جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تنش شوری » در نشریات گروه « بیوتکنولوژی و ژنتیک گیاهی »

Soybean plant has a lot of value in human nutrition, so the processed soy protein is a substitute for animal proteins, which is increasingly consumed. The main environmental stress in most regions of the world is salt stress, which has limited the growth and performance of crops. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the changes in the protein pattern of two soybean cultivars under salt stress using two-dimensional electrophoresis technique. An experiment was carried out in the crop year of 2018-2019 as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardabil. The test factors included the first factor of salinity stress (0, 3, 6 and 9 dS/m) and the second factor of soybean genotypes (DPX and Arian). To study and identify the proteins related to leaf development stages, total protein was extracted from soybean leaves based on TCA-acetone method and separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis method. In order to perform electrophoresis in the first dimension, an 18 cm strip gel with pH = 4-7 was used. The second dimension was put on 11 Percent acrylamide gel by SDS-PAGE method, and the electrophoresis device was first performed for 30 minutes with 50 V and then for 3 hours with 165 V. The findings showed that by performing two-dimensional electrophoresis, a number of reproducible protein spots were identified, of 14 protein spots related to DPX cultivar were significant at the five percent probability level, and 11 protein spots were in Arian cultivar. They showed significance in different levels of salinity stress. Also, 55 Percent of the detected proteins showed decreased expression and 19 Percent increased expression. 26 Percent of the identified proteins did not have regular and significant changes. The identified proteins are involved in various metabolic pathways such as energy metabolism, photosynthesis, respiration, antioxidant activities, message transmission, translation, transcription and cell wall. Most of the common proteins in DPX and Arian cultivars were chloroplastic enzymes and some of them were mitochondrial enzymes. The most changes were observed in the DPX variety (tolerant to salinity) and finally the least changes were observed in the sensitive Arian variety, which indicates the greater effort of the DPX variety to reduce the damage caused by salinity stress.

Sucrose, the final product of photosynthesis, plays important roles in growth, development, storage, signal transduction, and acclimation to environmental stresses in higher plants. Sucrose-phosphate phosphatase (SPP) catalyzes the final irreversible step in the sucrose biosynthesis pathway. In this study, the SPP orthologous genes in wheat and progenitors were selected, and the expression regulation of the orthologous SPP genes were analyzed in response to salinity stress.

Seeds of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum CV. Rooshan), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum CV. Hana), and Aegilops tauschii were provided by the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. In order to quantify the expression of SPP genes, qRT-PCR was performed on total RNA extracted from leaf and root tissues of control and salt-treated (NaCl 200 mM) samples. A gene tree was constructed to calculate the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of the SPP protein family in bread wheat and its progenitors. The possibility of post-transcriptional regulation of the SPP genes was also evaluated using the online tool psRNATarget.

The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that 6, 4, and 2 SPP paralogous genes have evolved on chromosomes 1 and 5 of bread wheat, durum wheat, and Ae. tauschii, respectively. Additionally, We predicted 16 different microRNAs can target some of the SPP gene transcripts in bread wheat and Ae. tauschii. Gene expression results also indicated that SPP gene expression increased in the root and leaf tissues of bread wheat in response to salinity stress, while it decreased in durum wheat. The response of Ae. tauschii to salinity stress was different, with decreased expression observed in leaf tissue but increased expression in root tissue.

Post-transcriptional regulation through miRNAs can play an important role in the regulation of the complex sucrose metabolism, especially in the regulation of SPP gene expression. Gene expression results showed that under salinity stress conditions, bread wheat increases sucrose production, while in durum wheat, which is more sensitive to salinity stress, sucrose production is disrupted or decreased. This reduction in sucrose production can lead to a decrease in yield.

Suaeda salsa is an annual halophyte with nutritional value and high salt tolerance, making it crucial as an oil, medicinal, and edible plant. Currently, there is limited research in the field investigating metabolic diversity in S. salsa. In this study, our aim was to understand the salinity tolerance mechanism by examining metabolic diversity, specifically the amino acids profile, in S. salsa exposed to 0 mM, 200 mM, and 800 mM NaCl. The results of the physiological study indicated that salinity significantly affected the sodium (Na+) content in the aerial parts of the plant, with a significant increase compared to the control. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that differences in metabolic diversity can explain 96% of the phenotypic variation in S. salsa under salinity stress. Comparison of amino acids profiles at different salinity levels showed the highest accumulation of proline, methionine, citrulline, and lysine under 800 mM salt stress. Given the crucial role of these amino acids in S. Salsa,further studies are necessary to uncover the mechanisms behind the adaptation response.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects seed yield and crop production. Salinity causes adverse morphological, physiological and biochemical effects on wheat seedlings. In this research, the effects of seed priming (1 mM proline) on the response of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to salinity stress in acclimatized and non-acclimatized conditions were investigated. Wheat seeds were subjected to acclimatization and seed priming with proline (1 mM) for 12 hours. Then, the seeds were planted in pots containing saline soil (EC=26.5 dS/m) and plant growth and physiological parameters were investigated. The results showed that in non-stressed conditions, seed yield increased with proline treatment. Pretreatment of seeds with proline under salinity stress preserved their photosynthetic performance compared to acclimatization. The results of examining the characteristics of shoot dry weight along with the measurement of malondialdehyde showed that acclimatization with low salt concentration cannot reduce the inhibitory effect of high salinity (EC=26.5 dS/m). Therefore, more research is needed to optimize the acclimatization protocol, seed osmopriming factors and environmental conditions to increase plant tolerance to salinity stress

