جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « لوبیا » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Beans are one of the cheap and important sources of high-quality vegetable protein, which is present in the diet of many people in developing countries and completes the cereal protein. Bean seeds have almost as much energy per unit weight as cereal seeds, and their protein content varies from 20-25% (about twice that of cereal). With 8-14% protein content, bean straw is very suitable fodder for livestock. The production of vegetable protein of grains has several advantages over animal protein in terms of cost and consumer health. Among other features of this plant, we can point to the ability to coexist with air nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their role in productivity, as well as strengthening and improving the physical properties of the soil. Through the ability of nitrogen fixation in these plants, placing them in rotation helps the stability of agricultural systems. At present, the largest area of bean cultivation is in the form of traditional cultivation and bean irrigation is also in the form of flooding. In this production method, more than 15,000 cubic meters of water is consumed. This amount of water consumption, along with the lack of proper productivity of other factors in production, has caused beans to be one of the least efficient products in terms of water consumption efficiency.
 

In order to investigate the effect of four irrigation methods on the damage of weeds, two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and bacterial blight disease in chitti bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a research study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the Bean Research and Education Center in Khomein, Iran. Despite employing a field with uniform conditions, the study was designed as a multi-location (regional) experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation methods were categorized into four treatment levels: classical sprinkler irrigation, New-fit sprinkler irrigation, rain flat irrigation, and drip tape irrigation. Different types of chitti bean cultivars with three growth habits were randomly sown in these locations.
 

The experimental results showed that the irrigation method had a significant effect on seed germination percentage and bean plant height. The highest and lowest seed germination percentage and plant height were associated with drip tape irrigation and classical sprinkler irrigation, respectively. Also, the type of irrigation significantly impacted weed density, total biomass of weeds, the intensity of two spotted spider mite infestation, and bacterial blight disease. The highest weed density and biomass were observed in the New-fit and classical sprinkler irrigation methods, and the classical sprinkler irrigation exhibited the highest incidence of bacterial blight disease, too. Conversely, the lowest values for these parameters were obtained with the drip tape irrigation method. However, the highest damage caused by two spotted spider mite was observed in the drip tape irrigation method, while the lowest damage by two spotted spider mite was present in the classical sprinkler irrigation method. Furthermore, both irrigation method and bean cultivar significantly affected bean grain yield. The highest grain yield (293.6 g.m-2) was associated with drip tape irrigation, while the lowest yield (225.4 g.m-2) was observed in the classical sprinkler irrigation treatment. Among the different bean cultivars, the highest grain yield (274.1 g.m-2) was obtained from the Kousha cultivar. One of the important solutions in achieving the goals of reducing water consumption and increasing the efficiency of water consumption in bean cultivation is the implementation of pressurized irrigation instead of conventional cultivation. Pressure irrigation methods in planting beans reduce water consumption to a great extent and increase the efficiency of water consumption. The two main methods of irrigation under pressure in the country are the drip tape method and the fixed classical sprinkler with a movable sprinkler, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In addition to the positive aspects of increasing yield, drip tape irrigation method in bean planting will help to further reduce water consumption.
 

In general, the experiment results demonstrated that drip tape irrigation not only increased seed germination percentage and plant height in different bean cultivars, but also led to higher grain yield compared to other irrigation methods. Additionally, the presence of weeds and bacterial blight disease were reduced in the drip tape irrigation method.

The evaluation of the genotype × environment interaction effect provides valuable information regarding the yield of plant cultivars in different environments and plays an important role in evaluating the stability of the yield of breeding cultivars. Genotype × environment interaction effect, especially in stressful environments, are important limiting factors in the introduction of new cultivars; therefore, it is very important to know the type and nature of the interaction effect and reach the verities that have the least role in creating interaction effects. Various methods have been introduced to evaluate the interaction effect, each of which examines the nature of the interaction effect from a specific point of view. The results of different methods may not be the same, but the best result is obtained when a genotype with different evaluation methods shows similar results in terms of stability. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the genotype × environment interaction effect in experiments conducted in different environments, to determine the relationships between genotypes and environments and to introduce the most stable red bean genotypes.

In this research, 14 red bean lines along with Yakut, Ofog and Dadfar control cultivars were cultivated in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Khomein, Borujerd, Shahrekord and Zanjan research stations for 2 crop years under the same conditions. After combined variance analysis, according to the significance of genotype × environment interaction, AMMI and GGE-Biplot analysis methods were used to determine the compatibility and stability of genotypes. After AMMI Analysis, the stability parameters of AMMI were calculated. In addition to the AMMI stability parameters, the simultaneous selection index was also calculated for each of the indices, which was the sum of the rank of the genotypes based on each of the AMMI stability indices and the average seed yield rank of the genotypes in all environments.

