جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مدیریت منابع آب » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

Given the climate change and the need to protect the environment, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, it is necessary to adopt a new mechanism for the equitable allocation of scarce water resources and the resulting benefits among stakeholders. This study used a Cooperative Game Theory (CGT) framework in order to analyze water management under water scarcity and drought conditions in Qarehsou River Basin of Golestan province of Iran. The required data were collected through a survey research and completing the questionnaires in the cropping year of 2017-2018. Loehman stability index was used to investigate the willingness of stakeholders to participate in coalition and the determination of stability. The results showed achieving full cooperation would increase the total benefit of basin. The study of the stability index showed that in general, the grand coalition based on Nash-Harsanyi was more stable than the Shapley value and Nucleolus in drought scenarios. As a result, the cooperation between stakeholders should be increased in the form of basin coordination councils to protect the ecosystem and preserve the economic interests of basin in conditions of water scarcity. The CGT solutions and power index examined demonstrate the importance of combining the strategic behavior of stakeholders in designing acceptable and sustainable policies to reduce the effects of drought in the basin. Therefore, it is recommended to apply Nash-Harsanyi solution to redistribute the benefits of cooperation between stakeholders in the basin; in other words, the distribution of cooperative benefits between stakeholders is based on relative weights, which is calculated based on the maximum demand of water users in the non-cooperative model within a cooperative theory.

Water scarcity is a major deterrent to agricultural development. Adopting appropriate policies to sustain this resource has become an important strategic issue in the country. One of the policies implemented in the agricultural sector for sustainable water resources is the policy of changing the pattern of cropping and reducing the level of water crop cultivation based on the pattern and increasing irrigation efficiency. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of gradual reduction of rice cultivation area along with increasing irrigation efficiency on economic and environmental indices in Marvdasht County. For this purpose, a Positive Mathematical Planning Model (PMP) and calibrated based on crop area data for the year 2017-2018 used. The method used for data collection was based on survey, documentary studies and the use of expert opinions and experiences. The results of this study showed that the application of water demand management policies in the context of different scenarios of reducing rice crop area, in spite of the decrease in the economic benefits of the agricultural sector, improves the economic efficiency index of water resources and decreases the water demand. Therefore, in order to stabilize surface and ground water resources in Marvdasht city, it recommend to change the optimum cropping pattern, in order to reduce the cultivation level of water crops and provide farmers with facilities to equip their farms with new irrigation systems.

Utilization of aqueducts and excavations is one of the most common methods of using groundwater.Every year, level of groundwater is lowered too much and its flow rate decreases. In the study area (Khash), the water deficit is negative and the annual water level decreases and it is considered as the main source of water supply in the region. By continuing the existing conditions, one of the solutions is well extension for water supply. In this research, the optimal depth of wells was determined from 2014 to 2044, so that there was no need for rehabilitation of wells until the target year.

To study the effect of climate change, rainfall data was generated by using the LARS-WG model under the MPEH5  model and A1B scenario. its ability Confirmed with to R2, 94/94 capability .Finally, eight scenarios were defined in the WEAP model and the conditions of region were simulated and the depth of optimum floor was calculated for three wells. The results showed that if the existing conditions continue until 2044, 54.88 percent of the water stored in the aquifer will be empty and the average level of groundwater Decreases 13.67 m

The best scenario is the S8 scenario, which in this scenario the largest reduction of water stored in the aquifer occurs in 2036  and it is 10.55% of the initial volume, and the average water level is 1.67 m horizontally.

S8 scenario has the least reduction in water stored in the aquifer. In this scenario, the water stored at the end of 2044 is 93.29%, during which time, 6.71% of the stored water will be reduced. The average discharge is constant but costs increase, so discharge has no effect on reducing or increasing costs. Therefore, only the depth of floor and head pumps are the only factors that will have a greater impact on cost changes.

In this study first, a suitable economic planning model for agricultural water resources management in Kerman province was presented. Then the potential impacts of water supply policy plans on its agricultural sub-sector were evaluated.

