جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « selection » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Khuzestan, as one of the most important corn-producing provinces of Iran, lacks improved cultivars compatible with extremely hot and dry conditions and relies on foreign cultivars, including the old single cross 704 variety. To prepare suitable cultivars for Khuzestan, lines should be produced and evaluated in the region that can be used in the production of hybrid and open-pollinated cultivars.

To identify and improve the important and effective traits on maize grain yield, 289 corn lines, which were bred in Khuzestan, were crossed with the hybrid single cross 704 and evaluated in two cropping seasons (summer 2016 and spring 2017). The experiment was carried out with a simple lattice square design of 17 × 17 and two replications at the Safi-Abad of Dezful Agricultural Research Center in 2016 and 2017. The traits measured from the growing stage to harvest were plant height, tassel length, tassel branch number/plant, stem diameter, number of leaves / plant, ear diameter, grain depth, ear length, number of rows/ear, grain number/row, 100-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index based on the guidelines of the corn and fodder plant department of the Iranian seed breeding and preparation research institute. The yield based on 14% seed moisture along with other traits was measured and calculated from the two middle lines of each experimental plot. The genetic parameters in this research were calculated using the mathematical expectation of the mean square as the basic design of random complete blocks in the form of genetic relationships. To analyze the correlation between the traits and to identify the common factors affecting the studied traits, decomposition into factors was used with the principal component analysis and varimax rotation. Eventually, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data and calculation of correlation coefficients between variables were done using SAS Ver 9.20 software and analysis into factors with StatGraphics Ver 19.0 software.

The results of ANOVA showed an acceptable genetic diversity among promising maize lines in terms of all studied traits, except for ear length, number of rows/grain, and number of grain/row. The results of the composite analysis in two cropping seasons revealed that the effect of genotype was significant on all studied traits at the level of 1%, suggesting significant genetic diversity among the studied genotypes for all traits. The significance of the genotype × season interaction effect for all studied traits at the 1% level indicates the different responses of genotypes in summer and spring. The highest and the lowest genetic and phenotypic variances in summer and spring belonged to biological yield and seed depth traits, respectively. The ranges of genetic diversity in the studied traits in summer and spring ranged from 1.96 to 32.72 and from 7.63 to 29.88, respectively. Among the studied traits, the highest genetic and phenotypic diversities were observed in the number of tassel branches/plant trait (32.72 and 33.35, respectively). The highest heritability rates in spring were observed for biological yield (97.69%), grain yield (97.43%), grain depth (97.06%), ear length (96.30%), and plant height (95.74%). On the other hand, the highest amount of heritability along with the highest amount of genetic improvement was observed for the biological yield and grain yield traits, both of which can be considered the most important criteria for selecting parental lines in breeding programs based on this study. The results of the analysis of correlation coefficients for the studied traits in summer indicated that the grain number/row (0.81), biological yield (0.72), ear diameter (0.62), and grain depth (0.52) produced medium to high grain yields among the studied traits. In spring, the biological yield (0.86), 100-grain weight (0.65), grain number/row (0.64), ear length (0.64), and ear diameter (0.63) had medium to high effects on the seed yield.The results of analysis in the factor analysis in summer and spring revealed that five hidden and independent factors justified 71.40 and 72.27% of the total data changes, respectively. Five hidden factors for summer were the share of grain yield from the total dry matter (33.10%), plant height factor (15.80), ear diameter component factor (8.80), tassel height factor (7.50), and grain weight factor (7.20).

The two factors, namely the share of grain yield from total dry matter and the plant height factor, account for more than 61% of the total justifiable variation of 14 traits in 289 lines. These two factors enable us to define and recognize differences and similarities between the lines that grow in spring conditions in Khuzestan.

Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causes extensive damage to chickpea in many parts of the Iran. The technique of Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) is one of the effective and accurate methods in transferring specific genes such as disease resistance genes in a short time in self-pollination plants. Hashem is one of Iranian chickpea cultivars with high yield, plant height and tall stems which its cultivation is limited due to susceptibility to the fusarium wilt. Therefore, Purpose of this study was to introgression resistance to fusarium wilt from Ana cultivar, as a donor, to Hashem as a recurrent and susceptible cultivar using molecular marker-assisted backcrossing.