In order to determine the heritability and genetic parameters of physiological traits related to salinity stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a 7×7 half diallel cross was conducted at Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, during 2016-2017. The F1 seeds along with their parents were grown in greenhouse under non-stress, 8 and 12 dS/m salinity stress levels. After exposure of plants to salinity, leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance were measured. Narrow sense heritability of chlorophyll content ranged from 0.29 to 0.40. These values for chlorophyll fluorescence ranged from 0.16 to 0.24 and for stomatal conductance ranged from 0.26 to 0.54. Broad sense heritability of traits was high and ranged from 0.70 to 0.87. The degree of average dominance was higher than one in all of traits, indicating the presence of over dominance in control of the traits. Dominant alleles were favorable, in stomatal conductance however such relation was not observed in leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence

Salinity stress affects morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of plants. The transgenic Bt plants play a significant role in pest control, but their response and ability to cope with environmental stresses still need to be evaluated. Therefore, effect of salinity stress at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM on morphological, physiological, and molecular traits of T3 transgenic tomato plants containing cry1Ab gene (CH-Falat-Bt) was investigated and compared with that of the non-transgenic control (CH-Falat). Evaluation of the morphological traits (leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weight of roots) at different salinity levels revealed that CH-Falat-Bt transgenic plants are more tolerant to salinity stress compared to CH-Falat non-transgenic plants. The chlorophyll content at 150 and 200 mM salinity levels was 12 and 9% plants, respectively. Moreover, the amount of RWC, carotenoids, proline and soluble sugars increased significantly in transgenic plants as salinity levels increased. The relative expression of SOS1 and SOS2 genes showed a significant increase in all salinity levels in CH-Falat-Bt transgenic plants compared to CH-Falat non-transgenic plants. The amount of electrolyte leakage in the transgenic plants was significantly reduced compared to the non-transgenic plants. The results of morphological, physiological, and molecular investigations of CH-Falat-Bt transgenic plants confirmed that the undesirable effects of salinity stress on transgenic plants is much less than non-transgenic ones. in general CH-Falat-Bt transgenic plants are more tolerant to different applied salinity levels than the wild variety.

Salinity stress falls into the major environmental factors that limit the production of various crops, including wheat. An effective approach to reducing the impacts of stress is the production of new salinity-tolerant cultivars. Accordingly, identifying effective genes and molecular mechanisms responsible for salinity tolerance is an essential step for breeding programs. In this investigation, a population of F12 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) comprising 186 genotypes was studied to identify the loci that control some physiological traits and element concentrations in the wheat seedling stage under salinity stress. Totally, 12 quantitative traits loci (QTLs) were identified for wet weight, dry weight, length, and sodium and potassium contents using the composite interval mapping (CIM) analysis. Most of the identified QTLs were located on chromosomes B and D. A gene ontology (GO) analysis specified candidate genes in QTL regions. However, it is noteworthy that candidate genes need confirmation using marker-assisted identification. The prioritization of genes resulted in determining 3486 candidate genes in 19 GO phrases (including eight biological processes). These genes are involved in the processes of glutathione metabolism, L-phenylalanine catabolism, cytoplasmic translation, auxin-activated signaling pathway, transcriptional regulation, DNA-patterning, protoporphyrinogen IX, cell wall organization and genesis, xyloglucan tRNA metabolism, protein glycosylation, pigment biosynthesis, etc. GO may be introduced for identifying novel CGs in which the associated QTL is responsible for complicated traits.