In the implementation section, a three-stage calibration of a comprehensive economic model based on the positively mathematical programming (PMP) method and the maximum entropy (ME) approach were used. The required data and information are for years 2017-2018 that documentary and regional studies approach (regions A, B and C in master plan of provincial cropping pattern) through the organization of agriculture and water resources management in Kerman province were collected.

The results show that with implementation of supply-side policies, cropping patterns are developing towards acreage of low water and cereal products in different areas of Kerman province and products such as onions, cotton and vegetables have the largest reduction in cropping pattern. Under these conditions, farmers pay about one-third of the real value of agricultural water inputs in the form of water extraction and transportation costs and farmers southern Kerman province have the lowest level price elasticity of water demand (0.175). Corn and potatoes respectively, by maintaining and sustaining acreage in A (Agriculture in dry conditions) and C (agriculture in tropical conditions) regions provide optimal patterns to supply needs in these region and adjacent region.

Therefore, under conditions of water supply reduction policy the suggested patterns in the northern regions of Kerman province (A) are better optimal than other regions patterns (B and C).

In recent years, the problem of water scarcity is becoming one of the most challenging issues with the economic development and population growth that have involved many sectors due to its importance and economic status and has received increasing attention from governments and international research organizations. This emphasizes the need for optimal allocation of mentioned resources to balance socio-economic development and save water. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop an uncertainty-based framework for agricultural water resources allocation and calculate the amount of water shortage after allocation and also risk evaluation of agricultural water shortage. The developed framework will be applied to a real case study in the Marand basin, northwest of Iran. Perception of the amount and severity of risk on the system can be a good guide in the optimal allocation of resources and reduction of damage.

Since various uncertainties exist in the interactions among many system components, optimal allocation of agricultural irrigation water resources in real field conditions is more challenging. Therefore, introduction of uncertainty into traditional optimization methods is an effective way to reflect the complexity and reality of an agricultural water resources allocation system. Among different methods, inexact two-stage stochastic programming (ITSP) has proved to be an effective technique for dealing with uncertain coefficients in water resources management problems. ITSP is incapable of reflecting random uncertainties that coexist in the objective function and constraints. Considering the risk of violating uncertain constraints and the stochastic uncertainty of agricultural irrigation water availability on the right hand side of constraints and uncertainties related to economic data such as the revenue and penalty in the objective function which are expressed as probability distributions, the CCP method and Kataoka’s criterion are introduced into the ITSP model, thus forming the uncertainty-based interactive two-stage stochastic programming (UITSP) model for supporting water resources management. A set of decision alternatives with different combinations of risk levels applied to the objective function and constraints can be generated for planning the water resources allocation system. In the next step, on the basis of results of UITSP agricultural irrigation water shortage risk evaluation can be conducted by using risk assessment indicators (reliability, resiliency, vulnerability, risk degree and consistency) and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.

A series of water allocation results under different flow levels and different combinations of risk levels were obtained and analyzed in detail through optimally allocating limited water resources to different irrigation areas of Marand basin. The results can help decision makers examine potential interactions between risks related to the stochastic objective function and constraints. Furthermore, a number of solutions can be obtained under different water policy scenarios, which are useful for decision makers to formulate an appropriate policy under uncertainty.The results show that the dry season, i.e., July, August and September are the peak periods of water allocation and demand in Marand basin, which in these months, despite the higher water demand, the amount of water allocation in the current situation is less, which leads to more water shortages in these months. However, the results show that by increasing the efficiency of irrigation and water allocation using the developed framework, the amount of agricultural water allocation and demand is almost balanced and in addition to reducing water shortages, it leads to control over extraction from wells. Also, the goals of the regional water organization, which is reducing the amount of water allocated in the agricultural sector, will be achieved. Comparison with actual conditions shows that the allocation of water resources using the developed framework reduces water shortages while allocation becomes more efficient. Furthermore, the net system benefits per unit water increase which will demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the developed framework. Results of evaluation of agricultural irrigation water shortage risks indicate that the water shortage risks in the Marand basin are in the category of serious or critical risk level. Therefore, if the current trend of allocation and exploitation of water resources continues, with the population growth, climate change, increasing demand for agricultural products and changing the probability of available water in the future, the water shortage risk would increase to the unbearable risk level. The continuation of this process threatens all investments and economic foundations of this study area. Therefore, the risk of water shortage in the future should be managed by improving the water-saving technologies and also changing the cultivation pattern to drought resistant crops.