This research was conducted during five cropping seasons (2018-2023). Crossing was done between the selected parents of chickpea cultivar Ana (as a donor parent) and Hashem (as a recurrent parent) and the F1 progeny was backcrossed with Hashem to produce the BC1F1 generation. By using three backcrosses and one rounds of selfing, BC3F2 progeny was obtained. Foreground selection (FGS) was conducted with four markers (TA59, TA96, TR19, and CaM1402) linked to FW resistance genes. Background selection (BGS) was employed with evenly distributed 16 (Ana × Hashem) SSR markers in the chickpea genome to select plant(s) with higher recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery. Finally, the selected lines of BC3F2 generation were phenotypically evaluated in terms of Fusarium disease resistance.

In first year, from the crossing of two parents, 20 real F1 plants were obtained and backcrossed with Hashem to produce BC1F1 plants. Based on results of foreground selection (FGS), was undertaken using four markers (TA59, TA96, TR19, and CaM1402) linked to resistance genes, 6 BC1F1 plants contained 4 resistant alleles and participated in the second backcrossing to produce BC2F1 plants. In the following, from a total of 52 BC2F1 plants 12 BC2F1 plants contained 4 resistant alleles, for background selection (BGS) to observe the recovery of recurrent parent genome using 16 SSRs, At this stage based on the BGS results 5 plant, with the highest background recovery, selected and backcrossed with recurrent parent to produce BC3F1 plants. Followed by cycles of, 6 plants in BC3F1 containing resistant genes and most similar to the recurrent parent were selected. The identified plants were selfed to obtain 6 BC3F2 lines which were screened phenotypically for resistance to fusarium wilt. Finally, 12 BC3F2 lines were obtained which led to identification of 3 highly resistant lines of Hashem with FWR gene introgressed in them. Also, in this study using Meta-QTL analysis region associated with genetic resistance to different race of fusarium wilt were identified on chromosomes 2, 4, 5 and 6.

Drought is recognized as one of the most common and challenging environmental stresses in agriculture worldwide (Hu et al., 2020) and the production of this plant Reduces by 21%. Annual production of 13.7 million tons with a cultivated area of 5.8 million hectares in Iran shows the importance of this plant. Of this level, 67% is related to rainfed cultivation and the rest to irrigated cultivation. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the traits and determine their relationship with wheat grain yield using multivariate methods (Alavi-Siney and Saba, 2015). In most of these studies, the relationship between traits and grain yield has been discussed, but there has been no discussion about the selection of superior genotypes. Therefore, a method is needed to be able to select the desired genotypes according to all of studied traits. The Selection Index for Ideal Genotype (SIIG) is one of the methods that in addition to selecting the ideal genotype that can determine the distance between genotypes. In this method, it is possible to identify genotypes with the desired characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate different wheat genotypes under rainfed conditions and determine the best genotypes in terms of yield and early maturity through SIIG selective method.

In this study, 24 bread wheat genotypes (21 lines and Baran, Sadra, Hashtrood cultivars) were carried out in a randomized complete blocks design with four replications at the rainfed research station of Zanjan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center located in Khodabandeh for three years. In this experiment, 5 morpho-phenological traits were measured as follows. Plant height (PLH), days to heading (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), 1000-seed weight (TGW) and grain yield (YLD) were measured after physiological maturation. Analysis of variance, comparison of mean traits by LSD method and matrix of phenotypic correlation coefficients were performed using SAS software (9.4). SPSS software (21) was used to group the genotypes by cluster analysis through Ward method. Multivariate analysis of variance was performed to investigate the differences between clusters and compare the mean between clusters using SPSS software (21). In order to study the genetic diversity and integration of morpho-phenological traits, SIIG method was used (Zali et al., 2015).

The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the genotypes, indicating sufficient diversity in terms of the studied traits. The matrix of correlation coefficients showed a positive and significant relationship between1000 grain weight, grain yield and SIIG index. In addition, a negative and significant relationship was observed between days to heading with 1000 grain weight, grain yield and SIIG index. Grouping of genotypes using cluster analysis and multivariate analysis of variance showed that genotypes 4, 12, 16, 17, 18, 22 and 23 have the highest value in terms of most traits, especially grain yield. Grouping of genotypes based on SIIG index also placed 7 genotypes (6, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18 and 23) in the top group. Comparison of the two methods showed that 5 genotypes are common in the last two methods, which indicates the high efficiency of these methods in selecting the best. The advantage of SIIG method over other methods is the grouping of genotypes based on the desirability of traits; for example, the low average of genotypes in days to heading and days to maturity traits are desirable, which in this method is considered. This is not considered in multivariate analyzes such as cluster analysis. Therefore selected genotypes through the SIIG index as superior genotypes during three years of experiment are recommended for use in rainfed breeding programs.