In order to identify loci controlling seedling morpho-physiologic characteristics in 88 bread wheat cultivars, a greenhouse experiment based on simple alpha lattice was conducted under both normal and 120 mM (12 ds/m) salt stress condition of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University in 2020-2021 cropping season. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content, proline, plant fresh and dry weight, plant height and leaf relative water content (RWC), Na+, K+ and K+/Na+ concentrations were measured. After genotyping by sequencing with Ion Torrent technology and removal of SNPs with more than 20% of missing data and minor allele frequency less than 5%, a total of 5869 SNP markers were identified. Based on association mapping with the mixed linear model (MLM) method, a total of 25 marker-trait associations were detected under normal conditions. The A and D genomes had the highest and lowest number of significant marker-trait associations (MTAs). Among the studied traits under normal conditions, chlorophyll a had the highest number of MTAs on 1A, 3B, 3D, 5B, 7A chromosomes with eight MTAs. A total of 21 MTAs were identified under salt stress conditions which the genome B and D had the highest and lowest number of MTAs, respectively. Five MTAs were identified for plant fresh weight, which were located on chromosomes 4A and 6B. The results of this study provide valuable information about the loci associated with the studied traits, which can be used in marker assisted selection in wheat breeding programs after confirmation in biparental populations and additional experiments.

Salinity is one of the most determinative abiotic stresses in wheat cultivation. In order to overcome this concern, understanding how genes respond and act under stress conditions can provide useful information for plant breeding to withstand environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to identify genes with significant differences between two normal and stress conditions in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Gene expression patterns of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, serine-threonine protein kinase and Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member I1, chloroplastic-like showed that: under salt stress, the genes expression levels have increased while the expression of Proline dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial like, Putative calcium binding protein CML29 and GDSL_esterase / lipase_At2g40250-like genes decreased compared to control. Proline content and expression of key genes involved in proline biosynthesis under stress conditions showed significant changes in comparison with control conditions. Salinity stress induced P5CS expression and increased proline levels, which could indicate the crucial role of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase as valuable gene transfer from stress tolerant to sensitive plant to increase plant tolerance under salinity.

Despite the negative effects of salinity on plants, due to the limited area under cultivation, planting a variety of plants in saline lands is inevitable. Among them, okra is one of the plants that few studies have been done on its response to different levels of salt. Therefore, in order to study the effect of salinity levels on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench), an experiment was designed based on a randomized complete block design with five treatments including concentration of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM sodium chloride in three replications at the greenhouse of the faculty of agriculture, Shahid Madani University of Azarbaijan. The results showed that by increasing salinity levels, potassium to sodium ratio, chlorophyll a, relative water content, plant dry weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per plant, number of seeds per plant, seeds weight per plant and 1000 grains weight have decreased but amount of sodium and proline have increased. During the experiment, the plants under 200 mM treatment have died shortly after salinization, but plants under other treatments survived until the end of the experiment and produced the yield. Maintaining high potassium content, low reduction in chlorophyll content and no noticeable change in relative water content were factors that led to continuance of plant growth, dry matter and fruit production at different salt concentrations. Although in terms of number of fruits per plant, there was no significant difference between salinity levels and the control, but a significant decrease in fruit weight per plant was recorded at high salt concentrations, especially under 150 mM, which can be an important factor affecting economic yield of okra in saline environments with EC higher than 10 ds/m.

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is an herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, which is one of the valuable medicinal plants that its usage effect has been confirmed in preventing migraine remedy by reducing the swelling, pain and the spasm of the blood vessels. Parthenolide is one of the most important sesquiterpene lactone in feverfew, which contains more than 85% of the total sesquiterpene in this plant and is known as the effective material in this plant. The aim of the present study was to investigate the gene expression of Germacrene A Synthase Tp (GAS) in Feverfew plants under salinity stress and Parthenolide amount changes by HPLC and essence compound by GC/MS method. In the present study, young leaves of Feverfew were placed under different salinity levels (zero salinity EC=3.2, mild salinity EC=6.1, average salinity EC=8.4 and severe salinity EC=10.2). Additionally, the changes in the expression of Germacrene A Synthase Tp (GAS) was investigated using Real Time PCR. The content of produced Parthenolide in leaves was measured by HPLC extraction and essence percentage was measured using GC/MS instrument. The results demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the expression of the studied genes in the leaves of plants under salinity stress compared to the control plants (p≤0.01). Moreover, the highest expression of GAS gene was observed in severe and moderate salinity treatments. Significantly changes in gene expression was accordance with changes in the amount of produced Parthenolide in leaves. Moreover, the essence percentage under stress condition (0.66%) was more than control (0.49%).