The significance of the double and triple interaction effects of genotype with year and place (environment) in this study showed that genotypes showed different responses in different environments, and in other words, the difference between genotypes is not the same from one environment to another, and in these conditions, the stability of grain yield can be evaluated. The contribution of about 2.5 times the interaction effect of genotype × environment from the total sum of squares, compared to the effect of genotype, indicated the possibility of the existence of mega-environmental groups in which some genotypes show their maximum performance potential in those environmental groups. Genotypes G12, G5 and G17 had the highest seed yield among the genotypes with yields of 3288, 3136 and 3111 kg per hectare, respectively. AMMI analysis showed that the first to seventh main components were significant at the 1% probability level, and despite the significance of all model components, the first and second main components had the largest contribution to the expression of genotype × environment interaction (66.5%). Based on AMMI1 biplot Genotypes G4, G5, G16, G17 and G12 had the highest values (positive and negative) of IPCA1. In contrast, genotypes G8, G3, G2, G7 and G11 had IPCA1 values close to zero. However, only the genotype G11 showed a performance higher than the average total yield and therefore it can be introduced as a stable genotype with high general compatibility. Based on AMMI2 biplot, genotypes G2, G7, G3 and to some extent G8 and G13 were introduced as stable genotypes, but only G13 genotype had a higher yield in all environments, so this genotype can be introduced as a stable genotype with good yield.; also, every two years, the same place under investigation had a high correlation with each other, so that Bro1 and Bro2 environments on the one hand and Kho1 and Kho2 environments and finally Zan1 and Zan2 showed a high positive correlation (the same effect) to create a mutual effect. In total of the simultaneous selection indices calculated based on AMMI analysis, genotypes G11, G17, G7, G13 and G12 were introduced as stable genotypes with high yield. GGE-Biplot analysis based on average yield and stability showed that genotypes G1, G2, G3, G8 and G7 had the highest general stability compared to other genotypes despite having the lowest yield. On the other hand, G12, G5 and G17 genotypes had the highest yield with less stability. No ideal environment was observed. But Kho1, Kho2 and Sha1 environments are closer to the ideal environment than other environments and they can be used to distinguish the studied genotypes to some extent. On the other hand, G12 genotype can be considered as a desirable genotype that has high average yield and high yield stability. In the same way, G17, G5 and G11 genotypes were in the next stage compared to the ideal genotype and to some extent they can also be considered as desirable genotypes.

According to all the results, G12 genotype can be considered as a desirable genotype that has a high average yield and also has yield stability, and G17, G5 and G11 genotypes were in the next stage.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the agricultural value of two new varieties of beans: Sepehr and Sembol, which were introduced by the private sector with the aim of registering the named varieties in the national list of plant varieties.

These cultivars (Sepehr and Sembol) along with 4 domestic control cultivars were studied in 3 locations (Karaj, Zanjan, and Khomein) based on complete randomized block design in 3 replications during two crop seasons (2019-2020 and 2020-2021).

Results showed that flowering occurred significantly earlier in candidate cultivars (Sepehr and Sembol) than control cultivars (8 and 4 days respectively). As the same way, physiological seed ripening in candidate cultivars occurred earlier than control cultivars (8 and 10 days earlier than mean of other cultivars respectively). The number of seeds in the pods of Sepehr and Sembol candidate cultivars did not significantly differ from the control cultivars. Sepehr and Sembol cultivars produced larger seeds and hundred seeds weight of these cultivars was greatly higher than other cultivars (9.7 and 24.1 percent higher than mean of other cultivars respectively), but the seed yield in these two cultivars was significantly lower than control cultivars (19.89 and 18.27 percent lower than mean of other cultivars respectively).

Finally, the candidate cultivars Sepehr and Sembol can play an effective role as new germplasms in the country's bean production due to their erect type and ease of harvesting, early maturity and consumption of one to two times less water, marketability and production of larger seeds.

Sepehr cultivar (line KS940144) was selected from common bean germplasm (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and in breeding experiments conducted from 2014 to 2018 was one of the top lines in the green pod yield. In 2014, 302 lines of common beans were studied the presence or absence of string in the pod, the number of pods per plant, and the shape and length of the pod in the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII) and line KS940144 along with 24 other desirable and marketable lines were selected for preliminary yield comparison trial. In the summer of 2015, 25 lines were compared with the commercial cultivars Sunray, Valentino and Contander. In the spring of 2016, eight selected lines from the previous year were planted along with the commercial cultivars Sunray, Valentino and Contander. According to the results, all eight lines were selected for adaptability testing. To evaluate the adaptability and yield stability of the selected lines, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in three regions of Karaj, Sari and Zarghan during two years (2017 and 2018). Comparison of the average yield of green pods in the regions over two years showed that the line KS940144 had first rank for the green pod yield (17720 kgha-1). The yield difference of this line compared to Valentino and Sunray cultivars was more than 31% and 36%, respectively. In 2019, the results of yield evaluation of line KS940144 in comparison with Sunray cultivar in the conditions of farmers of Alborz, Mazandaran and Fars provinces showed that the average yield of line KS940144 (16355 kgha-1) was 11.77% higher than Sunray cultivar (14632 kgha-1). In 2020, the reaction of line KS940144 to BCMV virus disease was studied and this line was identified as a resistant line. Due to the high yield, excellent pod marketing and disease resistance to common bean mosaic virus, this line was released as Sepehr and is recommended for cultivation in cold, temperate and temperate-cold regions.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizers on the yield of red beans, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with replication in the agricultural year of 2012 in a farm located in Bravar region of Borojar city. The experimental treatments included the use of biological nitrogen fertilizers including  nitroxin and 2 special bean rhizobium fertilizers  nitro cara fertilizer  (control sample) was used. Phosphorous fertilizers including:  bio superphosphate  fertilizing 2.without fertilizer (control sample) were investigated. Based on the results of this research, it was determined that the mutual effect of the use of nitrogen and phosphorus biological fertilizers on plant height traits, the number of seeds per pod, as well as the simple effect of phosphorus biological fertilizer on the characteristics of the weight of one thousand seeds, the number of pods per plant, and the simple effect of nitrogen biological fertilizer on the characteristics of economic performance was significant at the 1% probability level. Also, the simple effect of phosphorus fertilizer was significant. Economic yield is significant at the 5% probability level. The simple effect of nitrogen and phosphorus and the mutual effects of fertilizers on the attributes of thousand-seed weight and the number of pods per plant are insignificant. The results of the comparison table of Duncan's mean show that in terms of grain yield, the highest yield of red bean seeds is related to fertilizer. Biological nitrogen level  (Nitro kara) is 634.2 kg/h, and also the highest number of seeds per pod and the number of pods per plant are related to biological nitrogen fertilizer level  (Nitro kara) is 7 seeds per pod and 19.33 pods per plant, respectively. In total, Nitro kara biological fertilizer had the most positive effect on the performance and performance components of beans, which can be used to prevent excessive use of chemical fertilizers and environmental problems caused by their use, while producing good and stable products.

