جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بیان ژن » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Replacing corn with oak fruit in the poultry diet can lead to a decrease in dependence and the outflow of currency from the country, but oak fruit has a large amount of anti-nutritional compounds (tannins), which can be a limiting factor in its consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of different amounts of oak fruit in the diet on the performance and immune system of poultry in order to determine the appropriate levels of oak for use in poultry rations. This study aimed to investigate the expression of cytokine genes in the spleen tissue of broiler chicken fed with a diet containing oak acorn. For this purpose, three rations containing 0, 15, and 20% oak acorn were used to feed broilers for a period of 42 days. At the ages of 21 and 42 days, the spleen tissue was separated from 18 slaughtered broiler chickens (6 from each treatment), and the total RNA was extracted. The expression of cytokine genes including IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN-γ were investigated in all three treatments. Beta-actin gene was also included in the experiment as a reference gene. The REST, 2009, V2.0.13 software was used for the analysis of gene expression data. According to the results, the expression of the IFN-γ gene showed a significant increase in the spleen tissue of broiler chickens fed with 15% oak acorn with respect to the control group at both 21 and 42 days of age (P<0.05). In the 20% oak acorn group, although the IFN-γ gene expression was higher than the control treatment at both ages, this difference was not significant. At the age of 21 days, the mRNA levels of the IL-4 gene also showed a significant increase in the diet containing 15% oak acorn compared to the control group (p<0.01). On the other hand, at the age of 42 days, the expression levels of interleukin 2 and 4 genes showed a significant decrease in the treatment of 15% oak acorn compared to the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA levels of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 genes showed no significant difference in treatments containing oak acorn at both the ages of 21 and 42 days compared to the control group. In general, replacing corn with oak acorn in the diet of broiler chickens, based on the amount and duration of consumption, can lead to changes in the expression of immune system genes in the spleen tissue.

Sheep are the main source of wool and its fiber characteristics, such as diameter, length, and color, which are determined by genetics and environmental factors, are key features in the economic value of sheep wool. In sheep, white wool has the highest economic value due to its dyeability, thus, the identification of mechanisms responsible for coating color determination is very important from an economic point of view. In general, the coat color is determined based on the amounts and types of melanin produced and released by the melanocytes in the skin tissue (Ito et al., 2000). The genetic basis and genes involved in coat color are well understood in rodents, although many of these genes are incorporated in coat color regulation in other species; including Sheep also have a common role. In Iran, the Lori Bakhtiari sheep is one of the most important breeds of sheep in terms of the use of its wool in the textile and carpet industries. In his breed, the dominant coat of the wool is white, although sometimes a percentage of dark brown and pale brown is also observed (Saadat Nouri, M. & Siah Mansour, 1368). However, in this breed, some animals have black spots on their coat, which leads to a decrease in wool quality. Since MC1R, ASIP, KLF4 and MITF genes play an important role in controlling and determining coat color in mammals, the purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of these genes in two phenotypes of white and black spots in the skin tissue of Lori Bakhtiari sheep. Skin samples were obtained from both white and dark parts of 14 white-coated sheep with black spots and total RNA was extracted. The quality and quantity of extracted RNAs were evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometer. Extracted RNA samples were exposed to DNase1 enzyme digestion to remove the possible contamination of genomic DNA. Also, the quality of synthesized cDNA was evaluated using 1% agarose gel. In this research, in order to amplify a fragment of the studied genes, using the mRNA sequence of these genes in the GenBank database, appropriate primers were designed by Primer3plus software. To evaluate the relative expression of the target genes, β-actin and GAPDH genes were used as reference genes to normalize the data. Finally, BestKeeper and REST 2009 V2.0.13 software were used for the analysis of gene expression data. Based on the descriptive results of Ct values, MC1R and MITF genes revealed minimum and maximum expression stability among the target genes in skin samples with standard deviations of 1.34 and 3.62, respectively. In addition, the reference genes (β-actin and GAPDH) showed the highest stability among all the studied genes. No significant differences were observed in mRNA levels of MC1R, ASIP, KLF4, and MITF genes in the spotted skin tissue compared to the white part of the skin (p>0.05). However, the expression of the ASIP gene was more than 2 times in the spotted part compared to the white skin, but this difference was not significant (p=0.21). In addition, the MC1R gene showed minimum expression differences in black spots and white parts of the skin tissue. In addition, the MITF and MC1R genes showed the highest and lowest levels of expression in skin samples of Lori Bakhtiari breed sheep with average Ct of 25.86 and 30.42, respectively. However, among all the studied genes, the lowest mRNA level was observed for the GAPDH gene with an average Ct of 35.96. Mammalian coat color results from various factors such as the degree and distribution of melanin pigment and the interaction between genotype and environment (B. Li et al., 2018). In addition, melanogenesis is a complex process that includes melanocyte growth, melanosome formation, melanin synthesis, melanin transport, and melanosome release (Ito & Wakamatsu, 2011). According to the conducted studies, a large number of genes are involved in the mechanism of coat color determination, but two genes, MC1R and ASIP, play an essential role in the regulation and control of coat color (Searle, 1968). In our study, no significant difference was observed in the expression of MC1R, ASIP, KFL4, and MITF genes in the spotted compared to the white part of the skin tissue in Lori Bakhtiari sheep. These results showed that the development of skin spots is not under the control of the studied genes in Lori Bakhtiari sheep, and genes or other factors can play roles in the creation of dark spots in this breed.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a highly conserved peptide partner of insulin/IGF signaling proteins that is involved in cell proliferation, growth, and survival primarily by binding to the insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R). The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of IGF2 gene in the back (loin) muscle, humeral muscle, femur (leg) muscle, and back fat tissues of Kermani sheep. After slaughter, tissue samples were taken from three 6-month-old male Kermani sheep lambs. Then total RNA was extracted and after checking its quality and quantity, cDNA was synthesized. Real Time PCR reaction was used to check the relative expression of IGF2 and B-actin genes (internal control gene). Prism and Rotor-Gene Q series software were used to analyze the data obtained from Real Time PCR and calculate the amount of gene expression changes. The results of Real Time PCR curves showed that the IGF2 gene was expressed in all muscle and back fat tissues of Kermani sheep. The highest increase in IGF2 gene expression was related to the back (9.307) and femur (4.569) muscle, respectively. The lowest level of expression was related to back fat tissue (1.124). A significant difference was observed between the back muscle with humeral, back fat and femur muscle tissues (P<0.01). Identifying genes that are related to growth traits and improve meat production, such as the IGF2 gene, is necessary. This study provided a better understanding of IGF2 gene expression in the muscle and back fat tissues.