According to the ranking based on SIIG index and comparison with control cultivars, genotypes No. 6, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18 and 23 can be recommended as superior genotypes for use in breeding programs under rainfed conditions.

Advantage of native populations of Persian clover to increase quantity and quality of the forage yield, high diversity among the native clover populations of Iran and the lack of registered cultivars driven from these landraces are important reasons for introducing new clover cultivars with native origin in the country. Pars cultivar was selected by pure line selection method in 1999 from 22 native multi cuts clover populations. In 2000-2001, the seed of primary population were planted and superior single plants in each row were selected based on comparison with the native population of Baladeh Kazerun as check cultivar. Then, the selected single plants (top 150 lines) were compared in an alpha lattice design with two replications in 2002-2003. Selected top lines during 2004-2005 were compared in three regions of Karaj, Shahrekord and Broujerd in a semi-final performance trial. To determine the stability and value for cultivation and use (VCU) of the top 15 selected lines, these lines were compared in a completed randomized block design in five regions of Karaj, Boroujerd, Shahrekord, Arak and Sanandaj in 2006-2007. Evaluation of the reaction of selected Iranian clover lines to rust and black clover spot in 2007-2008 cropping year was performed in Boroujerd station under natural infection in the field. To determine the quality and nutritional value of selected lines, an experiment was conducted in Karaj in 2008-2009 cropping year. The results showed that promising Iranian clover lines KPC-EqlidFars-78-4 with 19.9% protein content was superior to the control. In the cropping year 2015- 2016, a research-extension experiment was conducted to compare the forage yield of promising Iranian clover lines KPC-EqlidFars-78-4 with a local control (Harati) in Boroujerd. The results showed that line KPC-EqlidFars-78-4 under farmers' conditions had 72.65 tons per hectare of wet forage yield and 11.56 tons per hectare of dry matter yield with 10.60 and 12.20% superiority to the local control, respectively, Its appropriate optimal use of spring rainfall due to its high growth rate and possibility of mechanized harvesting, due to standing form and high height, early maturity and shorter growing period can result in less irrigation in one growing season, high forage yield potential, especially in onset of the season and also its resistance to rust and black spot diseases that is common in the native population, were some important characteristics of Pars cultivar for release and cultivation in the cold and temperate regions.

Gynociouce hybrids have the advantage of high yield; therefore, gynociouce trait should always be considered in the production of cucumber hybrid cultivars. There are at least five genes that affect the expression of gynociouce. In order to improve cucumber for production new cultivars with higher yield and better quality, using of genetic diversity and cucumber germplasm is extremely essential. Knowing the importance and extent of controller genetic effects the inheritance of traits can lead to the selection of appropriate corrective methods. Therefore, the present study took with this goal how inheritance of the gynoeciouc trait and to investigate the effects of controller genes on this trait and other performance components in cross between a commercial hybrid and a selected line, Finally a proper amendatory plan is adopted.

In order to evaluate genetic and determinate heritability of gynoecioucy in cucumber seven generation including P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, BC2 and F3 from a cross between two gynoeciouc and androeciouc cucumber lines N10×A11, were supplied and number of female flowers and number of male flowers, number of fruit per plant, length of plant and length of internode were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cause on create populations, experiments were carried out in the spring and autumn of 2017 to 2018 in three stages in the greenhouse of the college of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan and population assessment was performed in 1398 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan. First year, in order to produce hybrid seeds, a cross was made between gynoecious N10 and androecious A11 lines. After producing and cultivating hybrid seeds in the second stage, self-pollination and hybrid cross-breeding with parents were carried out and F2 populations and backcrosses were created. In the second year, samples of second generation seeds were planted in greenhouses for creating self-pollination and third-generation populations. In the greenhouse, hydroponic cultivation system was used and fertilization and irrigation of plants were did at regular intervals. In the field cultivation system, Growing Phases were carried out using drip irrigation system and cover mulch for planting and necessary agricultural care in the cultivation stages. Data normality was tested by SPSS software and data analysis was performed by SAS software. Generation mean comparison was also performed using LSD test at 5% and 1% probability levels.

about the gynoecioucy there was a significant differences among case study generations. Examination of scale tests for this trait also showed that there may be inallele interactions among the genes controlling this trait. Examination of genetical parameter and doing scale tests showed for all of study traits there are different epistasis. the results showed about number of female flower all of the genetic parameters was significant and for number of male flower, number of fruit per plant and length of internode traits simple six parametric was in charge of controlhing the traits such as all of genetic parameters without dominance-dominance epistasis, whereas for length of plant trait simple six parametric model such as all of genetic parameters without additive-additive epistasis was the best of genetic model vindication for diversity.

