جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « environment » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

One problem of kindergartens in Iran is the lack of attention to the design of space based on the principles of aesthetics and nurturing creativity, and not giving priority to designing the educational spaces in compliance with design standards, which unfortunately leads to creating environments unsuitable for children's needs. The ongoing study is qualitatively oriented, focusing on outcomes, primary goals, and responses to inquiries. Consequently, analytical, perceptual, and categorized depictions emerged from the gathered data. The data collection approach is descriptive and library-based. This current research is practical in its objectives and qualitative in data nature. Information gathering is library-centric. The research follows a descriptive-analytical methodology.Children learn through interaction with the physical and social environment. Architecture is a part of the education program, and educational-formal architecture is a building whose order and planning are derived from an educational approach that involves spaces for themselves and in education. Because of its interdisciplinary nature, architecture incorporates topics like cognitive science that can assist us in reaching these objectives. In the educational approach, indoor spaces act as a coach. Order, structure, and transparency are the characteristics of spaces. Surveys show that the presented aesthetic diversity provides the conditions for learning with all senses, and, as a result, every child in educational spaces sees their work as documentation or displayed images.  The category of environment in general, as well as environmental causes in particular, are among those that are important in terms of their influence and role on the child's behavior and psyche. The environment, as the basis of the child's activity and life, and the impact of the environmental conditions on the child is unavoidable. However, the importance of this matter, which is often forgotten amid modern life, construction, and industrialization, is the neglect of the impact of the environment on children's psyche and habits, which causes anxiety and worry in many cases. Due to its interdisciplinarity, the architecture industry uses categories such as cognitive sciences, social sciences, humanities, and art in its content. Ultimately, not only the final result of design but also the process of design and architecture should be studied and researched. The distance between the hidden space, as the intellectual and ideal environment of the designer, and the current environment, as the space that is built and used, is very different. If the ideal space is transformed into a physical structure, the social, cultural, and psychological well-being of the space's users must be carefully considered. Objectivity and introspection in design, the impact of the physical environment on children's creativity, and leveraging these connections are crucial focal points. Regrettably, the mindset of constructing for the sake of construction without regard for life neglects these vital considerations. Hence, research in this domain is crucial and indispensable.  To address these inquiries, "How can the architectural environment and the physical body be molded according to the needs and traits that impact the development and creativity of children to maximize their flourishing?" Additionally, "How does architectural space influence the sense of belonging and creative thinking in children?"; Drawing on concepts from figures such as Eric Berne's "Reciprocal Behavior Analysis" and Piaget's "Child Psychology" can be highly beneficial. In the following, we will discuss the questions of this research: "Which factors in the interior design of the kindergarten space can lead to the promotion of imagination, play, and curiosity of the child? "By responding to these questions, the goal is to create environments that foster children's development by leveraging the potential of the surroundings to encourage creativity.The research has been compiled using an analytical-descriptive method and library techniques, with explanations and organization provided. Case examples have been included to aid in understanding the topic. The researcher's goals have included focusing on works to facilitate comprehension, as well as conducting case studies and analysis.

In encountering the environment, sensory perception is an innate precursor in constructing meaning, with climatic parameters being among its most crucial elements. Iranian traditional architecture, especially bazaar architecture, embodies a visual and sensory type of architecture that engages all human sensory stimuli through a process of sensory awareness and understanding, remarkably influencing the audience under the environment's impact. Typically, historical bazaar architecture in Iran is designed and constructed considering the regulation of environmental conditions. Particularly, incorporating compatible designs and utilizing indigenous materials against local climatic indicators can enhance sensory perception as a vital element in human-environment interaction and a prominent characteristic of this vernacular architecture. Iranian historical bazaar architecture draws inspiration from its people's history and culture and now serves as a multidimensional representation of this culture. This research aims to investigate the relationship between sensory perception and climatic parameters as a human experience of the environment in Iranian historical bazaar architecture, aiming to evaluate the connection between environmental features and individuals' sensory experience in these spaces, providing a better understanding of the impact of location's climatic conditions on users' experience in Iranian historical bazaar architecture. The current study employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods, with the main research framework being descriptive-analytical. Moreover, data collection is conducted through documentary studies from library sources and fieldwork using questionnaire surveys and analysis using a combined model of "DEMATEL" and "ANP", along with software such as "SPSS", and "SUPER DECISIONS." The research findings indicate that variables such as "creating connections," "forms", "creating diversity in customer experience" and "access routes", are among the most prominent variables interacting with interpretations in Iranian historical bazaar architecture. The final research result also suggests four variables: "access routes," "ease of movement", "interactive spaces", and "navigable architecture (Iranian)", in presenting variables of "paths and ways", focusing on interaction with interpretations of Iranian historical bazaar architecture due to sensory perception and climatic parameters. Thus, sensory perception in Iranian historical bazaar architecture is the result of the mutual influence and interaction between climatic parameters, shaping the psychological experience of the environment.

