جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Neighborhood » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

One of the prominent characteristics of Iranian architecture is the simultaneous presence of three types of open, semi-open and closed spaces. After the 1940s, due to the civility crisis, the dignity of the house was reduced to the lowest functional level. The loss of semi-open spaces such as a veranda or a spring was affected by this crisis. After that, an element called the balcony replaced these spaces, which today has become a problem for the facade of the building and the appearance of the city due to the lack of privacy, the appearance of a mistake in the interior space of the building, the unsuitable climatic location, and the small area and lack of practicalityThe facade, as the external shell of the building, is one of the important and effective elements on the aesthetics of the urban view. One of the main elements of the facade is the balcony, which has become the cause of visual confusion in neighborhoods and cities today. The purpose of this research is to observe how the residents use the balcony and how it affects the landscape of the neighborhood. This research is of qualitative-interpretive type, research strategy, case study and data collection was done by field method. In this research, 20 medium-rise residential buildings built in the 90s, consisting of 100 balconies, were selected in the Darya neighborhood of District 2, Tehran. how they were used by users was analyzed. The results of the research indicate that 36% of the balconies were left unchanged and and did not affect the facade of the building and the neighborhood. 18% of the balconies are closed by glass, 12% are placed on installations, 9% are closed by fences and guards, and 2% are used to store waste.

Enclosed communities, which are also known as gated residential development, gated residential apartment, and settlement, are expanding and have become very popular among home buyers. Enclosed communities have limited public access and privatized public space with the aim of creating security and peace for their residents, and this enclosure has led to the creation of disjointed spaces that are separated and isolated from their outer urban environment. In fact, enclosed neighborhoods are a reflection of an urban unit that is physically, socially, and economically different from its surroundings and lacks cohesion. Examining the negative effects of these communities enclosed within themselves and the surrounding urban areas is a very important issue that has not been addressed much, and land traders and developers have expanded them without paying attention to it and trying to make more profit. Therefore, in this research, it has been tried to identify these factors from the point of view of experts and space users, with the aim of investigating the degree of confinement in the neighborhood cohesion of the residents of Ekbatan and Ati Saz.
The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative type. This research has a nest to nest combination. To answer the research question, qualitative-quantitative research method nest by nest is used. In the qualitative method, a semi-structured interview is used to verify the variables extracted from the bases and also to assign the base variables to a case sample, and the obtained results are entered into the ATLAS.TI software to facilitate the coding, and open coding is used to extract the variables with a live approach. , description and interpretation takes place.
In a small part of the obtained variables, a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale (1: the lowest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion; 5: the highest level of perception of the individual about the effect of confinement on neighborhood cohesion) is compiled and distributed among 384 people of space users. In this section, by using the factor analysis method, due to the multiplicity of variables for classification and also the effect of each of them in the residential complex of Ati Saz and Ekbatan, factor analysis with the Varimax method is used, and finally, the correlation of the determined coefficients in both Ekbatan and Ati Saz neighborhoods with Each other is taken and a fitting curve is drawn.
The results of the research show that Ekbatan and Atisaz neighborhoods are considered as one of the prosperous and active communities in Tehran. Also, because of their convenient location, they have been favored by the residents of Tehran. According to the investigations carried out in this research, in both neighborhoods, the factor of social cohesion is considered the most effective factor in the cohesion of the residents of both neighborhoods. The reason for this is that the enclosure and separation of Akbatan and Atysaz neighborhoods from the surrounding neighborhoods, both physically and socially, has caused problems such as social-cultural discontinuity in this area, which has consequences such as the fragmentation of the social fabric. The isolation and insularity of these two neighborhoods has caused the administration of this area to face problems and social participation in urban governance is decreasing. One of the most important problems caused by the lack of communication and connection between Ekbatan and Ati-saz neighborhoods with the surrounding neighborhoods is social disunity and segregation in this area, which, if appropriate decisions are not taken and the need for social cohesion of the area is not taken into account, can cause many problems in the future. The lack of communication and physical connection has also caused a gap in the body tissue and its lack of harmony with the surrounding environment. In addition to the mentioned issues, these neighborhoods also struggle with the issue of access and inefficient public transportation, and this has caused major changes in the process of citizens living in these neighborhoods.
Also, the most important factor affecting the cohesion of these two enclosed neighborhoods is social cohesion. After that, the following factors can be mentioned in order:Coherence in social communication, cohesion in the sense of belonging, cohesion in creating security, cohesion in governing organizations and cohesion in authority.

Currently, urban centers, due to social, economic, environmental and physical issues, have become a place with various problems where life is difficult and wear and tear is not only a physical issue but also an economic and social process. With the aim of recognizing the concept of livability, this research has tried to investigate the current situation of the central part of Rasht city, study its features and attributes, and by systematically describing its current situation, explain the reasons and why of the problematic situation, its dimensions, and sustainable living conditions. Draw a human-centered and livable city for all its residents. The research method is practical in terms of purpose and causal in nature with extensive library and field studies. The general purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the existing livability of the neighborhoods in the central part of Rasht city and to understand the causes, processes and areas affecting the livability and the improvement of spatial and physical structure. Based on the findings of the research and data analysis, the average level of livability dimensions of the central part of Rasht city is lower than the assumed average. The social dimension with an average of 2.46 has a more favorable situation and the environmental dimension with an average of 2.084 has a more critical situation than other dimensions. According to the opinions of experts, specialists and city managers, the influence of macro factors of infrastructure and urban services with an average of 3.63 is the highest and macro environmental factors with an average of 3.10 have the lowest impact on the livability of the central part of Rasht city. Also, the social index with an average of 3.95 is the highest and the economic index with an average of 3.72 is the least favorable for measuring the livability of the central part of Rasht city. Pearson's correlation test showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the independent variable of the three dimensions of livability and the dependent variable of physical-spatial structure. By analyzing the path of the independent variable on the dependent variable, it showed that the environmental variable with a coefficient of 0.625 and the economic variable with a coefficient of 0.411 have the least impact on the physical-spatial structure of the neighborhoods in the central part of Rasht city.