Sheep wool is a very important raw material for the textile industry. Since fiber diameter is one of the most important economic characteristics of sheep wool, identification of genes regulating this characteristic offers an opportunity to increase productivity and improving product quality and variety of product. various researches have been conducted and various genes have been identified in relation to wool production. Each gene may be involved in different biological pathways, and the identification of these biological pathways and the genes that make up them will create a broader view and a more complete understanding of the complex genetic mechanism of the phenotype of productive traits, which can be achieved through the identification of biological biomarkers. For production traits, it is a useful step toward improving breeding. The data used in this research were downloaded from the GEO database with the access number GSE85844 and were analyzed in order to measure quality and uniformity. In order to identify genes with expression differences, a series of thresholds were considered, which include P-value and Fold Change. String software was used for ontology analysis and Cytoscape software with the cytoHubba plugin was used for network analysis. A total of 702 genes with different expressions were identified, which are involved in 37 biological pathways related to the production of wool follicles. The results of the network analysis identified 11 hub genes that affect wool growth and diameter. These results provide valuable resources for increasing the quality and production of sheep wool.

Several cross breeding experiments have been performed in sheep. These researches have focused mainly on traits of lamb production or meat production. The aim of the present study was to compare the expression of Calpastatin gene in lambs of Arabi and its cross-breed with Romanov. For this purpose, 16 Arabi and hybrid lambs were used in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments and 8 replicates. Hybrid lambs were born from similar ewes which artificially inseminated with Romanove ram sperm by laparoscopy method after estrous synchronization. The lambs were reared after birth in the same conditions and slaughtered at the age of 6 months. Immediately after slaughter, sampling of the muscle portion of longissimus lumborum was performed from the right side of the animal. After extraction of total RNA, its quality and quantity were evaluated and used for cDNA production. Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase gene was used as housekeeping gene to normalize the data. Finally, expression of calpastatin gene was evaluated by Real-time qPCR. SAS and REST software were used for analysis of gene expression data. The results of this study showed that the Calpastatin gene expression was 1.3 times higher in crossbred lambs comparing to Arabi (P˂0.05). These results may confirm that cross-breeding can have a significant effect on calpastatin gene function over the pure group. Further studies should be performed to determine the role of calpastatin in muscle physiology.

Microarray technology is a powerful technique to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously. Microarray data contains many noise sources; therefore, several preprocessing steps are necessary to convert the raw data to achieve accurate analyzing results. Preprocessing of microarray data includes background correction, data normalization, and summarization steps each can be performed by a large variety of methods. However, the relative impact of these methods on the detection of differentially expressed genes remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different methods of preprocessing on the results of differentially expressed gene detection. The used data was downloaded from the NCBI GEO database. The series (GSE) accession number, platform (GPL) accession number, and platform name of the data were GSE56589, GPL18534, and Affymetrix Bovine Genome Array, respectively. Two background correction methods (MAS.5 and RMA.2), two normalization methods (Scaling normalization and Quantile normalization), and two summarization methods (Tukey biweight and Medianpolish) were evaluated. The results showed that the number and types of differentially expressed genes could be mainly affected by background correction and normalization methods, but the summarization method showed a small impact.

Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) synthesized enzymatically in the mitochondrion from octanoic acid. Endogenous levels of α- lipoic acid have been reported in the micro molar range. Alpha-lipoic acid can easily pass through biological membranes due to its high lipophilicity and is converted into dihydro lipoic acid (DHLA) in cells. Alpha-lipoic acid and DHLA have been described as an ideal antioxidant couple, due to their very high protection ability against oxidative stress through multiple pathways. Alpha-lipoic acid and DHLA have metal chelating activity, acts as a coenzyme in glucose metabolism, and can produce other antioxidants such as ascorbate, vitamin E, and glutathione (GST). Alpha-lipoic acid has anti-inflammatory properties and its supplementation to broiler diets improves the expression of inflammation-related genes in the spleen. On the other hand, trivalent chromium has been recognized as an essential trace element for humans and other animals, which is part of the glucose tolerance factor (GTF). Chromium is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Chromium may be present in the diet in the form of inorganic compounds or organic complexes. After absorption, chromium circulates in a free state and binds to transferrin or other plasma proteins (protein β-globulin). Trivalent chromium seems to play a role in the structure and expression of genetic information in animals. Chromium binding to nucleic acids is stronger than other metal ions. Chromium protects RNA against thermal denaturation. It is also clear that chromium is concentrated in the cell nucleus. By binding to chromatin, chromium participates in gene expression and increases the start sites and thus increases RNA synthesis. This increase is due to the induction of protein bound to the nucleus and the activation of nuclear chromatin, as a result, chromium effects gene function. Chromium supplementation has shown a positive effect on immune response of broiler chickens. The aim of this research was to investigate the simultaneous effect of dietary chromium propionate and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the expression of cytokines interleukin 1, 2, 4, and 10, as well as IFN-γ, TNF, and TGF β4 genes in the spleen tissue of broiler chickens.

For this purpose, an experiment was performed with 144 Ross 308 broiler chicks in complete randomized design (CRD) with a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments including six treatments, 3 replicates and 8 chickens in each replicate. There were 6 dietary treatments: three doses of chromium propionate (0, 750 and 1500 μg / kg) combined with two levels of alpha-lipoic acid (0 and 300 mg/kg) supplemented to the basal diets. At the end of the experimental period (42 days old), two chickens from each pen were randomly selected and killed. The sample was taken from the spleen and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C. The quantity and purity of the extracted RNA was checked using a Nanodrop device. In order to confirm the specific amplification of the desired genes in this study using primers, the PCR reaction was first performed. The expression of cytokine profile genes were quantified by quantitative real time PCR. In this way, 28S was used as a house-keeping gene to normalize the gene expression data. To analyze the obtained data, the method of difference in threshold degree changes (∆∆CT) was used. The method of investigating gene expression changes in this research was the 2-ΔΔCT method (comparative threshold) and the ratio of gene expression (28s).

The results of electrophoresis confirmed the expression of genes in the spleen cells of broiler chickens and they appeared as one band on 2% agarose gel. Electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction products showed fragments of 86, 51, 82, and 88bp for interleukin 1, 2, 4, and 10, respectively. No bands were formed on agarose gel for IFN-γ, TNF and TGF β4 genes. The results showed that alpha-lipoic acid at the level of 300 mg/kg significantly decreased interleukin 1 gene expression than the control group (0 mg/kg). Also, supplementing the basal diet with the chromium propionate at the level of 1500 μg/kg significantly increased interleukin 1 and 4 genes expression compared to the control group and the chromium propionate at the level of 750 μg/kg. While the addition of alpha lipoic acid and chromium propionate had no effect on the expression of interleukin 2 and 10 genes.

Adding 300 mg/kg alpha lipoic acid to the diet can improve the immune response by reducing the expression of IL 1 gene in broilers. In addition, the addition of high amounts of chromium propionate (1500 μg) leads to a decrease in immunity (by increasing the expression of IL 1 and 4 genes). While the addition of chromium propionate up to the level of 750 μg/kg does not affect safety. Considering the results, it is recommended to add alpha lipoic acid at the level of 300 mg to the broiler diet. Addition of chromium propionate up to the level of 750 µg is fine if it has beneficial effects on yield and production characteristics.