In this study, an uncertainty-based framework for agricultural water resources allocation and risk evaluation was developed, including model optimization of agricultural water and risk evaluation of water shortage. The developed framework is capable of fully reflecting multiple uncertainties. The developed framework will be helpful for managers in gaining insights into the tradeoffs between system benefits and related risks, permitting an in-depth analysis of risks of agricultural irrigation water shortage under various scenarios. The assessment of agricultural water shortage risk based on the results of the optimization model helps decision makers to obtain in-depth analysis of agricultural irrigation water shortage risk under various scenarios. In application of the developed framework to Marand basin, series of results of agricultural water resources allocation expressed as intervals, and agricultural water shortage risk evaluation levels under different flow levels and also different combinations of risk levels are generated. Comparison between optimal results and actual conditions of agricultural irrigation water allocation demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of the developed framework. Results of evaluation of agricultural irrigation water shortage risks indicate that the water shortage risks in the Marand basin are in the category of serious or critical risk level. Therefore, effective risk management measures should be taken first for different irrigation areas of Marand basin.

The adaptation of the same water resources management policies in a plain or watershed due to the heterogeneity of its areas generally leads to a reduction in the effectiveness of policies. Hence, the evaluation of the adaptability of different areas of the study area with water resources protection policies can be important and necessary.The aim of the current study is to evaluate the adaptability of rural districts of Neyshabour plain to groundwater protection policies. To achieve this goal, in the first step, economic, demographic, environmental, educational, and cultural, as well as communication criteria and sub-criteria are selected, and then the weights of the criteria and sub-criteria are determined using Fuzzy AHP. Then, the status of each of the rural districts in the Neyshabour plain based on the studied index is determined using a multi-criteria decision-making method (PROMETHEE) in 2017. The results show that economic and environmenral ctritera with weights of 40 and 19%, respectively, are of higher importance compared to other criteria in the adaptability index. According to the results of this study, three the rural districts of Ardoghsh, Mazol, and Zeberkhan have a higher adaptability to groundwater protection policies than other the rural districts of plain, and the rural districts of Ghazali, Eshghabad, and Belherat are in the final ranks. In order to increase the cooperation of farmers in the southern and western rural districts of the plain with groundwater conservation programs, it is suggested to use appropriate training and incentive policies as complementary policies in these areas.