Drought stress due to water deficit is a serious problem in agriculture, and it is one of the most important factors contributing to crop yield loss such as bean. The diversity of the genetic traits material is the basis of any breeding program and the existence of maximum variation is the greatest chance for success in the selection. Drought stress is known as an effective factor in reducing production in crops, that, in this regard, one of the ways to overcome unfavorable environmental conditions is identifying and spreading cultivars compatible with stress. Regarding the importance of bean genetic resources for use in breeding programs of this crop, this experiment was conducted to investigate yield of some of bean genotypes in normal and stress condition.

In order to evaluation of genotypes of chitti bean based on tolerance and susceptibility indices, experiments were conducted in two environments without stress and drought stress in 2017 at research farm of Bean Research and education, Khomein. 24 genotypes of chitti beans along with Ghaffar cultivar as control (25 genotypes in total) were compared in Latis design with two replications. Genotypes seeds were sown on four lines with 3 m long. Irrigation was carried out under optimal and stress conditions after 50-60 and 100-110 mm evaporation from the surface of Class A evaporation pan, respectively. Evaluated traits included days number to flowering, days number to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and grain yield. Some tolerance indices were calculated to evaluate the sensitive and tolerance of genotypes. Data variance analysis and statistical calculations were done by SAS statistical software.

Drought stress reduced evaluated properties, significantly. Among the genotypes of chitti beans in optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions, KS21578 genotype had the highest grain yield with 2668.1 and 1581.5 kg ha-1, respectively. The lowest grain yield were achieved at KS21585 genotype and KS21591 genotype in optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions, respectively. Due to drought stress, grain yield of chitti bean genotypes decreased by 49.1%. Between stress tolerance indices the highest mean productivity index, geometric mean productivity index and stress tolerance index belonged to KS21578 genotype. The highest tolerance index was observed in Ghaffar cultivar (control). Also, the lowest stress susceptibility index was obtained in KS21585 genotype. The lowest mean productivity index belonged to KS21584 and the lowest geometric mean productivity index, tolerance index and stress tolerance index belonged to KS21591 genotype.

According to the results of this study, KS21578 genotype had the highest grain yield under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions and the highest mean productivity index, geometric mean productivity index and stress tolerance index. Also, the lowest stress susceptibility index was obtained in KS21585 genotype. Based on chitti bean grain yield under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions and evaluation of stress tolerance indices as well as two-way diagram of geometric mean production indices and stress susceptibility index and considering maturity period, plant form and grain marketing 8 chitti bean genotypes were selected for testing.

Abiotic stresses have major impacts on crop growth and yield. Investigation of biochemical properties and enzymatic activity of different plant genotypes under drought stress conditions can identify tolerant genotypes to abiotic stresses. In the present study, the effect of drought stress on the activity of antioxidant and biochemical enzymes at leaves of 10 bean genotypes at different water stress levels was investigated as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of University of Tehran. Compared to normal moisture conditions, when drought stress increased, the total protein content decreased and Khomein genotype had the lowest total protein content among other genotypes at 25% of field capacity stress. The highest catalase activity was observed at COS-16 genotype (0.196 mg/min protein) at irrigation level of 75% of field capacity, ascorbate peroxidase (0.226 mg/min protein) at 50% of field capacity and guaiacol peroxidase at the irrigation level of 75% of the field capacity (0.293 mg/min protein). Increasing the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme and proline content in severe stress compared to normal moisture conditions showed that increasing the content of these two enzymes can be a reason for increasing plant tolerance to drought stress. COS-16 genotype had the highest polyphenol oxidase activity (0.183 mg/min protein) at 25% of field capacity. Also, increasing trend of malondialdehyde content in leaves was observed under severe stress. Based on the results, among the studied genotypes, COS-16 was identified as tolerant genotype and Khomein genotype was drought sensitive.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with 20-25% protein and 50-56% carbohydrate content, has a crucial role in supplying the required proteins and maintenance of food security of the community. Among the Asian countries, China, Iran, Japan and Turkey are the major producers of common bean. According to the figures provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, cultivation area and production of bean in Iran in 2016 were 114593 ha and 222705 tones, respectively. In recent years, due to the increase in the population and in order to rapidly meet the demand for more food as well as decision making at micro and macro-levels, simulation of crop growth and yield using the models has gained attention due to rapid preparation of the results, lowering the execution costs and the possibility of simulation under various climatic and management conditions. In order to model the growth stages and yield of bean using the figures of Iranian meteorology organization (minimum and maximum temperatures, radiation and rainfall), a study was conducted at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The simple SSM_iCrop2 model was used for this study. This model has been tested and proved for a wide range of plant species. This model requires easily available and limited input information. The aim of this study was to parameterize and evaluate the SSM_iCrop2 model for simulation of growth and yield of common bean in order to investigate the effect of climatic, soil and crop management factors as well as determination of genetic coefficients under Iran conditions using the sub-models associated with phenology, dry matter production and distribution and the changes in leaf area.
 