Problem statement:

 One of the main components of mental health is emotion. Emotions are constructed concepts that the human brain creates by giving meaning to its perceptions of the body and the surrounding environment in the process of simulating and predicting them. The way the environment is experienced affects the emotions of the person experiencing it. Environmental information is obtained through perceptual processes. Perception can be approached in two ways: by paying attention to the environment and trying to explore it, or by being present in the environment without paying attention. If a human being actively experiences the environment as an embodied subject, this experience leads to an increase in their awareness. This article aims to investigate how an embodied subject can be active in the environment in a way that leads to an increase in the emotional awareness of the person experiencing it. With the increase in emotional awareness of the individual, a new emotion is added to their emotional granularity, and in this process, the individual’s mental health also increases.

This article aims to fill a theoretical gap in the field of the relationship between environment and emotions, with an emphasis on increasing mental health. The research question is: How does the way a human being experiences the environment as an embodied subject relate to their emotional awareness and the increase in their mental health?

This article, with a qualitative research strategy and an interpretative approach, attempts to determine the effect of the embodied experience of the environment on the emotional awareness of the person experiencing it by explaining concepts such as emotion, emotional awareness, and embodiment in architecture and their relationship to each other.

If, during the experience of the environment, something new happens and creates distinction and attracts the attention of the person experiencing it, and in other words, an error in the prediction process occurs in the perception process, and if this new experience contains emotional meanings, it leads to the creation of a new emotion in the brain of the person experiencing it and its addition to their emotional granularity, which increases their emotional awareness and subsequently their mental health.

Along with the trend of population growth and the expansion of cities, we observe an increase in the environmental problem of pollution of biological resources, including air, which is mainly caused by fossil fuels in vehicles with low efficiency, on a daily basis. A large part of the air pollution in large cities like Tehran is a result of the extensive personal vehicles usage by the citizens, which leads to the formation of subsequent problems such as urban traffic and parking room problems. In addition, air pollution causes the closure of educational centers and even public offices every year, which brings significant problems for the country. Based on these factors, it is argued that the design and establishment of urban infrastructure is essential for alternative transportation methods (such as two-wheeled  individual transportation, as in: electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric motorcycles, segways, etc.), in addition to fast mobility and quick and easy access, will causes a reduction in traffic and fossil fuel consumption, and consequently, result in air pollution reduction, which is the basis for solving some of the environmental problems of a metropolitan city such as Tehran. Obviously, adopting this alternative approach requires the necessary infrastructure, including a charging station. In this research-design project, research is focused on designing an "urban charging station for individual two-wheeled vehicles".

A set of factors and qualities are formed by the surrounding environment of the wall painting, and the visual quality plays a significant role in creating it. The mural is an integral component of the surroundings. Therefore, it must be compatible with it; In such a way that the materials and technologies used in the work along with the shape and concept of the work create a direct relationship with the visual factors and quality created by the surrounding environment. The creation of wall paintings involves three factors: audience, architecture, and environment. Among these factors, the environment plays an essential role in creating a wall effect; Because the most important distinguishing feature of wall painting from other types is its formation under the influence of the conditions and features of the environment. The environment surrounding the work, as a visual collection, includes various factors and qualities that are directly or indirectly related to the wall work work, and it seems necessary to know them. The objective of this research is to explore the relationship between wall painting and the visual qualities of the environment. To enhance and enhance the quality level of wall paintings in the urban landscape, it is important to explain the effects of the visual qualities of the environment. The descriptive-analytical method and library information collection method were used in the current research. The results obtained from the present study indicate that evaluating the visual qualities of the surrounding environment not only helps the artist to understand the potential in the surrounding space, but also helps the artist in creating. By strengthening them, this type of evaluation leads to the creation of wall paintings that are more desirable.