Based on current knowledge, it has been proven that many edible ingredients in addition to meeting the needs of creatures, in terms of energy and protein, contain compounds that affect cellular actions and intracellular signaling pathways and can temporarily or permanently change the function of the cell. The use of molecular biology tools and genetic research defines the mechanisms through which gene expression is affected by food, and conversely, these genes also affect the absorption of food, metabolism, and excretion. From the point of view of nutrigenomics, dietary nutrients are signals that are received by sensitive cell systems and can affect the expression of genes and proteins and the production of metabolites. Nutritional manipulations and strategies are key tools to influence ruminant production. Fatty acids act on the nucleus by binding to and regulating the activity of specific nuclear receptors or transcription factors, thus playing a central role in regulating the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake by muscle cells. Interactions between diet nutrients and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism have many possibilities regarding the deposition of fatty acids in the tissue. The study of gene expression has enabled clarification of the mode of fatty acid metabolism in muscle and the accumulation of intramuscular fat or marbling and the role of the genes that promote fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial respiration in the liver muscle and adipose tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acids with multiple double bonds (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids with one double bond (MUFA) have received much attention in the last decade, and their health benefits are increasingly evident. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of using calcium salts of fish oil, olive oil, and saturated fat on the expression of some genes related to fat metabolism in Lori Bakhtiari×Romanov fattening lambs.
This study was carried out at the educational research station of the Department of Animal Science of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. 49 male lambs aged four to five months with an average initial weight of 29.97 ± 0.88 kg were divided into seven groups of seven lambs in a completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of seven treatments with a basic diet as follows: 1) Basic diet without fat powder (control), 2 and 3) Basic diet with calcium salt of fish oil (rich in omega-3 fatty acids) in the amount of 2% dry matter of the diet for 90 and 45 days, respectively, 4 and 5) Basic diet with calcium salt of olive oil (rich in omega-9 fatty acids) at the rate of 2% dry matter of the diet for 90 and 45 days, respectively, 6 and 7) Basic diet with saturated fat powder in the amount of 2% dry matter of the diet for 90 and 45 days, respectively. Rations were adjusted based on the NRC Sheep and Goat and using the fifth version of CNCPS (The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System) software so that they are the same in terms of energy and protein. Twenty-eight lambs were slaughtered and a liver sample was taken for nutrigenomics studies. Total RNA was extracted from liver tissue samples using the RNA extraction kit produced by Dena Bio Asia Company (Mashhad) and according to the protocol provided with the kit. The expression of four main genes involved in lipid metabolism in liver tissue was investigated to provide comprehensive information on the effects of omega-3, omega-9 fatty acids, and saturated fat at the molecular level.
The results showed that feeding with calcium salts of fish oil, olive oil, and saturated fat, both in the whole 90 days or the last 45 days of the fattening period, had no significant effect on the expression of FADS1 and FADS2 genes in liver tissue compared to the control group. However, the use of calcium salts of fish and olive oils in periods of 90 and 45 days significantly increased the hepatic mRNA expression of the CPT1 gene (P=0.001) and ACOX1 gene mRNA expression in liver tissue compared to control and saturated fat treatments (P=0.002). The CPT1 enzyme is responsible for a mitochondrial transport system and plays a key role in controlling the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and stimulating mitochondrial β-oxidation.
The results of this study showed that diet supplementation with calcium salts of fish and olive unsaturated fatty acids, regardless of the period of consumption, increased the expression of genes involved in the lipolysis of liver tissue fats of lambs.

In the poultry industry, the heat stress caused by high environmental temperature has a negative influence on broiler chicken performance and has become a major challenge. Transcriptome profile analysis of the data and identification of patterns of differential gene expression in related tissues can be involved in the discovery of molecular mechanisms resistant to heat stress. The main purpose of this study was to use transcriptome profiles of three tissues brain, liver, and leg muscle of two groups of the control and heat stress broiler chickens to identify candidate genes associated with heat stress. By the analysis of microarray data to express the gene differences, 657 significant genes (P<0.05) were extracted, which a total of 94 genes showed significant expression differences (FDR < 0.05, Fold change > ± 2). Then, by studying the ontology of the relevant genes resulting from data analysis and literature mining as well as the reconstructed protein-protein interaction network, hub genes including NSDHL, DHCR24, LSS, FDPS, PCK1, ACTA1, HSP90AA1, HSPA2, HSPB1, HSF1, CRYAB, APOB, and IL6 were identified. Annotation results of these genes indicated that they have a role in the main process of metabolic and signaling pathways related to the ion transport system, steroid, antibodies, cholesterol biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, immune system function, and various signaling pathways such as MAP kinase, RET, and ERK. Overall, the present study can provide new insights into evidence of the pathways activated by these genes to identify effective genes and a better understanding of biological processes related to heat stress.

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of dietary Mg on reproduction performance and expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 genes in the placenta. 50 cows in each treatments, from 3 weeks to calving were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments. Treatments included control treatment (magnesium at the level of NRC recommendations), magnesium sulfate, magnesium carbonate and magnesium oxide treatments (magnesium 0.6% of DM). Placenta samples were taken after calving and mRNA expression were investigated. Blood samples were collected pre and postpartum and plasma metabolites were measured. Relative mRNA expression of MMP-9 in magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate treatments was higher and the percent of retained placenta in this treatments was lower than control group. Experimental treatments had no significant effect on the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2. Experimental diets had no effect on uterine involution score, first estrus and AI/conception. Treatments improved plasma Mg and insulin concentrations and reduced NEFA significantly. Magnesium oxide treatment improved pregnancy at first AI and pregnancy by 210 days postpartum. Cows in the experimental diets had fewer open days than the control group. The results showed that increasing dietary Mg compared to NRC (2001) recommendations could reduce retained placenta and improve fertility.