SSM_iCrop2 model was used as the base of this study. Observed and simulated yield and days to maturity values were compared for parameterization and evaluation of the model. For this purpose, a series of experimental data (data associated with the growth and production of bean and reports from the published and unpublished papers) in major bean cultivation areas of the country were used. First, parameters related to phenology, leaf area, dry matter production, yield formation and water relations were estimated. Then, the model was evaluated using a series of data which were independent from the experimental data used for parameterization. Crop management inputs were also entered according to the experiment reports. For statistical analysis and investigation of model precision in comparison of the data recorded in the previous studies with the data simulated by the model, correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated and 1:1 diagram was also drawn.
 
In parameterization of SSM_iCrop2 model for bean, the comparison of observed and simulated days to maturity with RMSE, CV and r values of respectively 14 days, 13 percent and 0.76 and comparison of observed and simulated grain yield with RMSE, CV and r values of 62 g m-2, 20 percent and 0.84 indicated the accuracy of the used parameters. Furthermore, in the evaluation stage, RMSE, CV and r values for days to maturity were 8 days, 8 percent and 0.74 and for grain yield were 53 g m-2, 19 percent and 0.77, respectively, which confirms the precision of the model simulation. The model simulated the evapotranspiration of been in a good manner. The values for RMSE, CV and r for the comparison of the observed and simulated evapotranspiration were 63 mm, 11 percent and 0.85, respectively. Application of SSM_iCrop2 model is simple and acceptably precise simulation is possible with minimal parameters and inputs. This model was able to simulate the growth period and yield of bean cultivars in a good manner despite high variations using thermal unit parameters form sowing to harvest, maximum leaf area and maximum harvest index.
 
Growth and yield of bean was successfully simulated using SSM_iCrop2 model using minimal and available parameters despite different growth habits and high phenotypic and genotypic variations among the cultivars. The results of the model evaluation performed using RMSE, r and CV showed that this model is able to simulate maturity time and grain yield of bean sown in various dates under Iran climatic conditions with a high precision. Thus, due to suitable precision of SSM_iCrop2 model in simulation of bean phenology and yield, it may be used as a suitable tool for investigation of crop systems and interpretation of results under various environmental and management conditions for planning and improving the management of bean fields in the country.

Climate change (temperature, rainfall and flood patterns, etc.) has major and negative effects on agricultural production and water and land resources. Part of climate change is to reduce soil fertility (through erosion processes), increase the frequency of repeated pest attacks, reduce crop yields, and increase groundwater harvest periods by reducing water access. Zinc plays an essential role in the basic processes of plant life, namely cell division, stomata regulation and respiration. Apart from the increase in carbon dioxide emissions, high temperatures are also a major stressor that can lead to severe growth retardation and plant distribution. At higher concentrations, carbon dioxide increased photosynthetic carbon and increased organic matter, which in turn increased stem diameter of lentil plant (Shams, 2017) .

The composite experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. Irrigation at three levels (60, 80 and 100% of field capacity) as the first factor, foliar application of zinc sulfate fertilizer at two levels (no foliar application and 0.5 gl-1) as the second factor and environmental conditions at four levels (380_24, 380_31, 700_24 and 700_31 C/PPm (carbon dioxide) were the third factor. The studied traits were number of root nodes, root dry weight, stem height and diameter, number of leaves and grain yield. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software and the mean of the treatments was compared with LSD test at 5% probability level.

Co-application of carbon dioxide, complete irrigation and complete irrigation and zinc sulfate increased the number of nodes. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under severe drought stress increased root dry weight. Also, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under mild environmental stress caused plant height, diameter and grain yield. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in full irrigation conditions increased the number of leaves. Increasing carbon dioxide increases water use, photosynthesis and net primary productivity by reducing stomatal conductance and transpiration, which ultimately increases biomass and yield.Application of zinc sulfate under full irrigation conditions increased the total grain yield by 17.1 g/plant. Positive role of zinc in chlorophyll synthesis, and performance of optical photosystems can increase growth indices. The use of zinc chelate due to the role of zinc in the activity of plant enzymes and metabolisms, including plant hormones (auxin) has increased chlorophyll activity and photosynthesis, which finally has increased grain yield in the plant. 

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide at lower temperatures and full irrigation and mild stress increased the majority of morphological traits. Also, application of zinc alone and with full irrigation increased some morphological traits and grain yield.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth. Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound produced by plants that plays an important role in regulating various plant processes. Research has shown that external application of salicylic acid can increase plant tolerance to some abiotic stresses such as osmotic stress, drought, salinity, ozone and ultraviolet rays. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of drought stress and foliar application of salicylic acid on some physiological and biochemical parameters in bean genotypes.

To investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the physiological and biochemical trait of bean genotypes under drought stress, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2020 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran in Karaj. The treatments included two genotyps of common bean (167drought tolerant and Naz drought sensitive), two levels of drought stress, 80% of field capacity (as control), and 40% of field capacity (severe drought stress) as well as two concentrations of salicylic acid 0, 1 mM. After applying the treatments, various physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated.

The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced ion leakage and significantly increased ion leakage, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in both genotypes. These changes under drought stress were far greater in Naz genotype than in genotype 167. Foliar application of salicylic acid reduced the amount of malondialdehyde, ion leakage and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline and relative content at all drought levels. The reduction of these changes in leaf foliar application by salicylic acid in Naz genotype was much greater than genotype 167.

The results showed that that foliar application of salicylic acid was able to maintain the leaf water status (relative leaf water content), maintain cell membrane stability (by reducing ion and malondialdehyde leakage), increase the amount of compatible solutions (proline) as well as increasing the Antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase) in both bean genotypes and thus, reduce the negative effects of drought stress and make the plant more resistant. Therefore, the foliar application of 1 mM salicylic acid can be used to reduce the destructive effects of drought stress on bean genotypes.

To evaluate the effects of micro-nutrients foliar application and plant density on two bean genotypes, an experiment was conducted in split factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran University in 2015. Foliar spraying in four levels (control (water), ferrous sulfate (2 g.L-1), zinc sulfate (2 g.L-1), and mixture of ferrous sulfate and zinc (2 g.L-1)) was the main factor and different levels of plant density (20, 30 and 40 plants per square meter) as well as two bean genotypes (varieties Akhtar and D81083 Line) were considered as sub-plot factors. The results showed that compared to control, foliar application increased 32.12 and 30.47% of grain yield in D81083 line and Akhtar cultivar, respectively. Simultaneous foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrient fertilizers significantly increased the studied traits in both genotypes. Akhtar cultivar did not show a significant difference in terms of grain yield between densities of 30 and 40 plants per square meter, but at the density of 30 plants per square meter, D81083 line had a higher yield than the other two densities. In general, the results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained from simultaneous foliar application of iron and zinc in D81083 line with a density of 30 plants per square meter.

Most bean cultivated lands are in areas that facing water deficit during the growing season. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation period and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of red bean (cv. D-81083), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station (Lorestan) during two crop years. The main-plots were included four irrigation times after 36 (I1), 54 (I2), 72 (I3) and 90 (I4) mm of cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan and sub-plots were included the amounts and method of nitrogen fertilizer consumption including N1: without the use of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) or control, N2: consumption of 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at planting, and N3: consumption of 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at planting + 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at the beginning of the flowering stage. The results showed that, the highest number of pods per plant (18.3 pods), number of grains per pod (6.13 grains), grain yield (2538.8 kg/ha), biomass (5330.8 kg/ha) and water use efficiency (0.376 kg/m3) were achieved from I2N2 treatment. In the treatment of I4 application of nitrogen fertilizer didn’t have much effect on the traits. In general, the irrigation period can be planted from the beginning of sowing to before flowering stage every 7 to 8 days and after this period arranged for 5-6 days. Also, it is recommended to consumption of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer at planting to stimulate early root growth until they sufficiently infected with rhizobium bacteria.

According to statistics released by the Ministry of Agricultural Jahad, the area under cultivation of beans in Iran is 105,000 hectares, with an average yield of 2200 kg/ha. Thrips is one of the pests that reduce bean yield. The different developmental stages of Thrips tabaci, by settling under the bean leaves and feeding on the plant sap, cause colored silver spots, that the black feces of pest are visible inside these spots. These signs of damage indicate the presence of pests. Thrips is evident from the beginning to the end of its growing population of active beans in the fields and its damage. Onion thrips is the most well-known thrips in the world and causes significant damage to onion, cotton, lettuce, tomato. It also carries some viral diseases. 

Phaseolus vulgaris is one of the most important legumes cultivated in most countries of the world. This crop is attacked by various pests including onion thrips. This study was conducted in two years in field condition by planting cultivars Ghaffar, Sadri, Koosha, talash, local chiti of Khomein (control) and KS-21492 genotype in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two experiments with spraying and non-spraying treatments, at the National Bean Research of Khomein Station. Sampling was also conducted weekly to evaluate changes in pest populations (separately from larvae, nymph and adult) from the beginning of infestation to the end of infestation was performed. For sampling, five plants were randomly selected from each plot and scored based on the amount of damage and contaminated leaf area. Yield and yield components were also calculated. The results of this study were analyzed using SAS 9.1 statistical software and the means were compared by Tukey test in 1% and 5%. 