Chabahar city, in recent decades, with many problems and issues such as environmental pollution, reduction of ecological power, environmental issues, increasing burden on the environment, increasing the formation of informal settlements (more than 50 thousand people ), and... has been faced that has affected the environmental sustainability of the city. In this regard, this research was conducted with the aim of providing a spatial policy framework to improve the level of sustainability of the urban environment (study example: Chabahar). First, library studies were conducted in order to know the theoretical literature related to environmental sustainability, and according to the collected information, the dimensions were identified and a framework was presented according to the situation of Chabahar city. The environment in Chabahar city includes dimensions: green infrastructure planning; protection of biological diversity; urban design sensitive to water; urban agriculture and green roof; Resilience against natural disasters and access to nature. This framework is presented as a comprehensive approach to improve the level of sustainability in the urban environment. The implementation of such policies is beneficial for Chabahar city and can also serve as a model for other rapidly urbanizing areas and contribute to a more sustainable and resilient urban future. It should be noted that in order to apply the spatial policy framework in Chabahar, cooperation between government agencies, urban planners, environmentalists and the local community is necessary.

The traditional architecture of Kashan poses unique features in various aspects, one of which is the use of local materials. Due to the increasing importance of the debate on sustainability and the significant impact of materials on building sustainability, the role of local materials in the environmental sustainability of traditional buildings was investigated in this research. In this regard, first, by studying available references, the indicators showing the environmental impact of materials in different stages of their life cycle, including extraction and production, transportation and storage, construction, operation, demolition, and recycling were collected. Then, through field studies in the historical context of Kashan and library studies, the local building materials were identified and evaluated by the above indicators. Evaluation of each indicator was done with a different method such as collecting numerical data, qualitative analysis, or developing a questionnaire. Finally, based on data analysis using the Likert scale, materials were rated on a 1-5 scale for each indicator in order to perform a qualitative comparison between materials from the point of view of compliance with environmental sustainability indicators. The results of this research show that among the studied materials, including mud, stone, gypsum, lime, plant materials, and metals, mud is the most sustainable material with a score of 83 out of 85, and metals are the least sustainable with a score of 37 out of 85. Examination of existing analyses and the scores obtained shows that the most important factor contributing to the low score of metals is its complex manufacturing process and the need to go through processing stages in the factory, unlike soil, which requires the simplest production method without complex processes for preparation.

Today, cities are suffering from serious problems and damages in various fields, especially environmental challenges. The concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between the growth of services and urban infrastructure, especially in developing countries, urban areas in terms of environmental sustainability criteria and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, Hearing, visual, sewage and garbage disposal problems, sanitary water supply, etc. have faced. The continuation of such damage, especially with the form and function it has in developing countries including Iran, is a crisis and a warning about environmental instability, especially in big cities. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the components of environmental security in Tabriz city. Because the environment is one of the most important parts in the planning process of urban development, therefore it is inevitable to pay attention to it in policies and planning. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done by field and questionnaire, and one-sample t-test, step-by-step regression, Swara and one-way variance tests were used for data analysis. The research results show; the average value of environmental security with a sample T-Tech test: for soil quality index 2.69, water quality 2.32, air quality 1.91, urban management 2.67, infrastructure 2.42 and culture and awareness of citizens 2. The average level of environmental security of the entire city of Tabriz is 2.43 (lower than the base limit of 2.5), which shows that the city of Tabriz is in a state of ecological tension in terms of environmental security. Also, the results of one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures show a significant difference in the security of livability among the components. There is a significant difference between six indicators from the set of scores, which means that in the current situation, about 917.9% of the total variance or difference in environmental security components is related to the group difference or the difference between the six components, so that the soil quality component has the most and the air quality component has the least effect on the environmental security of Tabriz city.