Assessing the potential effects of drought in agriculture and water resources management, as well as providing solutions to deal with it, is an important step in the development of agricultural activities. Therefore, in the present study the standardized precipitation index (SPI) to determine the different intensities of drought and its occurrence was used during the study period (2002-2018). Then, by using the Positive Mathematical Planning (PMP) model, the potential effects of drought on the cropping pattern and farmers' livelihoods of in the southern basin of Tehran province were analyzed. The required data are documentary and registered in the relevant government agencies which were collected in two sections, time series (2002-2018) and cross-section (2017-2018). The results showed that the probability of severe drought in the southern basin of Tehran province is about 6/25 percent. Decreasing the acrage of high consumption water products such as watermelon, corn, sunflower and increasing the acrage of wheat and barley are other obtained results under drought conditions in Tehran province. Decrease of 3/00 to 19/4 percent of farmers' gross profit and increase of 13/2 to 115/6 percent of the economic value of irrigation water are other consequences of this phenomenon under mild to severe intensities. According to the obtained results in this study, in order to reduce the risk of hydrological drought and farmers' exposure with this event in southern basin of Tehran province, in the first step it is recommended that the modification of optimal cropping patternin in order to reduce the acrage of water-filled products (such as sunflower and watermelon) and replace it with the acrage of products with higher profit to water ratio (such as corn and canola) be prioritized. In the next step, it is suggested that due to the elasticity of agricultural water input to price changes in the southern basin of Tehran province (ewater = -0/96), the correct implementation of water pricing policy in accordance with the trend of changes in the economic value of water input and observance of the principle equality consideration in drought conditions should be considered by the public sector.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting behavior of using new technologies for water conservation among farmers in Sari County. That was done by adopting the Davis model. The population of the study consisted of 30788 farmers in Sari County that 220 were selected through multistage random sampling. The research tool was a questionnaire which its validity determined through sustainable agriculture expert and Diagnostic validity with using an average variance extracted (AVE). The reliability was confirmed with using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR). To explain the effectiveness, factor analysis and structural equation modeling with LISREL software, version 8.80 was used. According to the findings, water conservation behavior was relatively low in 40.9% of farmers. According to the results of the optimal model of using new water conservation technologies, farmers directly explained different dimensions of attitude 82% of the variance of the intention to water conservation behavior. Also, the intension to behavior of explained about 58% of the variance of water conservation behavior in farmers. Farmers' perceptions of technology (perceived of usefulness and perceived ease of use) was able to explain 91% of the variance of attitude, 75% of variance of intention to use and 52% of variance of water conservation behavior.

Kheirabad river basin is part of Zohre-Jarahi basin which is rich in surface water resources. But unprincipled usage of water and soil resources and also increasing water harvesting under climate change reduced the ability of the basin to respond to water demand. Reducing water storage of the Kowsar Dam as a result of reducing surface water inflows, make a concern to meet the future water demand at the basin. Therefore, the management of water resources in this basin is essential. In this study, we used a systemic approach to identify the factor affecting water supply and demand along with feedback and interaction between different elements for studying the behavior of the water resources system over time. The results of the study showed that the available surface water decrease and groundwater balance will be negative. Also, population growth and development of the agricultural sector will lead to an increasing trend in water demand and an increase in the surface and groundwater resources withdraw. Under these circumstances, water scarcity index is increasing and the water system sustainability index is smaller than the unit. The results also revealed that under business as usual (B.a.U) condition, the vulnerability index and maximum deficit of the water system are 0.119 and 0.213, and the reliability and sustainability indices are 0.50 and 0.703, respectively. Therefore, according to the results, the probability of not meeting the increasing demand of water, thus increasing the population and the level of crop cultivation, is predicted by using available water resources during the study period. Therefore, it is necessary to apply demand-side and supply-side management policies in Kheirabad River Basin. Among water demand-side management policies, increasing irrigation efficiency and changing crop pattern, by increasing the sustainability index from 0.703 to 1, are the most efficient policies. Besides, decreasing per capita water consumption plays an important role in increasing the water sustainability index in the basin.

In this study, we used a systemic approach to study the behavior of the water resources system in the Kowsar Dam basin. Generally, due to the complexity of the water system, one of the best tools for understanding the relationship between all components within a complex system is the system dynamic. System Dynamic is one of the methods that used to facilitate the relationships between separate systems but in connection with each other along with dynamic behavior. After modeling and calibrating the model, the behavior of the water system investigated over time. The results showed that during the simulation period, the water storage capacity of the dam would be declining. While water demand, which is directly impacted by population growth, is rising. Under optimistic weather conditions, the surface water inflow is improving, yet increasing evaporation and outflow of water causes the water supply system to be vulnerable. As the water security index is in a better situation in the early years, it is expected to reach even lower than one at the end of simulation period. The results also indicated that the lowest water security index is related to pessimistic climatic conditions. Therefore, demand management policies can play a significant role in the sustainable management of water resources by reducing water use per capita or increasing irrigation efficiency and reducing water consumption per hectare of agricultural production.

One of the most important Pishin dams dam catchment area in south-eastern Iranian province of Sistan-Baluchistan. This area has very low rainfall and evaporation is very high on the one hand and on the other hand with the increasing demand for urban, agricultural and industrial, faces a severe water stress. According to the reference scenario results in the allocation to the agricultural sector Bahu Kalat, drinking, unauthorized agriculture and the environment to approximately 29, 7, 8 and 30 million cubic meters respectively. In this scenario, only 2 450 hectares of land will be cultivated.