The two-year results of this study showed that Ghaffar and Koosha cultivars had the highest average yield of 3749.88 and 3602.25 kg/ha, respectively. Chiti of Khomein and sadri had the highest of population. On the other hand, KS-21492 genotype had less damage scale than Sadri and control, but its yield (2212.50) was lower than other cultivars. Given that this genotype had the lowest yield loss and population among cultivars. Sedaratian et al, (2010) also studied the population density of thrips onion on seven cultivars and one soybean genotype and reported the highest density of thrips on Dpx and genotype KS-3494 and the lowest population density on two cultivars L17 and Tellar. This is not consistent with the results of the present study due to differences in the product studied. Cultivars resistance based on population count of onion thrips and evaluation of crop yield characteristics were also used by Kalafchi et al, (2002). These researchers evaluated nine onion varieties for damage. Red Azarshahr cultivar with the highest number of thrips and the highest damage to other cultivars was sensitive, and Sefid-Qom cultivar with the lowest number of thrips, it is less contaminated than this pest. The results of this study are different from the results of recent research due to differences in product and cultivars tested. The results of the research (Mohiseni & Kushki, 2016) showed that the plant growth type had a significant effect on the resistance of cultivars to two spotted mites, which requires further investigation on the impact of the plant growth type on the onion population. Research has shown that different varieties of common beans contain anti-nutritional compounds such as phytic acid, lectin and trypsin inhibitors that can influence the biology of herbivorous pests such as onion thrips. This is similar to the results of the present study due to differences in populations studied as well as differences in yield and damage scale. Studies have shown that the levels of these anti-growth factors in different bean genotypes are different. 

Based on the results of this study Koosha and Ghaffar cultivars due to higher yield Priority for cultivation in the area.

Legumes are considered as one of the most important plant sources that rich in protein and after cereals are the second source of human food. Among legumes, beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) due to economic value and area under cultivation are first in rank of the world. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients needed by plants and plays an important role in increasing yield, but environmental issues, especially increasing the concentration of nitrate in shallow groundwater in northern Iran have led to the use of biofertilizers. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of using Azotobacter in reducing chemical nitrogen consumption in bean production in northern Iran.

In order to investigate the effect of using Azotobacter and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of bean cultivars as a split plot in a randomize complete block design with three replications was performed in an experimental farm located in Langaroud city in 2017. The main factor includes two bean cultivars including: = V1 native and = V2 modified Doroud 4803 and sub-factor 6 levels of nitrogen fertilizer and bacteria: = F1 control, F2 = 50 kg N / ha, F3 = 100 kg N / ha, F4 = Application Azotobacter, F5 = Azotobacter + 25 kg N / ha and F6 = Azotobacter + 50 kg N / ha.

The results showed that the effect of cultivar on number of pods in main branch, number of pods in sub-branch, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, plant height and number of leaves per plant were significant. Different levels of fertilizer on the number of pods in the main branch, number of pods in the sub-branch, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, plant height and number of leaves per plant were significant. The interaction between cultivar and fertilizer on pod number per branch, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index was significant. Treatment F3 (100 kg N / ha) and F6 treatment (50 kg N / ha + Azotobacter) in the studied traits showed superiority over other treatments. Seed yield with application of 100 kg / ha nitrogen (F3) and 50 kg N / ha + Azotobacter (F6) were 2585 and 2455 kg / ha in Doroud cultivar, respectively, which increased seed yield by 68% and 66% compared to the control treatment (F1).

According to the results of the study, the highest seed yield was obtained in the improved Doroud cultivar with an average of 2585kg / ha in treatment of 100 kg N / ha and was in one statistical group with application of 50 kg N / ha + Azotobacter. In fact, it is possible to reduce environmental pollution by consuming 50% less nitrogen fertilizer and using inoculation with Azotobacter. Therefore, inoculation treatment with Azotobacter and 50 kg N / ha is the most suitable fertilizer treatment for beans in the experimental area.

To evaluate the effects of plant density and reduced herbicide concentrations on the vertical distribution pattern of leaf area in red bean canopy profile in mixed bean cultivars, an experiment was conducted in a double-cropping plot design with 3 replications in the research farm of Tehran University in 2016. In this experiment, the reduced concentrations of herbicide at 5 levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of recommended concentration with hand weeding treatment) were the main plots, bean plant density at three levels (40, 50 and 60 plants). M / s) were sub plots and pure cultivation system of standing cultivar and 50%-50% mixed cultivation in row of standing and creeping cultivars were sub-plot. The results showed that herbicide concentration increase resulted in the bean biomasses increase in different layers and the highest bean biomass (228 g/m2) was observed in the intercropping system and 60 plants/m2 density f in the hand weeding treatment in 30-40 cm layer and the lowest (123 g/m2) was obtained in pure planting system and 40 plants/m2 density at 0% of herbicide concentration in 50-40 cm layer. The interactions of herbicide application and cultivation system and also herbicide application and planting density were significant on bean yield and with increasing the herbicide concentration and plant density, bean seed yield increased. Based on the results of weed biomass analysis, imazapapir alone was able to reduce weed biomass up to 65%, and this was increased up to 75% under mixed cropping system and increase in density conditions. This suggests that increasing crop competitiveness by increasing plant density and using a mixed crop system instead of a single-crop system, can reduce weed biomass through faster and greater crop formation.

Pulses are rich in protein and are an important source of human food after cereals (Ganjabadi et al., 2014). Beans are one of the most important pulses and about 49% of the pulses consumed in the world are supplied through beans (Broughton et al., 2013). Drought stress is an important factor that reduces yield in plant (Liu et al., 2005). Many parts of the world have water scarcity that is a limiting factor for higher yields (Safavi Ghardini et al., 2017). Plans must be adopted to increase water use efficiency. by using materials such as superabsorbent polymers, it can increase water use efficiency. Superabsorbents can absorb large amounts of water (Alahdadi, 2002). Paula et al. (2007) reported that increasing soil moisture increases the plant height of chickpeas and beans. Elami et al. (2011) stated that superabsorbent increased chlorophyll under stress conditions. adequate amount of potassium sulfate fertilizer in the soil facilitates osmotic modification in the soil, as a result of which the osmotic pressure remains in the leaves and thus increases the plant's ability to withstand drought stress. Potassium plays an important role in reducing the effects of drought stress in plants (Molodi, 2015). Fanaei et al. (2010) reported an increase in chlorophyll pigment content in rapeseed with the use of potassium during drought stress, and also stated that the amount of chlorophyll increased with the application of potassium. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the strategies for reducing drought stress damage and also saving water consumption by using superabsorbent polymer, mycorrhizal mycorrhizal fungi, nano-potassium fertilizer and seed pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide.