One of humanity’s most critical problems today is the massive waste caused by the textile industry and clothing design. Among the measures producers and designers take to reduce pollution, we can mention choosing raw or recyclable natural materials. Fabric waste can negatively affect the textile industry, increasing production costs and reducing companies’ profitability. In general, textile waste management is one of the critical issues in the environment and sustainable development, which requires new methods and appropriate recycling to ensure environmental protection and create a sustainable industry. In this research, I want to examine the impact of waste on the environment and sustainable development and compare pre-consumer and post-consumer waste. The method in this research is analytical-descriptive, and the data collector tries to answer the question using library resources. How do pre-consumer and post-consumer waste affect the environment and sustainable development? This research shows the impact of fabric waste on the environment and sustainable development, and the excessive use of disposable fabrics and their non-recycling creates serious environmental problems. Using post-consumer fabrics and their recycling can reduce the amount of waste and improve the environment and sustainable development. Also, in this research, by comparing pre-use and post-use waste, paying attention to the positive effects of using post-use fabrics, it is better to reduce the use of pre-use fabrics, considering that it has more recycling capabilities and is also created due to the steps before production. It is better for the environment than post-consumer waste. However, both types of waste require proper management and recycling to help preserve the environment.

The environment has been endangered and subjected to destruction in the modern life for various reasons, including the creation of industrial factories and its consequent air pollution, the increased amount of plastic and destructive waste, the felling of trees, the pollution of wetlands with chemical waste from factories and many events that have incredibly resulted from urban civilization. Obviously, destruction of the environment results in the destruction of all living things on Earth, including human beings. For this reason, there is an urgent need to raise people’s awareness about environmental protection through various methods and ideas along with the modern society development. In this regard, recycled art has presented its projects throughout the world from the beginning with the aim of environmental protection with a variety of disposable materials. Considering the importance of environmental goals and based on the responsibility they felt to protect the environment, contemporary artists presented works to the society that were gradually introduced to the world as recycled art. This art, which creates its works from waste and disposable materials, has pursues such a goal, and it is related to both environmental protection and the category of art and works of art. As an art mainly concerned about environmental protection, it has introduced itself to the society during and before the contemporary era. Recycled art is a reminder to humans, especially the producers of industries that disposed materials can be returned to the cycle of nature, and it is emphasized that recycling art in typography works remind the unfavourable environmental condition and prevent some overconsumption in the daily life of humans. This requires human’s knowledge about environmental protection more than ever before. The long history of recycling art indicates the importance of protecting the environment at different stages of human life throughout history, and raising public’s awareness of the history of recycling art can help them to understand these works and their environmental goals, better; and more importantly shows the originality of this art and its environmental goals. In this regard, artists and even humans who subconsciously spent their daily lives passing on the use of recyclable and disposable materials to future generations have a share in this great mission. Therefore, recycling art plays an influential role in society and the contribution of this art to the design and implementation of typographic works with the aim of protecting the environment is the focus of this study. This study provides a comprehensive definition of recycling art and describes the background of this art in ancient societies and times as well as the use of it during different years in different styles and its combination with artistic techniques, with a focus on the goal of environmental protection. This study defines typography as one of the graphic design-related arts used in various works of art and graphic design, both for advertising purpose and as a purely artistic painting in front of the audience. It also mentions the background of typography and describes its role in cultural and artistic projects in experiences with these works in various sections of graphic design, including posters, book covers, environmental graphic design, billboards, etc. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between recycling art and typography as an independent work in line with environmental goals. The question it seeks to answer is: "What is the relation between recycling art and typography in environmental protection?" It used a descriptive-analytical research method and collected its required data through literature review and the Internet.Based on to the purpose of the research, it examines a number of typographic works of recycled and disposable materials in the world which, in addition to a high advertising effect on the audience, remind the audience of an environmental message any way. The results of the research indicate that works can be created by combining the recycling art and typography, from disposable materials with a thought-out composition in accordance with the visual principles of graphics to advance the advertising goals. This study examines the implementation of disposable materials in typographic works in order to emphasize the objectives of the research to preserve the environment and to reduce the production of destructive waste and return it to the life cycle. It is hoped that seeing these works and understanding their resemblance to waste and the reuse of disposable materials in a new way by the audience will change the lifestyle of human beings in order to protect the environment more. To use waste in typographic works, we should focus on choosing the material type of the disposable materials as much as we focus on the design of letters. In graphic design, disposable materials are used in typographic works taking into account readability, which is an important principle in relation to the audience, the arrangement of letters and the type of material used, as well as the effort made to maintain the readability of words and have the same type of disposable material to avoid disorder and coordinate with the client’s advertising product. An identical material can contribute to readability, as one of the major goals of the typographic work in front of the audience. However, different disposable materials can sometimes be used together depending on the subject and type of advertising product. It depends entirely on the graphic designer’s thought as to the selection of the type of material to create a work with an appropriate and harmonious composition in accordance with the goals of the client and to attract the audience. To examine the recycling typography works, we need to consider the role of letter grading. The arrangement of letters according to a regular grading makes it easier to use different materials and provide a better result from the composition of letters. Typographic works made of disposable materials can also be attractive to the audience as they convey the intended purpose of the client to the audience. Investigations into typographic works involve examining disposable and recyclable materials such as fabrics, cardboard, disposable glasses and various types of plastic materials (bottles, plastic bags, plastic bubble wrap, etc.) in the creation of typographic design works. For example, plastic bottles are reused in the design and implementation of decoration, environmental graphic design, painting and sculpture with the goal of environmental protection. This study also deals with the use of these disposable materials in typographic works. Collecting and sorting waste lead to the creation of letters with different disposable materials in static or horizontal shapes, depending on the state or subject of each typographic work. Paying attention to specific colour variations or colour combinations in this type of recycling typography works is also important. Typography with waste and disposable materials as recycling art includes not only fabrics, plastics, etc., but also wasted materials in nature, such as leaves. Leaves in a new composition can create different typographic works. Disposable materials are also used in typographic works with large dimensions in an environmental layout in environmental graphics, an example of which is examined in this study. In general, as shown by the  studied works of art, waste and recycled materials can be used in combination with letters and words in a typographic way in each part of graphic design works such as the design of magazine or book cover, posters and environmental graphic design. It is also possible to think of waste even in making animated graphics and design and present it to the audience using different visual techniques and methods. Recycled materials in typographic works are waste materials that we see during the day without taking notice of them. Reusing them in typographic works is a new and different perspective that will contribute a lot to building the culture of environmental protection in the community. In general, these works, while attractive, encourage people to reuse disposable materials and provide the cultural ground for environmental protection, thereby raise people’s level of environmental knowledge and creating an interest and sense of responsibility to preserve their environment and greater participation in environmental protection.

The implementation of the Yakh Kash village relocation plan was carried out in 2008 due to the flooding of the Golvard dam and the risk of flooding, which had many consequences for the lives of the villagers. The aim of the present research was to investigate and evaluate the consequences of village relocation and the problems of the people of Yakh Kash village in Behshahr city. Library documents and field studies have been used to achieve the desired goal of this research. Also, by using different methods of information gathering, especially observation and interview with 51 households, the opinions and problems of the residents regarding the new village were investigated. Exploratory factor analysis was used for evaluation. . The results of the study indicate that most of the rural households did not do animal husbandry after relocation. The problem of eliminating animal husbandry in Yakh Kash village has caused many problems such as reducing the income sources of the household and increasing the cost of living, which has shown itself as the biggest problems of the villagers after relocation. Also, based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis, non-observance of physical-infrastructural considerations, non-observance of environmental considerations in the construction of a new village, inappropriate social performance of the new settlement, problems related to the economic status of the rural household and inappropriate performance of the new settlements are the most important problems of the villagers from the cultural-psychological dimension. After displacement, they were evaluated to account for 46.52% of the cumulative variance.