Evaluation of inheritance and dominance degree showed additive variance was more important in number of female flower and number of fruit per plant traits that means Superior genotypes can be select to modify these traits in the study population

Breeders often use generation means analysis to obtain information about inheritance, gene action, and to determine effective breeding methods to improve important agronomic traits, especially under drought stress conditions. To investigate the genetic parameters of agronomic and morphological traits in durum wheat, a field experiment was carried out using F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations obtained from crossing of Shotordandan variety and Dena cultivar under non-stress and terminal drought stress conditions. The experiment was carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch, Iran in 2016-17 cropping season. To apply terminal drought stress, from anthesis stage, the irrigation of the plots was ceased until physiological maturity. The results of weighted analysis of variance of generations revealed that there was significant differences between the generations for all measured traits except number of grain.spike-1 under non-stress conditions and number of tillers and grain weight.plant-1 in drought stress conditions. The results of generations mean analysis for spike length under non-stress conditions and plant height and spike length under stress conditions showed that the three-parameters model had the best fit. However, for other measured traits, significant chi square test (χ2) indicated the presence of non-allelic interactions in the inheritance. Additive and dominance effect played roles in controlling most of the studied traits, but the effect of dominance component was greater than the additive component. Broad and narrow sense heritability of traits under non-stress conditions varied from 11-84% and from 1-75%, respectively, and under stress conditions from 24-70% and from 1-40%, respectively. Considering the greater role of genes with non-additive effect in controlling most of traits, except plant height, spike length and 1000-grain weight, selection in durum wheat advanced breeding generations, when breeding lines are fixed and relative purity achived, is suggested.

To improve a complex character such as grain yield with low heritability, indirect selection through other characters and selection index based on different effective traits were used. Grain yield has quantitative heritance and can be affected by environment severely; therefore selection for genetic improvement only based on yield may have low efficiency. But selection based on proper index can be one of the most effective methods for indirect selection of yield and yield components simultaneously.

In order to determine selection index for improvement of maize yield, 14 single cross maize hybrids (including 12 promising maize hybrids and KSC704 and KSC705 cultivars as control cultivars) were planted in two separate experiments (Saline stress and normal condition) based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replication in Khorasan Razavi agricultural and natural resources research and education center (TOROQ Station and Abbas Abad Station), Mashhad Iran on 2017-2018. In this study silage yield, Dry Forage yield, number of total leaves, Ear Diameter, Ear Length, Ear Height, Kernel depth, anthesis silking interval (ASI) and Plant Height appearance was measured randomly from 10 sample. Then some of morphological and phonological traits, yield and yield components were recorded.

The results of ANOVA showed significant differences between hybrids for many of measured traits in both conditions (P≤0.01). Thus, selection will be effective due to existence of enough variation. The results of correlation, multiple regression and principle component analysis were used for identification of traits that are more effective on grain yield. Selection indices were calculated based on results of stepwise regression considering to phenotype, genotypic and economic values. Based on stepwise regression results in normal condition, Plant Height, Number of Ear, Dry Forage Yield, Days to anthesis, Number of Leaves totally could explain 77.84 percent of gain yield variation, then these traits were used to calculate selection index. In Saline stress condition, Number of Ear, Ear Length, Days to anthesis, Number of Leaves, Plant height could explain 76.90 percent of grain yield variation that these traits were used to calculate of selection index. Smith-Hazel and Pesk-Baker selection indexes for dry silage yield performance, leaf total number, number of cob, plants length and days to pollination in non-stressed condition and number of cob, days to pollination, leaf total number and plants length were calculated under stressed situation. Moreover, relative efficiency of selection and expected gain of selection index using the Smith – Hazel index was higher than the Pesk – Baker index. The highest relative efficiency of selection under non-stressed condition was measured in index number 5 (Smith – Hazel 5) while in saline stressed condition it was achieved in index number 4 (Smith - Hazel 4).