Due to the increasing use of next generation sequencing (NGS), it is necessary to use specialized algorithms and software to perform statistical analysis in order to identify functional genes. Alignment of reads with the reference genome is the first and most important step in most RNA-Seq data analysis programs, and the accuracy of downstream analyzes effectively depends on this step. Therefore, the aim of this research was to compare some different software for aligning the data obtained from total RNA sequencing on the reference genome.

RNA-Seq data related to 54 Holstein dairy cows raised in industrial conditions were used to identify genes effective in fertility. The quality of the reads was determined by FastQC software and editing of low quality sequences was done using Trimmomatic software. The edited data were aligned with bovine reference genome using Bowtie2, Tophat2 and Hisat2 softwares. The total percentage of mapped reads, the percentage of mapped reads on one location in the reference genome, and the percentage of mapped reads on more than one location were calculated.

The results showed that the most alignment was done on the cow reference genome using Tophat2 software. which mapped 94.197% of the From the total available reads, 94.197% and 92.526% were mapped on the reference genome by Tophat2 and Hisat2 software, respectively.  The Hisat2 software had more allocation function and mapped 89.202% of the data to a specific position, while this parameter was 87.812% of the total sequences  for Tophat2 software. From the total used sequences, only 3.324% and 6.385% of the sequences were aligned by Hisat2 and Tophat2 software respectively to more than one position of the reference genome. Bowtie2 software had low performance compared to  other two software.

The comparison of RNA-Seq data alignment software on the reference genome showed that although the Hisat2 swas the best read mapping software  but, Tophat2 software can also be used instead in RNA-seq data analysis. Meanwhile, Bowtie2 software is not very effective in relation to RNA-Seq data.

Phytoestrogens are herbal estrogens with estrogen-like functions and structures. The estrogen hormone has an important role in the process of the synthesis of egg white proteins in the avian oviduct. Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) is a native plant of the middle Asian, southern European, and Mediterranean countries. This plant has numerous uses in traditional medicine and is traditionally used to treat many diseases in women. Previous studies have shown that VAC contains high levels of phytoestrogens. VAC consists of compounds such as vitexin, apigenin, and pendoltin, which are the most active phytoestrogen in VAC fruits. No study has been published so far on the effect of VAC on oviduct markers gene expression (ovalbumin (OVAL) and ovomucoid (OVM)). Hence, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of VAC fruits on gene expression for two oviduct markers OVAL and OVM of laying hens.

A total of 90 leghorns (Hy-Line, W-36) laying hens on the second cycle of production (at 72 to 80 weeks old) were used in a completely randomized design with three treatments, five replicates and six hens per replivate. The treatments were various levels of VAC fruit powder including zero, 1, and 2% levels of VAC fruit powder per kg of diet. After extraction of total RNA, RNA quality was evaluated using Nanodrop and agarose gel electrophoresis and cDNA was synthesized using a Sinaclone kit. Eventually, gene expression was measured by the real-time qPCR method. In this method, 𝜷-actin gene was used as a reference gene to normalize the gene expression data. To confirm the specificity of each primer, its melting curves were examined.

Electrophoresis of the PCR products showed the 60, 133, and 150-bp fragments for OVAL, OVM, and Beta-actin, respectively. Melting peaks analysis on the PCR products for all primers confirmed minimal primer-dimers and primer specificity. The results of the real-time qPCR method indicated that supplementation of VAC fruits powder at levels 1 and 2 to the diet of laying hens has no effect on the expression of OVAL and OVM genes of laying hens in the second production cycle.

Therefore, Adding VAC fruit powder to the diet of laying hens is not expected to increase egg production in laying hens. Therefore, VAC supplementation is not recommended to the diet of laying hens.

Feed is the main cost part of poultry production. High feed efficiency poultry produce less feed and less excrement per unit weight gain. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms that control feed efficiency is crucial for the development of optimal breeding and selection strategies. The serine biosynthesis pathway is one of the most important pathways in animals with high feed efficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH genes by real-time PCR in Iranian native turkeys with high and low feed efficiencies.

Iranian native male turkeys (n=500) were reared up to 20 weeks of age under standard production guidelines. Then 75 turkeys were randomly selected and placed in separate cages with free access to water and feed from 20 to 24 weeks. Turkeys were ranked based on feed conversion ratio (FCR) and three turkeys with the highest and three turkeys with lowest feed efficiency were selected as high feed efficiency (HFE) and low feed efficiency (LFE) birds, respectively. After slaughter of turkeys, RNA was extracted from breast tissue. Quantity and purity of the extracted RNAs were determined using a nanodrop device and its quality was evaluated using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Sequences of PSPH, PHGDH, PSAT1 and RSP7 genes were collected from the NCBI database. The primer was designed using Primer Premier version 5 software. All primers were synthesized by Sinaclon (Iran). In this study, RSP7 gene was used as a reference gene. Then, cDNA synthesis was performed. The best amplification temperature for simultaneous amplification of target and reference genes was determined. Samples were amplified for each gene with 3 replications using real-time PCR reaction. Significance level between treatments for each gene was determined separately using t-test in SAS software version 9.2 (P<0.05).