About 90 percent of water consumption is allocated to the agricultural sector in Iran. Obviously, the amount of agricultural benefit depends on the amount of water resource using. The farmer imagines that increasing the amount of cultivated area and irrigation will also increase amount of the crop and consequently his benefit. The assumptions of farmers lead to the destruction of the environment which finally will result in the tragedy of common pool resources. Preventing water resource overdraft in order to support sustainable development as the environmental object and maximizing the farmer's net benefits as the economic object, are in conflict in the short-term. It is necessary to find a balance between them. For this purpose, the optimum consumption of a water resource and farmer's net benefits are determined for the Urmia study region during the 2014-2015 crop year. This is done by using conflict resolution methods including a non-symmetric Nash, non-symmetric Kalai-Smorodinsky, non-symmetric area monotonic and non-symmetric equal loss solution in four crop pattern scenarios. The results revealed that increasing environmental weight decreases cultivated area and consequently agricultural net benefit in all crop scenarios. The fourth scenario is more reasonable and admissible due to its feasibility and acceptability by farmers. Also a comparison of the fourth scenario with the current situation in equal weights of environmental and economic objects and by assuming cultivation of major crops in the region showed that in this scenario the water consumption rate reduces 17% and the net benefit of farmers increases 10%.

The purpose of this research was identifying favorable characteristics of supporting organizations of water resources management extension system for date palm growers in Khuzestan province of Iran. The population of experts in this study are included all agricultural extension experts (N=150) of agricultural-Jihad Organization of Khuzestan Province. A survey study was applied as a methodology of research work. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability of the instrument which was showed the instrument reliability. Based on the results, current characteristics of supporting organizations of extension system regarding all items of water resources management for date palm growers in Khuzestan province is not favorable. Wilcoxon signed ranks were used for analyzing causal comparative of water resources management, between current and favorable conditions which showed that there were significant differences between current and favorable conditions (P≤0.01). The results of this study indicated favorable characteristics of supporting organizations of water resources management extension system for date palm growers in Khuzestan province that are respectively: The presence of popular organizations and agricultural associations, Considering the team learning and team work in the organization, attention to the interpersonal skills in the organization and creating a common goal of the organization.

Complex management of water resources requires the application of a different perspective technical, economic, environmental and social that it requires considering the needs of all beneficiaries. The main objective of this study is to introduce hydro-economic model and modeling it in one of the country's catchment for analyzing water resources management policies. For this purpose, climatic and meteorological data and also interviews and questionnaires completed by farmer's Neyshabur catchment were used. Hydro-economic modeling composed of two main parts: hydrologic and economic. WEAP model was used in hydrological sector and regional (spatial) positive programming was used in economical sector. Strategies used in this study consists of three main scenarios were considered reducing the availability of water resources in agriculture that their impact on cropping pattern and then change the crop pattern on water resources were examined. The results of economic sector in hydro-economic model showed that most affected by the implementation of various policy scenarios is related to the first region, so that the cultivation levels was decreased about 13.4 percent in first scenario, 20.59 percent in second scenario and 29.11 percent in third scenario. In hydrologic sector of hydro-economic model, changes in cropping pattern on consumption of water resources based on different scenarios were simulated using WEAP model. The results showed that the greatest impact on reducing water consumption was related to the third scenario that the main reason for the change is reducing the area under cultivation of various crops. Also implementation of various scenarios on water allocation between the main applicants influenced water and causing the unmet supply reduced in three sectors of agriculture, industry and drinking in the years 2013-2035.