Nowadays, the inclusion of natural and biophilic urban elements in all areas of urban planning and design and construction is necessary. Biophilic environments provide plenty of light, natural ventilation and plants and green spaces that we can use in Reconstruction of gardens, hospital spaces, etc. In the ideal case, biophilic urban planning in several scales at the same time (residential, neighborhood, urban) results in a complex set of natural features and from the side The building and the site are moving towards the living area, which in turn leads to the wide urban biophilic design. This is the case that due to the spread of the corona virus and the need for children to use nature, who are city dwellers, who are more interested in They need nature any time and it is very necessary to find creative and effective ways to combine nature with urban environments. Researches conducted in the second half of this century emphasize increasing human awareness of problems and believe that many of these problems are due to lack of communication. Man is born with nature as a child. After studying the research done in this field, it can be concluded that man and nature must have a very close relationship with each other. Therefore, this research aims to extract the indicators of biophilic urbanization through documentary studies and localize and implement these concepts in the design of the studied example (phase 8 of the campus). Tools, objective observations, questionnaire will be evaluated, then it will be used by examining urban design policies to design a child-friendly neighborhood with a biophilic approach.

The quality improvement of the environment to ensure the citizens’ satisfaction with urban planning processes is one of the fundamental development principles. The environment results from activities, concepts and physical characteristics, and the user perception provides an analytical approach to spatial judgment. The importance of responding to the different perceptual levels of the individual by different environmental factors indicates the necessity of investigating the environment quality from the perspective of perceptual experience. Therefore, the crisis of the expansion of environments without experiential usefulness resulting from functionalist approaches causes inefficiencies in meeting needs, which endangers urban life along with damaging behavioral mechanisms. This study aimed to explain the effectiveness of environmental quality on the experiential perception of the residents of two garden cities in Alborz province with the assumption of the existence of a relationship between the environment quality in public spaces and the audience perception to answer the nature of this relationship. The village has controlled traffic, limited services, and enclosed bodies separated from the urban context, but Mehrshahr is equipped with neighborhood services without peripheral restrictions and traffic control, whose space syntax was preserved during joint construction. Two garden cities were compared based on the effects of different contextual features on the users' experience regarding the satisfaction level concerning the aesthetic and physical-spatial components. This descriptive-analytical and mixed study was conducted by the random distribution of questionnaires among the residents, and variables were analyzed with SPSS and hypothesis testing using t-statistics. The results revealed that the perimeter fence and checkered structure of the village ensured the enclosure by creating communities through plant demarcation, and the lack of neighborhood walls and inclusiveness of the passages increased the continuity with the benefit of the corridors of view to the open spaces. The variety of formic houses in Mehrshahr, along with curvilinear design by changing the viewing angle, improved the spatial contrast and the coordination of the volume, façade, use of buildings, visual proportions, and the pedestrian axis satisfied the scale criteria. Personal gardens, natural landscapes, and visual-motor diversity in both collections have created equal aesthetic quality standards. Finally, the main success factors of the perceptual experience were inviting people tired of the boredom of hectic urban life, continuous greenness on the outer wall, enhancing the visual beauty of the neighboring urban texture landscape in the village, and emphasizing the order and geometric schema in Mehrshahr.

The landuse change is one of the most important challenges of urban development in Iran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of agricultural land use change and its impact on sustainable development in Shahriar city.

This descriptive-analytical research methodology is selected for the investigation during 1996 to 2016. The trends of changes in Shahriar city are studied and analyzed and radiometric correction is performed by using ENVI software. A questionnaire technic was used to assess the effects of landuse change on sustainable development.

Based on the results during the study period (1996 to 2016), the residential use increased annually with the growth rate of 117 hectares per year. Also, the use of garden and agricultural lands is increasing at an average rate of 200 and 37 hectares per year, respectively. Agricultural lands first experienced a decreasing trend (8%), then increased again (16.7%) and the result was an incremental study period (8.7%). Barren lands also have a 30% reduction rate in the region.