In summary, by adjusting phenotype values in mentioned traits in index equivalent, the amount of each index was determined. Finally Based on grain yield and selection indices, 20 percent of the best genotypes were selected by each selection indices. The highest selection indices were obtained for the hybrids 1, 5, 2, 8 and 6 in normal condition and hybrids 13, 3, 4, 10 and 8 in saline condition.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of drought stress on agronomic traits, post-drought recovery, and survival of tall fescue genotypes in the Research Farm of the Isfahan University of Technology located in Lavark, Najafabad, central Iran. In this study, 67 tall fescue genotypes, including three groups of the early, medium, and late in terms of flowering were studied. All genotypes were fully irrigated after planting for two years (2016-2017) and then in the third and fourth years (2018-2019) were examined under three irrigation environments including normal water (50% moisture depletion) mild drought stress (70% moisture depletion), and intense drought stress (90% moisture depletion). Morphological and performance traits were examined. In the summer of the fourth year (2019) after the summer harvest, irrigation was stopped in all drought stress levels for two months. Then the plants were irrigated again for six weeks, and after regrowth, recovery-related traits were evaluated. High genetic diversity was observed among tall fescue genotypes for all measured traits. The results showed that drought stress had adverse effects on forage yield and yield components, recovery traits, and survival. Prolonged drought stress changed the relationships between different traits. Significant positive correlation between the forage yield and recovery rate with drought tolerance indicated that these traits could be used as appropriate selection criteria to increase forage yield and identify superior genotypes in arid and semi-arid regions. The results of this study indicated low to moderate summer dormancy (incomplete summer dormancy) in this germplasm. Negative correlation of functional and stress tolerance traits with day to recovery under drought stress conditions showed that drought tolerant genotypes will have faster recovery than other genotypes. The results showed that some late flowering genotypes (such as 3L, 18L and 11L) are valuable gene sources for forage production. Drought tolerant genotypes with suitable yield in three flowering groups were identified using the biplot and principal component analysis method. These genotypes can be useful for breeding programs in future studies.

Due to the water resources limitation required for agriculture in Iran, providing effective methods to reduce the negative effects of drought on crop yield is one of the important studies to plant breeding. Drought tolerance in crops is very important. By using different cultivars of crops that are able to produce relatively good yield in drought stress, they can be grown with more confidence in arid and semi-arid regions.

In order to evaluation genotypes of chitti bean based on tolerance and susceptibility indices, experiments were conducted in two environments without stress and drought stress in 2016-17 at research farm of Bean Research and education, Khomein. 24 genotypes of chitti beans along with Ghaffar cultivar as control (25 genotypes in total) were compared in Latis design with two replications. In this study, mean productivity index, geometric mean productivity index, stress tolerance index, stress susceptibility index and tolerance index were evaluated.

Drought stress reduced evaluated properties, significantly. Among the genotypes of chitti beans in optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions, KS21578 genotype had the highest grain yield with 2805 and 1719 kg ha-1, respectively. The lowest grain yield were achieved at KS21591 and KS21596 genotypes in optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions, respectively. Due to drought stress, grain yield of evaluated genotypes decreased by 49.1%. Drought stress has increased flowering and maturity periods in genotypes. The highest mean productivity index (1086.6), geometric mean productivity index (2124.8) and stress tolerance index (2054.2) belonged to KS21578 genotype. Also, the highest and lowest tolerance index (respectively, 1288.6 and 126.4)  was observed in Ghaffar cultivar (control) and KS21591 genotype, respectively. Also, the lowest stress susceptibility index (0.2) was obtained in KS21585 genotype.

Totally, based on chitti bean grain yield under normal irrigation and drought stress conditions and evaluation of stress tolerance indices as well as two-way diagram of geometric mean production indices and stress susceptibility index and considering maturity period, plant form and grain marketing 8 chitti bean genotypes were selected for advanced testing.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the largest food crop to cover the earth’s surface in the world. Environmental influences are considered as the measurement criteria for genetic stability.  Sensitivity of a crop genotype to the environmental factors gives rise to genotype - Environment Interaction (GEI). Breeders’ objective is to develop varieties that give high productivity under available environmental conditions.