Results of ultraviolet light absorption measurements at 260 and 280 nm by the nanodrop device showed that the quantity and quality of RNA extracted from the breast muscle samples were of high purity and not contaminated. The range of RNA concentration of the extracted samples was between 480 to 962 ng/μl and the ratio of absorption at 260 and 280 wavelength was about 2.1, which indicates the good quality of the extracted RNAs. The most suitable temperature was selected for specific binding of primers and simultaneous amplification of target genes and temperature control of 58 °C. To investigate and confirm the specificity of replication, melting curves were created to ensure the specificity of the amplified products, the absence of non-specific bands and secondary structures such as hairpin and primer-dimer structures. The results showed that there was only one narrow peak for each gene. The results of studying the expression of serine biosynthesis pathway genes (PSPH, PHGDH and PSAT1) showed that the expression level of these genes in HFE male turkeys was significantly higher than LFE male. Higher expression of PSPH, PHGDH and PSAT1 genes in HFE animals than in LFE animals indicates activation of the serine amino acid biosynthesis pathway, which itself can provide precursors for the Krebs cycle and purine biosynthesis. Glucose is the main source of metabolic energy in the body. When glucose enters the cell, glycolysis begins in the cytoplasm. The pathway of glycolysis and Glutamine catabolism produces an intermediate metabolite called 3-phosphoglycerate, which is gradually catalyzed to serine by PHGDH, PSAT1, and PSPH. Eventually serine is converted to glycine. Activation of this pathway indicates the higher ability of HFE animals to make better use of energy sources such as glucose, which increases protein production in breast muscle tissue and enhances volume and weight of muscle tissue in HFE turkeys.

The results of this study showed that the expression of serine biosynthesis pathway genes (PSPH, PHGDH and PSAT1) was significantly higher in high feed efficiency turkeys than in low feed efficiency turkeys. In fact, these results at the level of molecular biology show that turkeys with higher feed efficiency cultivate better use of energy received from feed. Activation of this pathway increases the biosynthesis of various amino acids and thus increases protein and muscle mass in birds. The results of this study can be a promising window to introduce genes that affect feed efficiency in order to further investigate the population and larger flocks of birds.

This research aimed to investigate the reasons for the difference of gene expression between two subspecies of Holstein and Cholistani cattle and the importance of mitochondrial genes of these two breeds, the genes under study were COX1, COX2, COX3, ND1and ND2, which are involved in essential processes such as energy metabolism, resistance to biological and non-biological stresses, as well as disease resistance. In this study, RNA-Seq data were used, including 40 samples from the University of Wisconsin Dairy Cattle Center (Bos taurus) and 45 Cholistani cows (Bos indicus) of Gujaratpir farm in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. IGB software was used to investigate the level of transcriptome coverage and genetic differences, which included polymorphic, deletion and addition and binding regions. MEGA6 and DnaSPV.5 softwares were also used to determine the location of polymorphic areas as well as to calculate the percentage of different types of transitional and transversional replacements of nucleotides and to align sequences. The results showed that the COX1 gene, with a length of 1542 bp, had the highest level of transcriptome coverage in the mitochondrial genome and the lowest level of transcriptome coverage was related to the ND1 gene. Among mitochondrial genes, the COX1 gene showed the highest deletions and additions, which were higher in Holstein than Cholistani breeds. The number of polymorphic regions in the COX1 locus (19 areas) was higher than other genes. The results also showed that the percentage of transitional substitution is higher than transversional substitution which is the reason for the stability of changes during different generations. Therefore, possible reasons for differences in mtDNA gene expression may be due to differences in deletion and addition processes, transcriptome coverage, and polymorphic regions.

To investigate the effect of fatty liver on insulin resistance in the liver of laying hens, an experiment using 80 laying hens of commercial line strains (w-36) after peak production (age 43 weeks) for eight weeks were performedin a completely randomized design with two treatments. The experimental treatments included control group (no injection) and the estradiol group  (injection of two mg estradiol benzoate per kg body weight). In order to induce fatty liver disease, the injection of 17-beta estradiol started from the third week of experiment (age 46), and was performed three times a week for 21 days. Blood samples were taken to evaluate the concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol and liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase (AST), alanin transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) at the end of the experiment using 20 hens from each treatment. At the end of experiment, five hens of each treatment were selected and sacrificed, then 50 g of liver tissue was removed to study gene expression of insulin receptor (InR), glucose transporter1 (Glut1), sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP1), Ribosomal S6 kinase1 (S6K1), Target of Rapamycin (TOR) and Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1). The results showed that the injection of estradiol induced fatty liver and increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride as well as activity of AST, ALT and ALP.  In hens with fatty liver, expression of FOXO1 (4.1-fold), TOR (3.9-fold), S6K1 (3.3-fold) genes increased, and conversely, expression of InR (4.6-fold), Glut1 (7.5-fold) decreased. In conclusion results of the present study showed that the fatty liver induction in laying hens increased expression of insulin resistance-related genes.