In order to effects of irrigation disruption and drought tolerance methods on physiological characteristics and yield of pinto bean, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Salmas city, northwest of Iran, during spring of 2018. The main plot was irrigation disruption at 3 levels (normal irrigation, irrigation disruption at the end of flowering stage, irrigation disruption at the end of poding stage) and drought resistance as the sub-factor in five levels including (control, use of superabsorbent, use of mycorrhizal fungi, use of nano-potassium fertilizer and seed priming with hydrogen peroxide) was considered.

The highest amount of total chlorophyll was related to normal irrigation treatment and the lowest amount was related to stop irrigation treatment at flowering stage. The highest total chlorophyll was related to superabsorbent polymer treatment and the lowest amount was related to control treatment. the decrease in chlorophyll concentration in plants under drought stress may be due to the decomposition of chlorophyll by increasing the activity of chlorophylase (Goldani, 2012). The highest proline concentration was related to the experimental treatment of stop irrigation in stage of flowering and control and also the lowest amount of proline was observed in normal irrigation treatment along with superabsorbent consumption. The highest grain yield was related to normal irrigation interaction treatment along with superabsorbent polymer and the lowest amount was related to irrigation stop interaction treatment in the flowering stage along with control treatment. Alhiari et al (2013) by examining the effect of superabsorbent application on yield and yield components of chickpea under drought conditions observed that superabsorbent had a significant effect on yield of chickpea plant.

as respects, the highest grain yield in the normal irrigation experimental treatment was associated with the use of superabsorbent polymer, but according to other experimental treatments, it was observed that the grain yield in the experimental treatment of irrigation cut-off from the end of the poding stage with superabsorbent consumption was almost the same with the experimental treatment of normal irrigation. it should be included in a statistical group, which can play a significant role in saving water consumption, and also by using superabsorbent, drought stress damage can be significantly reduced.

Improving knowledge on the relationships between agro-morphological traits in Chitti bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) will contribute to identifying key traits affecting grain yield for use in bean breeding programs. A field experiment was conducted using an augmented design consisting of 116 breeding lines and three checks (Sadri, Kousha, Khomein local). Statistical analysis showed that grain yield and seeds per plant had the largest variations. Regression analysis showed that days to emergence of the first trifoliate leaf (V3), seeds per pod, and plant height, explained more than 39 percent of the variation in grain yield. Path analysis indicated a high negative direct effect of V3 and a positive direct effect of seeds per pod on grain yield. Cluster analysis helped to classify all genotypes into four distinct groups. From the genotypes studied, 38 superior genotypes were selected, which can be used in the breeding programs of Chitti bean Also, number of days to emergence of the first trifoliate leaf and the number of seeds per pod were identified as traits useful to consider in bean breeding programs aiming at improving the grain yield of Chitti beans.

In recent years, the phenomenon of dusts caused by global warming and dehydration or drying of water resources, agricultural production as well as an environment has confronted a serious challenge. Dusts is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena and natural disasters, which is also considered as part of climate change and in recent years has gone out of its natural course and occurs in the western and southwestern regions of Iran. The destructive effects of dusts include reduced light reaching the plant, reduced yield of agricultural products, soil fertility reduction, disruption of mechanical systems and communications and the occurrence of respiratory problems.

In order to investigate the effects of dust on the physiological and morphological traits of crops, a pot experiment was conducted in the field research of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, located in Dehgolan. This factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental factors included dust at 2 levels (with and without dust) and crop at 3 levels (cucumber, tomato and bean). After crossing of each dust system through the province, the dust was collected using reported methods. Dust spraying was done on the surface of crops (beans, tomatoes and cucumbers) in the middle of the growing period and early flowering stage. Then, 10 days after application of dust, physiological traits including chlorophyll content, protein concentration, proline content and soluble carbohydrates of leaves as well as morphological traits including leaf and stem weight and plant height were measured.

The results of this study showed that the effect of dust on the content of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, proline, protein and water-soluble carbohydrate was significant, while the dust had no significant effect on the content of chlorophyll b and soluble carbohydrate in alcohol. The results also showed that dust had a significant effect on leaf and stem weight and height of cucumber, tomato and bean. Also, different plants had significant differences in leaf weight and height. According to the obtained results, in general, tomato plant had more affected by dust than beans and cucumber and most of the measured traits were reduced, which is probably due to having more hairs on the leaf surface. In fact, dust by reducing the content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate in the leaves and increasing the content of proline leads to a significant reduction in leaf and stem dry weight in cucumbers, tomatoes and beans, as well as a significant reduction in height in cucumbers and beans. It has been suggested that these damages may be due to reduced photosynthesis in crops. Cluster analysis of different traits and treatments also showed that the physiological traits of soluble carbohydrates in water were more correlated with each other and were in the same cluster with plant height.