The outcomes emphasize on the importance and significant impact of agricultural and horticultural land use change on the components of sustainable development and well show that land use change has negative economic, social, environmental and spatial physical effects for sustainable development.

Identifying effective factors and indicators in the office buildings smartizing based on internet of things in order to provide a research model for communications and energy management.

To extract the initial variables, the library studies method was used and then the fuzzy Delphi method was used to present the qualitative model. To validate the proposed qualitative model, the confirmatory factor analysis method with structural equations and SmartPls software were used.

Identification of 7 factors and 32 influential indicators in the buildings Smartizing based on internet of things ecosystem is the extent of impact and prioritization of factors and provide a model for them.

It was found that legal and governmental factors, economic and social factors have the greatest impact and safety and security, communication have the highest priority on the intelligence of office buildings based on the Internet of Things ecosystem and it was suggested in office buildings to increase building security, building supervision and management Remotely create the necessary infrastructure to connect the building to law enforcement agencies and security companies and the central building portal via the Internet.

Today's human is facing many cultural, social, and environmental crises. Each of these crises can be investigated from different perspectives and opinions. One of the essential factors in creating these crises in architecture and urban planning has emerged due to the undesirable human dwelling on the planet, which has been discussed under the general concept of "dwelling crisis". The beginning of human dwelling can be seen as primitive people settling in caves and trying to meet several needs, such as security and environmental comfort. However, as long as the human presence on the earth has passed in different ages, the dwelling has become more complex and extensive. In different civilizations, the dwelling has undergone many changes in terms of concept and has become more complicated. The unbreakable, strong relationship between the dwelling and concepts such as place, space, and environment has made architecture one of the essential fields in defining the concept of dwelling. The concept of dwelling consists of different aspects, such as physical dwelling, mental dwelling, and imaginary dwelling. Considering the philosophical aspects of dwelling to achieve a deep understanding of the dwelling is crucial given the correspondent relationship of these levels with humans and the environment. Looking through Western philosophy, many philosophers and experts have expressed their opinions and thoughts about dwelling directly and indirectly. Therefore, accurate knowledge and understanding of the concept of dwelling and its influential components, including physical, mental, and psychological factors, is crucial in improving the quality of human life. To this end, this research aims to compare and categorize the perspectives of a selected number of experts in terms of the dwelling concept; it then provides a conceptual framework for a better understanding of the components of dwelling in architecture from the perspective of experts in this field. Looking through Western philosophy, one can find few philosophers equal to Martin Heidegger, who directly expressed his thoughts about dwelling. Also, Christian Norberg Schultz has generally reflected Heidegger's insights in architecture, emphasizing his thoughts' importance in understanding the concept of dwelling. Thus, based on the thoughts of the mentioned philosopher and those of several prominent contemporary architects, this study will seek to understand the components of the dwelling. The current research was conducted using a qualitative method and logical reasoning strategy. First, information has been collected through library and document studies based on selected experts' perspectives (Martin Heidegger, Christian Norberg Schultz, Amos Rapoport, Richard Rogers, Christopher Alexander, Charles Jenks, Robert Venturi). By focusing on the native dwelling, Amos Rapoport has written explicitly about the dwelling and proposed solutions to achieve the ideal settlement in the contemporary period. Richard Rogers has explained sustainable dwelling on the planet by proposing architecture and urban planning compatible with nature through clean energies. While criticizing modern architecture and urbanism, Christopher Alexander has found the timeless way of building in a non-linear and non-tree dwelling. Charles Jenks has been the representative of Postmodernism in architecture and compared the architecture influenced by the role of people and their characteristics with elitist architecture in achieving an ideal settlement. Along with Charles Jenks, Robert Venturi has also explained the ideal settlement in the context of Postmodernist Architecture with features such as contrast and complexity and bringing back the decorations to Postmodernist Architecture. Through a qualitative content analysis, the components of the dwelling were then extracted from the perspective of the experts; based on logical reasoning, perspective comparisons, and categorizing the extracted components, a conceptual model of the dwelling was also presented. In this research, fifty-four essential dwelling components were extracted based on the perspective of experts; these components were then compared and categorized into six main groups. These perspectives are placed in a range of topics from "conceptual/ theoretical" to "physical/ practical," They show that the levels of dwelling begin with quantitative and objective needs and finally end with reflecting the most transcendental needs representing the qualitative themes. All these components have a complex and unbreakable relationship and are steps that, without each other, cannot become the basis for the transcendence of human settlement; therefore, the more aspects of these components are considered together in the design process, the higher the quality of architectural design and human dwelling.