The goal of nutrigenomics is to study nutrients as signals that are received by cellular receptors, which can affect the genome, gene expression and metabolite production. In this research, to investigate the effect of cannabis seed on the fold change of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1-B (CPT1B) expression in Baluchi sheep, 12 five-month-old male lambs were divided into two groups in a completely randomized design. The groups were fed with a control diet without cannabis seed and with a diet containing 10% cannabis seed. After the fattening period of 110 days, samples were taken from the heart, liver, testis, subcutaneous back fat and Longissimus dorsi muscle. Total RNA was extracted for Real Time PCR reaction and measurement of CPT1B gene expression change between groups. The change of CPT1B gene expression in liver tissue was significant between control and treatment groups (P<0.05). The expression of CPT1B gene was 5.74 times higher in liver of lambs treated with Cannabis seed compared with the control group. The CPT1B gene expression in heart, subcutaneous back fat, Longissimus dorsi muscle, and testis decreased by 3.1, 2.36, 2.12 and 2.47 times, respectively compared to control group. Cannabis seeds contain unsaturated fatty acids and these compounds can change the fat metabolism in the liver through the expression of genes such as CPT1B. Therefore, it can be stated that, CPT1B is one of the effective genes in fat metabolism and the addition of cannabis seeds to the diet can have a beneficial effect on the animal's production performance by increasing the activity of the liver tissue.

Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria parasites is one of the most costly diseases in the poultry industry. Understanding how the immune system responds to coccidiosis can be helpful in designing molecular prevention and treatment methods against it. The aim of this study was to identify the important genes involved in the response of chicken’s immune system to infection with Eimeria parasites using microarray data available in public databases.

In the present study, after searching the GEO database, two microarray datasets related to coccidiosis in poultry were selected. After quality control and removal of inappropriate data, significantly up- and down-regulated genes in response to infection with Eimeria were identified using the LIMMA package in the R program. Gene ontology and KEGG pathways analysis were performed using the DAVID program. Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction network of the genes with significant expression level changes was constructed using the Cytoscape program.

The obtained results in this study showed that most of the genes that had a significant increase in expression level were associated with the innate immune system. Significantly down-regulated genes were also involved in metabolic processes. According to the outputs of present study, it seems coccidiosis has the greatest negative effect on metabolic processes, including fat metabolism, due to damage to the poultry intestine. Existing scientific evidences about a significant increase in the expression of MMP1, MMP7 and MMP9 genes revealed that collagen catabolism in coccidiosis is one of the increased cases that can be caused by damage to intestinal tissue. It seems that changing the expression level of genes affecting the metabolism of some nutrients, including fats, is one of the important effects of coccidiosis.

The obtained results of the present study can be useful in better understanding how the poultry's immune system responds to coccidiosis and the observed changes in the expression of some genes can help design treatments for this disease.

Consumable fats in ruminant products are the main source of various conjugated linoleic acid isomers with a wide range of positive effects on human health. Various genetic factors such as race type are considered as one of the effective factors on the effect of different environmental factors on plasma levels, growth, energy distribution between different tissues of the body and the pattern of fatty acids and the chemical composition of the carcass. There are several studies on dairy cows on the role of various dietary factors including fatty acids in their effect on performance and energy metabolism. However, there is not much research on other ruminant species, including Iranian sheep, and comparisons between tail and tail tails in response to different dietary energy sources. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of high-energy diets rich in carbohydrates or protected fat sources on performance, expression of TNF-α gene and some blood metabolite in male lambs of Taleshi and Zel.

This study was performed in an experimental period of 116 days (14 days of habituation and 102 days of sampling). At the end of the habituation period before breakfast, the animals were weighed and kept individually (6 lambs of Taleshi breed and 6 lambs of Zel breed for each treatment). Control diet (fat-free diet), diet containing 4% saturated fat supplement rich in stearic acid and diet containing 4% unsaturated fat supplement Protected apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, fat Crude, crude protein and insoluble fibers in neutral detergent and insoluble fibers in acidic detergent were measured by the recommended method. The amount of dry matter consumed was measured by taking into account the amount of dry matter remaining in the manger (post-manger) and the amount of dry matter in the diet.

