, have a significant effect on the likelihood of consumer's willingness to pay. Finally, it was determined that consumers are willing to buy each kilogram of organic tomatoes for 34,700 rials, and the total economic value of organic tomatoes in the region, considering the yield loss in transition from conventional farming to organic farming, due to the yield loss proceeding from the change in farming system, was determined over 487 billion rials. Also, according to the cultivated area, the economic value per hectare of tomatoes (organic) in a hypothetical market, formed from the demand side, was estimated equal to 1.6 billion rials.