In this study, stability and adaptation of eighteen promised bread wheat lines along with Morvaread and Gonbad as control cultivars, were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications at four regions in Gorgan, Gonbad, Sari and Mogan, during two cropping seasons of 2015-2017.  

Combined analysis of variance indicated significant effects of genotypes and year × location × genotype interactions. Significant interaction effects indicated different reactions of genotypes in various locations. Due to the significant effects of this interaction, genotypes × environment interaction effect was evaluated using GGE Biplot stability analysis. Results of Biplot that revealed mean and stability of genotypes, line11stayed on, in the positive direction of axis had the highest grain yield and line 2 stayed on, in the negative direction of axis had the lowest grain yield. This biplot analysis diagnosed of Mega-environment. In base of this study, among of Gorgan, Gonbad and Sari environments had strong positive correlation and genotypes had the same reactions. Mogan had next to zero correlation with three other locations and reaction of genotypes was independent. The results showed the possibility of selecting stable genotypes with high yield compared to experimental controls, which indicates genetic improvement in bread wheat breeding programs in the northern climate of the country.

Consequently, genotypes 11, 13, 7 and 8 with high grain yield and strong stability were selected.

This research was conducted to separate variance of yield trait olive into its components and determine the heritability of this trait. To do that, 105 cultivars and genotypes cultivated at Tarom Research Station belonged to the Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural resources of Zanjan province, were evaluated for five years from 2010 to 2015. The base design of this experiment was a randomized complete block design with the effect of time on the model. Finally, the data were analyzed based on the split plot design in time. Then, based on the Expected value of each component, the genetic parameters related to the trait were obtained. For the five years of studies significant differences were observed between yield and tree, so that the highest yield (32.32 kg) was obtained from a single three. The value of the genetic component of the attribute was 40.81, which is a small amount indicating the high impact of the environment on this trait. The value of the inheritance of the trait was 53.44, which is significant due to the quantitative nature of the trait. Accordingly, based on the relatively high diversity index obtained from one of the suitable corrective methods for the yield trait in olive, could be "selection" among the elite genotypes.

To evaluate the adaptability and stability of root yield and white sugar yield in sugar beet genotypes, 47 sugar beet genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with six replications in four regions of Hamedan, Kermanshah, Shiraz, and Mashhad at 2019 crop year. In order to analyze the pattern of genotype by environment interaction, additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) model and GGE biplot graphical method was used. The results of additive main effects (analysis of variance) and multiplicative interactions (principal component analysis) showed that the effect of genotype, environment, and genotype in environment interaction on root yield and white sugar yield were significant (p-value < 1%). The results showed that the first two components explained 89.10 and 95.48% of the variance of the interaction for root yield and white sugar yield, respectively. The biplot diagram of the first main interaction component and mean of root yield and white sugar yield for genotypes and environments showed that genotypes 28, 26, and 43 with higher than average total yields and lowest values for the first interaction component Known as stable genotypes, Based on the results of the two-dimensional diagram related to the first two main components of the interaction of genotype in the environment, Genotype No. 24 had the highest specific adaptability for Hamedan, Shiraz and Mashhad locations in term of root yield and white sugar yield. While genotype 46 in terms of root yield and genotype 36 in terms of white sugar yield showed good specific adaptability to the Kermanshah environment. Also, genotype No. 37 in terms of root yield and genotype 44 in terms of white sugar yield had higher general compatibility than other genotypes. Compared to foreign control cultivars, hybrids 28, 26, and 43 had suitable root yield, white sugar yield, and stability, and their selection is recommended for future breeding programs.

Identification of genotypes adapted to a particular region is of special interest to breeders and plant geneticists. In order to identify adapted genotypes in sesame lines based on multi-trait selection, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with four replications at Moghan Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during the years 2017 and 2018. The genetic materials evaluated in this study were consisted of 14 superior lines from preliminary yield trails of the three different regions evaluated in 2016 (Derived from the management of segregated generations in a pedigree way) and Oltan cultivar as a check. Combined analysis of variance showed that the genotype and genotype × year interaction effects were significant for all of the studied traits. Biplot analysis of sesame genotypes showed that the first two components explained the 55.3% of the total variations of traits. Which-won-where/what polygon pattern based on different traits of sesame genotypes showed that G3 and G8 had the highest yield and yield components such as plant height, number of capsules per plant and oil content, respectively. Based on comparing of genotypes with ideal genotypes biplot, Shukla stability index, superiority index and heat map analysis, genotypes G3, G8 and G9 were better than Oltan cultivar, thus identified as the best genotypes. These genotypes have the potential to be used in research-extension trials for introduction as a new cultivar for cultivation in Moghan region.