Water User Associations (WUAs) are the main strategy in water resources management, and transferring of irrigation management to these associations is paying attention in different countries. The current study aimed to identify and analyze membership consequences in WUAs. The research was descriptive and survey method was used. The population of this study consisted of all farmers in irrigation and drainage networks of Lishter and Kheirabad in Gachsaran township in the Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province (N=572). Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table and stratified random sampling technique, 219 farmers were selected as sample (n=230). Questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. Content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of expert consisting of faculty members of Tarbiat Modares and Yasuj University. The reliability of the questionnaire confirmed by calculating Crobnach’s alpha (0.86) in pre-test stage. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software. Based on the results of factor analysis increasing in farmer’s information and communication, reduction in farmer’s costs, increasing in production and improvement in water resources management, strengthening of social capital, and reducing government’s costs are positive consequences and conflict between farmers is negative consequences of membership in WUAs. Based on the research findings, some suggestions are presented for facilitating the development and establishing of WUAs.

In rural areas, where water tends to be traded less and is mostly used as an essential farm input, water users association can be as an alternative for water resource management. The purpose of this study was to investigate influence factors on the farmers’ tend to constitute water users associations. Research population was all farmers covered of Feyzabad Irrigation network supply (192 farmers). Samples of 127 farmers were selected through random sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Face validity of the questionnaire was obtained through a panel of experts and reliability was obtained through pilot testing. The Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.73 to 0.93. Findings revealed that attitude to water users associations, subjective norm, satisfaction of exploitation company performance, history of water conflicts, social participation, awareness and information about water users association could explain 53.3 percent of changes in dependent variable.

Water is one of the most valuable natural resources in human societies which is demanded by different parts of the society، and as one of the main inputs of production in agriculture has a special role in the agricultural sustainable development. Nowadays، the consumption of water is more than the supply، and its highest consumption is in agriculture. This study scrutinized the role of management of agricultural water in agricultural development. In order to prevent from generalization and to achieve exact and applicable results، Tabriz Plain as one of the most important areas of agriculture in East Azarbaijan has been chosen and canonical correlation has been used. Thereafter، initially to reduce the number of indices to the fundamental mechanism and effective indices، factor analysis has been used and the elements achieved from this analysis have been used as the input in the canonical correlation analysis. The results indicated that 32. 35 percent of the variance of the total water management indices has been defined by three canonical variables of agricultural development. Also، the three canonical variables of water management are capable to declare 43. 32 percent of the variance of the total indices of agricultural development. According to the results، there is a bilateral relationship between water resources management and agricultural development. Hence، considering importance of the underground water resources in agricultural development، it is necessary to act sustainable indices of water usage in development planning.

Agriculture is especially important in rural areas development and depends on potentials of natural environments. Among the others water resources has the main impact on agricultural sector. The major objective of this paper is to determine and to study problems and limitations of water recourses and this impacts on socio-economic conditions among wheat growing farmers in Central Sector of Saghez township. Survey method was employed to conduct the research. Pretested questionnaires were used to data gathering. The statistical population included all of the farmers living in Central Sector of Saghez township(8700). A sample of 146 farmers were selected by the use of sampling method in 2006. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as correlation analysis and factor analysis. Classifying limitations and problems of water resources showed; These limitations were Structural characteristics, Water exploitations system, Water management problems, and Agricultural systems, were identified. These factors explained 57.92% of variance. According to results of the study, the most important effects of water resources limitations and problems were classified into five factors includes Income effects, Social effects, Production effects, Mechanization effects, and Migration effects, which explained 53.32% of variance of socio-economic effects.

The existence of various perceptions related to the efficiency of water use in agricultural sector can hamper the development of appropriate water resource conservation policies. Particularly, when there has been an emphasis on increasing water use efficiency by improvement in irrigation systems. The main purpose of current study is to estimate excess water use for a sample of 15 farms by simple stochastic sampling, located in southern Khorasan province during 2000-2006 by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Results showed that, there is a very weak association between irrigation systems and the level of excess water use. Management had an effective role in water use efficiency. There was a positive and negative relationship between age, size of farms and excess water use, respectively. Also differences in the amount of excess water use between farms located in two different locations (eastern and southern) were also shown. According to findings, the efficient farmers can be considering as a measure for improving water use efficiency in the area under study.