The highest amount of feed consumed at the end of the period belonged to Zell and Talshi periods consuming feed containing stearic saturated fatty acid. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF and ADF was affected by the effect of fat, but the effect of race and the interaction of race and type of fat did not affect their digestibility. The interaction effect of race and fat on the digestibility of crude protein and ether extract was significant (p <0.05). Crude protein digestibility was not affected by fat type. The highest crude protein digestibility was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Taleshi breed and the lowest amount was observed in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat of Zell. The highest digestibility of ether extract was observed in the treatment of Taleshi protected unsaturated fat (p <0.05). The expression of TNF-α gene was higher in the subcutaneous fat of the protected lambs of the unsaturated treatment (p <0.05). Also, TNF-α gene expression was higher in tail fat and tail fat samples of talus lambs with protective unsaturated treatment and less stearic acid treatment in Zell lambs than other treatments (p <0.05).

In general, it can be concluded that the addition of fat supplement in the diet of Taleshi and Zel lambs improves blood parameters and increases the immune system according to the expression of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene (TNF-α) and thus improves Due to the fact that the best results were obtained in the treatment of protected unsaturated fat supplement, the use of this fat supplement at the level of 4% in the feeding of fattening lambs of Taleshi and Zel breeds is recommended.

Baluchi sheep is one of the best wool breeds in Iran, it is well-known as high tolerance breed against dry weather and lack of forage. In this study, the effects of supplementing diet with cannabis seed on NPY gene expression in heart, liver testis, back fat and longissimus muscle tissues in Baluchi sheep were investigated. NPY is one of the most important genes involved in regulating appetite and energy balance and its most notable effect is stimulating feed intake.

12 Baluchi male lambs were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was fed a control diet containing 14 percent crude protein and the second group was fed a diet containing 14 percent crude protein and supplemented with 10 percent Cannabis seed. At the end of the 110 days fattening period, the animals were slaughtered and tissue samples were collected and properly frozen for RNA extraction. Total RNA was extracted from tissues and cDNA was constructed following RNA quality and quantity control. In order to approve cDNA synthesis, PCR reaction was used to amplify a fragment of β-actin control gene with a length of 112 bp. Real Time PCR was performed to evaluate NPY gene expression. Gene expression data were analyzed by REST software.

The outcomes of statistical analysis indicated that the fold change of NPY gene expression between control and treatment group was significant for liver and back fat tissues (p<0.05).  Moreover, we found that NPY gene expression was 9.82 and 1.03 times higher in liver and heart of the lambs treated with Cannabis seed compared with the control group, respectively. In back fat, longissimus muscle and testis gene expression levels decreased 6.46, 2.73 and 1.18 times between treatment and control groups, respectively.

 It may be concluded that addition of Cannabis seed to the diet affects the lamb fattening performance through the increased liver tissue activity and modifying fat tissue metabolism. Due to the fact that the NPY gene is associated with the regulation of appetite and energy balance, the effects of cannabis on the production capacity of lambs through molecular mechanisms can play a significant biological role in liver tissue.

The advent of the new generation of transcriptome sequencing has helped to improve the overall accuracy of different gene expression predictions using short RNA-Seq sequences. This technology can provide a more comprehensive view of functional genomics in many species with a unique gene sequence. The aim of this study was to investigate the structural reasons for different expression of mitochondrial genes in two subspecies of Holstein and Cholistani cattle, including ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5 and ND6 genes, which are involved in important processes such as energy metabolism against stress. Biological and non-biological as well as disease resistance are involved.

In this study, RNA-Seq data were used to integrate 40 samples from the University of Wisconsin Dairy Cattle Center (Bos taurus) and 45 Christian cows (Bos indicus) at the Gujaratpir farm in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. IGB, MEGA6 and DnaSPV.5 software were used to investigate the level of transcriptome coverage and genetic differences among the five mitochondrial genes, which included polymorphic regions, deletion and addition regions, binding regions and the percentage of transitional and transversional nucleotide substitutions.

The highest deletion region and length in all studied genes was related to Holstein genome and the highest length and binding region was related to Cholistani cattle. The highest number of deletions in Holstein and Cleistani cows were related to ND4 gene with 74 and 66 points, respectively, and the lowest deletions were related to ND4L with 9 and 4 deletion sites, respectively. The ND4 and ND4L genes had no binding regions, but the ND5 and ND6 genes in the Holstein and Cleistian breeds with 1 and 2 binding regions increased the genome by 11 and 22 bp, respectively. The highest level of transcriptome coverage was observed in ND3 and ND4 genes and the lowest level was observed in ND6 gene locus. The number of polymorphic regions in ND5 locus was more than other genes and equal to 38 polymorphic regions. The results also showed that the percentage of transitional substitution in bases is higher than transversional substitution which can be the reason for the stability of changes during evolution. Therefore, some of the structural reasons for mitochondrial genes that were expressed differently in both Holstein and Cholistani subspecies could be related to deletion and addition, polymorphic regions, transcriptome coverage level, and type and amount of transitional and intersecting substitutions during the evolution of the two subspecies.

Intense selection for milk production in Holstein cows compared to the Cholistani breed has led to a reduction in the length of the mitochondrial genome and changes in the nucleotide structure of some mitochondrial genes, resulting in altered gene expression and different responses to different environmental conditions.