Variation and selection play a key role in breeding programs. The proper selection is related to the desired variation in the desired trait. In order to take advantage of the existing variation; the evaluation of germplasm resources is necessary. Genotype–environment interactions are particularly important for breeders and one of the complex issues in breeding programs is the selection of high yielding and stable crop genotypes. Therefore, knowledge of the genotype–environment interactions is a necessity to evaluate new cultivars in different environments. GGE biplot model is one of the most used multivariate methods in the study of genotype–environment interactions that is performed based on principal component analysis (Yan et al., 2010).

In order to select the superior lines from the elite spring bread wheat yield trial (17ESBWYT), 50 spring bread wheat lines (considering Parsi culivar as a local check) were studied at three stations (Karaj, Kermanshah and Zarghan), which represent moderate climate regions of Iran. The experiments were conducted in the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the 2016- 2017 growing season. The plant materials had been received from the international center for agricultural research in the dry areas (ICARDA). The measured traits included days to heading (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), plant height (PLH), thousand grain weight (TKW), seed filling period (SFP), seed filling rate (SFR), grain yield (GY), relative yield to mean (RYM), relative yield to local check (RYLC) and plant response to yellow rust (YR) and leaf rust (LR). Homogeneity of the variances in different environments was tested following Bartlett's test. Then, the combined analysis of variance and stability analysis were performed using GGE biplot method. Data was analyzed using GGE biplot4, heatmapper, SAS and Excel.

The combined analysis of variance confirmed that the effects of environment, genotype and interaction between them were statistically significant. Mean comparison of grain yield showed that the highest grain yield (6.489-ton ha-1 ) was achieved with the genotype no 32 and the lowest grain yield (4.728-ton ha-1) was related to the genotype no 25. Total mean of grain yield at stations of Karaj, Kermanshah and Zarghan was 6.589, 5.317 and 4.753-ton ha-1 respectively. The correlation biplot of the environments revealed that the location of Kermanshah had a positive correlation with Karaj and Zarghan, because the angles of the vectors were less than 90◦, exhibiting a positive correlation among the environments. Also, there was a weak correlation between Karaj and Zarghan, indicating that two environments have been almost independent of each other because the angle of the vectors was 90◦ (Yan & Rajcan, 2002). The yield and stability of the genotypes were evaluated using the average-environment coordination (AEC) view. Presence of genotypes on this axis is approximation of grain yield (Yan et al., 2000). Hence, the genotypes no 32, 18, 24, 28, 31, 14, 33, 19, 29 and 2 had the highest grain yield. The vertical axis of AEC biplot also showed the interaction between genotype and environment and determined the stability of the genotypes. Therefore, among the genotypes that gave a high grain yield, the genotypes no 32, 18, 24, 14, 29 and 2 were the most stable for grain yield. The final selection of the genotypes was carried out considering the response of genotypes to yellow rust and leaf rust and other desirable traits.

In the current study, 50 genotypes of bread wheat were evaluated in terms of grain yield, response to yellow rust and leaf rust and some desirable agronomic traits at three stations (Karaj, Kermanshah and Zarghan) representing moderate climate regions of Iran. Considering the results of GGE biplot method and response to yellow rust, leaf rust and other desirable agronomic traits, eight genotypes: no 32, 24, 28, 14, 33, 19, 29, and 2 were selected as superior lines and were conducted to preliminary regional wheat yield trial (PRYWT) in the moderate climate regions of Iran. It is hoped that in the coming years a new cultivar will be released among the selected genotypes in wheat breeding programs in moderate climate regions of Iran, after preliminary and adaptation experiments.