The decline in crop yields in recent years, which is sometimes reported by farmers, may be due to the presence of dust and also the inhibition of the absorption of micronutrients through foliar application. Therefore, it is recommended that when dust systems pass through the area, if possible, sprinkler irrigation would be used to prevent dust damage.

Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important damaging pests to bean farms. In order to reduce these damages, farmers are forced to spray their fields several times. One of the best methods to reduce pest damages is using of resistant cultivars. In addition to tolerance to the pests and reduction of spraying and consequently reduction of environmental pollutions, this method can also have benenefit of higher yield. In this research,bean cultivars resistance to two- spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in field conditions evaluated.

In order to study and evaluate resistance of eight cultivars (including: Sadri, Shokufa, Akhtar, Khomein, Dorsa, Kusha, Darakhshan and Pak) and two lines (21191 and 31169) of bean to two-spotted spider mite during two successive farming years of 2015 and 2016. An experiment was conducted in the form of split plots design in time, in National Research Bean Center of Khomein city. This experiment was performed by observational method with leaves’, stems’, pods’ and bushes infestation to two-spotted spider mite and comparing them with the control and the evaluation of their yields. The statistical population included 10 genotypes of bean. This experiment was carried out in four replications in a field with a size of 23 × 26 m in a split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design. Ten genotypes were tested against two-spotted spider mite on leaf, stem, pods, plant, and their grain yield by spray treatment. In each plot, 30 samples were prepared. The data were analyzed by SAS software. The comparison of the mean of infestation of the cultivars and the sampling time by Duncan's test and the comparison of the mean yield by Tukey HSD test was performed.

Infestation in the stems of bean began in two consecutive years on 12 August every year and peaked on the 22 of August. The highest amount of stem infestation in two years was related to Darakhshan cultivar and Dorsa and Line 21191 had the least infestation in this regard. Infestation in pods of beans began in year 2015 on 26th of August and in 2016 year on the 21st of August. But in two consecutive years, the peak of pod infestation was on 16th of September. Darakhshan, Sadri, Khomein cultivars were identified as susceptible cultivars to the mite and the cultivars Dorsa, Kusha and Line 21191 as more resistant cultivars in this regard. Beginning of infestation in bushes in both years was 20 September and the peak of them occurred on 30 September. Results showed that the amount of infestation of experimental cultivars and lines to two-spotted spider mite was significantly different. These differences were related to the beginning of infestation and yield. Means comparison showed that Darakhshan, Akhtar and Khomein were sensitive to the pest but line 21191 and Kusha cultivar as chiti bean cultivars, Dorsa as a White bean cultivar, and line 31169 as a Red bean have more resistance to two-spotted spider mite and have acceptable yield in comparison with other experimental cultivars. The combined analysis of the data two yearly showed that the effect of year on the grain yield was significant, which was probably due to the uneven atmospheric rainfall, exposure to light, or under the influence of environmental stresses over two years. Also, the interaction of year and cultivar was not significant that it is showed the same response of the cultivars to the pest in the two years of the experiment.

In general, the results of the present study showed that Dorsa, Kusha and line of 21191, as compared to Darakhshan, Chiti of Khomein, showed more resistance to the populations of two-spotted spider mite in field conditions that the most important causes of these results cases such as genotype, vegetation type and date of mite infestation can be attributed. Therefore, in order to prevent continuous spraying in bean fields and to obtain optimum yield, it is recommended that the line 21191 (introduced in 2016 as Ghaffar cultivar) and Dorsa and Kusha cultivars to be used. Also, Dorsa cultivar as white bean cultivar, line 21191 (Ghaffar cultivar) as chiti’s bean, and line 31169 (which was introduced as Yaghut ​​cultivar in 2016) as a red bean, resistant cultivars to two-spotted spider mite was designated in this study. So this research can be very helpful and efficient for improving yield and reducing the use of pesticides in the bean fields.

To find the direct defense of seedling resistance of common beans, by resistant mechanisms, morphological and physiological attributes of ten cultivars (Naz, Dorsa, Akhtar,KS41128, 65-062-107, 65-071-98, 65-071-306, 65-071-410, 65-071-400, and 65-071-405) were evaluated against two-spotted spider mite in 2017 at Bu-Ali Sina university, Hamedan, Iran. Among four kinds of resistant mechanisms such as antixenosis, antibiosis, tolerant tests and PRI index, both antixenosis and tolerance mechanisms determined to be the most accurate tests in the evaluating of common bean resistance against TSSM attack. Germination delay, development and fast growth, early maturity, erected posture, small cotyledon area, the more leaf thickness along with the dark-colored demonstrated were the escape mechanisms of common beans tolerant genotypes against TSSM attack. Some epidermal traits such as the first defense barrier on common bean like hook-shaped and high density of trichome especially on abaxial epidermis by having trapping behavior showed high relation with tolerant genotypes. In fact, in tolerant beans, related-traits to trichome on leaves entrapped the body parts of TSSM such as leg tarsi, mouthpart and ovipositor and prevented to move, feed and reproduction of mites and therefore, these features decreased damage to leaf area of Phaseolus vulgaris as well. The 65-071-98, 65-062-107 genotypes and NAZ, were certainly categorized as the most tolerant cultivars while Akhtar and 65-071-400 were introduced as the most susceptible accessions of common beans, respectively.