According to landscape definition, interaction is a key concept in landscape formation. Using strategies to increase the influence of the interaction elements (humans and the environment) in shaping and communicating with the landscape is an emerging concern that can be a major part of technology implementation in recent times. The interactive landscape is a different step towards strengthening the relationship between humans and places in a more purposeful approach. As a result, this article attempts to more precisely identify the interaction, as well as the characteristics and features that effectively improve the relationship between humans and the environment. In this regard, the environment and the occurrence of interaction, and the characteristics that affect it, are identified on the one hand, and human beings and human characteristics that affect the two-way relationship with the environment are identified on the other hand. The current study aims to answer the following question: What environmental and human characteristics are efficient in enhancing human interaction with the environment and forming an interactive landscape? This study aims to develop people’s relationships with the environment and strengthen the landscape’s interactive aspect. This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to first investigate the concept of interaction and then analyze it to determine the effective indicators of interaction occurrence. Then, taking into account the importance of humans and the environment in the concept of landscape, it identifies environmental and human components that affect the strengthening of effective characteristics on the occurrence of interaction in the landscape by analyzing the contents based on human nature and the environment. This research suggests that to enhance the occurrence of interaction between humans and the environment, characteristics such as two-way relationships, activeness, variability, responsiveness, effectiveness, and affectedness need to be taken into consideration. Furthermore, the conditions of occurrence of interaction with the environment can be strengthened by using human and environmental characteristics based on their natures.

Security is one of the main necessities of every society. From early Prehistoric cave-dwellers to medieval and modern cities, the organization of settlements has always tended to provide security as major human needs. Two different approaches is used in describing the concept of security; first, security in its objective form which in this dissertation tries to research about it, and it refers to maintenance of people life and property, it is related to crime prevention. In second approach, security refers to subjective concept. The hypothesis of this research is based on this issue that with using results of current researches in the field of relationship between environment and human behavior, it could be possible to formulate a model for crime prevention and improvement of security in building complexes. Universal approach of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), is used as fundamental theory of this article. It is a different approach to preventing crime and can be said that the design and re-design of an environment may reduce crime opportunity. Four factors in this approach including surveillance, accessibility control, territoriality and image is used as important physical factors in security of residential complexes. Qualitative and quantitative approaches are used in two different parts of this research. In first part, qualitative approach is used for reviewing literature by context analysis and then with interpretation approach and comparative analysis method, this part of research tries to investigate the environmental factors in security of residential complexes. In second part, quantitative method is used for identification of physical elements which affects security in residential complexes of Hamedan. This step results in formulating a model by using interviews and questionnaires. For analyzing the conceptual model, the study used structured equity model by questionnaires in Likert scale answers. The results of analysis are interpreted by descriptive-analytic method. The results show that some physical elements are working through social elements and then affect security. The results of this article shows that some of physical features which are  important in  security issue, such as lighting, opening , body form, and  green space are related to building complexes’ security. The results show that there is not any significant relationship between fence and gate and security of studied samples. Investigation about research findings shows that the physical features of fences and gates and behavioral habits of people as a cultural factor, are of the most important reasons of fading of fences and gates roles in securitization of Hamedan residential complexes. The results show the importance of residential complex periphery context in relation to complex security regarding the existence or the lack of appropriate physical context and the type of adjacent land-uses. The results introduce three level of major, median and minor in relation to building complexes security. City region, situation of building complexes in city and cultural factors are addressed in major level of security researches in building complexes. Urban fabric in median level and physical elements and environmental elements in minor level are addressed in security researches in building complexes.