In this study, the type and frequency of regulatory elements in the promoter regions of DVL gene family in Aeluropus littoralis were studied. Relative expression of AlDVL8 gene as a member of this family was also measured under the salinity stress, salicylic acid, gibberellic acid and cytokinin. The results of the promoter study indicated that, this gene family has different regulatory elements for responding to stresses and hormones. Some of these regulatory elements are present in the promoter region of all genes, possibly indicating the general role of DVLs. Some others are present only in the promoter region of some genes that may be related to their specific activity. Treatments other than cytokinin increased gene expression in the shoot at 3, 12, and 24 hours and decreased expression at 6 hours. Cytokinin treatment at all times increased gene expression. In the root, almost the reverse trend of gene expression was observed, so that at 6 hours, increased gene expression was observed in all treatments, and at 12 and 24 hours, decreased expression was observed in all treatments. The results of this study showed that the expression of AlDVL8 gene in shoot and root organs was induced by experimental treatments and its expression was inverse in these two different tissues. Due to the changes in hormones during stress, expression induction of this gene family, and the presence of stress-responsive elements in the promoter regions of these genes, this gene family can be suggested as a candidate for stress tolerance.

Salinity is considered as one of the abiotic stresses, which decreases the agricultural production of most crops around the world. Plants use different of adaptive mechanisms to counteract the deleterious effects of salinity as changes in gene expression patterns and the content of compatible osmolytes such as proline. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity stress on expression of P5CS and PDH genes and proline content in canola. To do this, a factorial experiment with three replications was carried out in greenhouse of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Khuzestan University. Three different lines of doubled haploids (Tolerant, Semi- Tolerant and Sensitive) and two sampling times were considered as the first and second factors. The plant seedling were exposed to 150 mM NaCl as salinity stress at 4-leaf stage. Then, the sampling was performed at 6 and 24 hours after stress application. The results of P5CS gene expression showed that this gene was expressed more in the sensitive line after 6 hours from NaCl application, its expression decreased after 24 hours from starting of stress. On the other hand, the gene expression of P5CS increased sharply in the tolerated line after 24 hours of stress. Comparison of the relative mean of PDH gene expression showed that the sensitive line had a significant increase at both times (6 and 24 hours after stress), while a semi-tolerant line had a significant decrease in PDH expression. The content of proline was more in tolerant line than the others, but non-significant difference observed between the semi-tolerant and sensitive lines in terms of proline content. The results of this study indicated that the expression of PDH and P5CR genes depends on the intensity of plant tolerance and post stress times. With considering the more gene expression in P5CS and greater inhibition of PDH activity in tolerant line, more proline accumulation was occurred in tolerant genotype rather than sensitive one. Therefore, proline may be used as an indicator osmolality in the identification of salt stress tolerance in canola.

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting the yield of oilseed rape. To study the physiological and biochemical changes, and expression BnaCDPK6, BnaCDPK 10 genes in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Two tolerant cultivars (Slm046 and Zarfam) and two susceptible cultivars (Okapi and Sarigol) were planted in a growth chamber and were irrigated by 100 and 200 mM NaCl and normal water. Studied parameters include relative water content, malondialdehyde, the enzyme activity of antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase and Catalase) and the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase 6 and 10 coding genes (BnaCDPK6, 10).  The result indicated the relative water content and malondialdehyde with a high level of salt (200 mM NaCl) decreased and increased under stress respectively. The antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase and Catalase content and BnaCDPK6 and BnaCDPK10 expression increased by high severity salinity stress that tolerant cultivars showing more increase. These results indicated that increasing the reactive oxygen species due to salt stress plays an important role in damaging cell membrane in canola, and the plant increases its protective mechanisms against the production of reactive oxygen species by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and an increase in the expression of calcium-dependent protein kinase genes expression.

Salt stress is one of the abiotic stresses limiting plant growth and development. The ethylene response factor (ERF) is one of the transcription factor family that involved in plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Regarding to importance role of genes belonging to ERF gene family in plant responses to salt stress, identification of these genes in the Aeluropus littoralis, halophyte plant, was considered in this study. In total, 36 non-redundant ERF genes were identified in A. littoralis genome. The phylogenetic tree classified the AlERF gene family into six distinct groups (B1 to B6) based on hemology with the Araboidopsis thaliana. Gene structure analysis revealed that AlERF genes contained zero to two introns. Domain search and conserved motif analyses in AlERF protein sequences determined that 2 motifs (1 and 2) out of the identified 10 motifs participate in the AP2/ERF domain structure. Based on transcriptome data and heatmap diagram, AlERF6.3 gene was expressed more in root tissue under salinity stress, and the least expression level was observed in AlERF6.7 gene in leaf tissue under recovery conditions. The different expression patterns of genes in leaf and root tissues under salt stress suggested different regulatory mechanisms in the gene expression. The results of this study, as the first report on the ERF gene family in A. littoralis, provides basic information for further studies of the functional characteristics of AlERF genes.