To evaluate genetic diversity of 11 maize genotypes, an experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications at the Moghan Agriculture Research Station during 2019 growing season. Analysis of variance showed that the significant differences among maize hybrids for ear yield, chlorophyll index, chlorophyll a, maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv) and maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), but there were not significant differences among maize hybrids for leaf temperature, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and minimum fluorescence (Fo). KLM77021/4-1-2-1-2-4-1× K47/3 hybrid with high ear yield and photosynthetic system introduced the best hybrid to comparing with other hybrids. The range of heritability was from 14% for chlorophyll b to 87 % for variable fluorescence (Fv). Correlation between ear yield, leaf temperature, chlorophyll index, pigment contents and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that ear yield was correlated with chlorophyll pigment (p< 0.05), and maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) was correlated with chlorophyll a (p< 0.05). The cluster analysis based Ward method, with ear yield and photosynthetic system, was classified maize genotypes in two different groups. It can be concluded that chlorophyll fluorescence can be used for selecting genotype with high yield.

The diversity of the genetic traits material is the basis of any breeding program and the existence of maximum variation is the greatest chance for success in the selection, especially in variable climatic such as rainfed conditions. Regarding the importance of lentil genetic resources for use in breeding programs of this plant, this experiment was conducted to investigate the diversity of important agronomic traits and selection of native lentil plants in dryland fields of Zanjan province.

For this purpose, 1040 plants of lentil from fields in five regions (including Khorramdareh, Khodabandeh, Ijrood, Mahneshan,and Zanjan (Armaghankhaneh) of Zanjan province were collected in the rainfed conditions at 2014-2015 cropping season. Plants were evaluated in terms of yield and morphological traits including plant height, height of the first branch from the ground, height of the lowest pod of the ground, number of pods, number of hollow pods, number of full pods, number of seeds, 1000-seed weight, seed weight, straw weight and biomass. To compare the populations of lentils, analysis of variance was performed in a completely unbalanced randomized design and populations were grouped by cluster analysis by Ward method. In order to select the best genotypes in each population, considering breeding goals, traits were sorted by degree of importance and superior genotypes were determined in each population.

The results of descriptive statistics indicated a high variation among studied traits, especially number of hollow pods (117.98 %) and seed weight (55.82 %) Also for height of first branch, number of pods, number of seeds and seed and straw weight great variations were observed. Therefore, the selection for these traits in evaluated populations seems to be effective. The lowest coefficient of variation was related to plant height (10.79 %), first pod height (18.83 %) and 1000-seed weight (25.90 %). Analysis of variance results showed that there were significant differences between them in terms of all measured traits at 0.01 level. Ejroud population had the highest mean for most of the traits evaluated. Cluster analysis categorized these populations into three groups. The Armaghankhaneh and Ejroud populations were each grouped separately, and the three populations of Khoramdareh, Khodabandeh and Mahneshan formed the third group. Ejroud population had the highest percentage of deviation from the total mean for yield traits and also morphological traits that are important for mechanized harvesting. Finally, 492 superior genotypes were selected for study in rainfed conditions based on experimental design for yield traits and effective traits in mechanized harvesting.

There were suitable variations within and between the lentil populations in terms of agro-morphological traits. Cluster analysis also categorized these populations into three groups. Because of the difference in plants in different regions due to the genetic variation of the plants, as well as the impact of the climate and their different growth environment, therefore, for selection of superior genotypes, evaluation and selection were carried out separately in the regions. Since lentils are self-pollinated and cleistogam and have high rate of elf-pollination (99%), so the populations of the lentils are homozygous so the seeds of selected genotypes are pure lineage and the method of this study was selection of pure lines. Pure lines from selected genotypes can be used in breeding programs.

In order to determine the relations between different characteristics with grain yield of rice, five lines and four testers along with their progenies were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications and planted at the research field of rice research institute of Iran. Analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference among genotypes in all of studied traits. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients showed that number of filled grains (0.68) in panicle and panicle fertility percentage (0.68) has the positive and significant correlation with yield. Results of stepwise regression showed that the traits including number of filled grains in panicle, number of days to complete panicle, panicle fertility percentage and number of grains in panicle explained 87.5 percent of grain yield variation. Path analysis showed that the number of days to complete panicle (0.83) has the highest phenotypic direct effect and the number of filled grains in panicle (0.703) has the highest genotypic direct effect on grain yield. It is recommended that genetic selection for genotypes with higher grains yield could be done with indirect selection for number of grains in panicle at the first step and then for the number of days to complete panicle and number of filled grains in panicle. Due to the proper characteristics of IR76687-22-1-3-2-5 including the high number of grains in panicle, the high number of filled grains in panicle, the high fertility percentage, the number of days to complete panicle and also the high yield, is recommended to conduct the yield comparison and adaptability experiments in different years and locations.