The sense of belonging to a place is related to the amount of human presence in the environment. Regardless of the reason, this presence is not just a quantitative aspect to express numbers and figures, but also has a qualitative aspect that is due to the reasons for human presence in urban spaces and places. In the meantime, urban design can promote the sense of belonging to a place among citizens by providing suitable patterns. In this article, by comparing the factors affecting the sense of belonging to the place in four different neighborhoods of Sanandaj city, it is tried to determine the reason for the residential behavior of the citizens. In this research, using a researcher-made questionnaire with 331 numbers and using the Pearson correlation test, the questions will be tested. In this research, we have come to the conclusion that the factors affecting the sense of belonging to the place among citizens are different in different neighborhoods, for example, in the old or middle neighborhood, historical and cultural factors can play a colorful role in promoting the sense of belonging to a place. But in new urban areas, physical factors such as open and recreational spaces, facilities and natural elements can play an important role in the sense of place. As a result, people in old and new neighborhoods gain dimensions of sense of belonging and lose dimensions that ideally, in order to gather as many factors as possible on the sense of belonging to a place in a neighborhood, the first step is to identify and compare the factors. It was discussed in this article.

One of the geographical spaces that has long been a reflection of the ideology of the ruling systems, and one of the most important intellectual, philosophical, artistic, industrial and productive achievements of human civilizations and societies is the phenomenon of the city, which is both relatively durable and the manifestation of beliefs and values. It is the culture of the society and it affects the human behavior and at the same time it expresses the identity of the society in the eyes of the world and history. The city should create a decent environment for humans. It should also respond to the characteristics of the land, nature, history and the moods of its people and have a suitable answer for the instructions and rules of life. At the same time, it is affected by people's beliefs and opinions. There is a special relationship between Islam and urban life, and the promotion of Islam has been manifested by the development and promotion of urban life. The justice-oriented city and society is one of the issues raised in the field of Islamic thought and thought and one of the distinctive features of the Islamic utopia. In today's world, economic and social inequalities can be seen as a pervasive and expanding phenomenon. Considering the negative effects of unfair and unequal distribution of facilities and services in the formation of ecological, economic, social, physical and cultural injustices, paying attention to the basic principles of Islamic justice in each of the above indicators and components can lay the foundation for the development of Provide balanced and fair and equal distribution of facilities and services in all regions. In this regard, one of the most important issues that Islam relies on is the issue of protecting people's rights and property and generally implementing social justice. Investigating social justice from the perspective of the Islamic city in three economic, social and physical dimensions is the aim of the present study, and in this regard, one hundred and sixteen traditional neighborhoods of Tabriz city have been selected as case samples. The present research is a quantitative research. The research data is secondary and primary and was extracted from the shape file of Tabriz city master plan 2016 and Tabriz population statistical block 2016. The library method was used to collect the information of the present study. Shannon's entropy model was used to weight them, TOPSIS model was used to rank localities, and Moran's index was used to check whether or not there were clusters in the availability of localities at the level of regions. The results show that in terms of the realization of social justice among the neighborhoods of Tabriz city, ostandari alley, valiasr, Golshahr neighborhoods got the first ranks and Ghorbani, Sorkhab and Mofeteh neighborhoods got the last ranks and generally the neighborhoods in the east side have a better situation. Spatial autocorrelation of the level of localities at the level of regions indicates that there is no significant clustering at the level of Tabriz metropolis

Based on the principle of unity and levels of existence, all possible entities have descended and occurred Stage by stage from the position of divine essence. During these stages, every creature has passed a journey from the world of meaning to the world of form and matter, and it is a emanation of a degree of the truth of meaning (based on the attribute of Qadr). Man's artifacts should also manifest the truth of meaning Relatively, and Liberate man from formal veils and guide him to the pure source of meaning. In this regard, it is up to man to prepare the Context for this task by Recognizing the truth of the meaning and the process of its descent. Therefore, this research tries to understand the structure of human processes (Salaam theory), examine the possibility of synchronizing it with the process of descent of meaning and help to further manifest of this spiritual source. For this reason, At first it is tried to explain the theoretical framework of the research with an interpretative-analytical approach, which is the process of the descent of meaning by divine action in the creatures, then by explaining the theory of “Salaam” and using the method of logical reasoning, an effort is made to adapt and create a basis for modeling the divine action by humans, and then, during the examination of this adaptation, it will be summarized in a case study. At the end, it is concluded that in order to manifest the truth of meaning in human artifacts, there should be a certain amount of " Asma al-fe’l " based on four Types of releations; Marriage, confrontation, difference and cooperation, which should be identified by professional ijtihad and used in the creation of artifacts

Children's physical activity and mobility are pivotal for their overall health. This study, conducted in Mashhad City, Iran, explores children's perspectives on environmental characteristics that impact physical mobility and activity.

Theoretical Framework:

Utilizing a theoretical framework comprising 28 measures, this research aims to unveil the environmental features within neighborhoods contributing to the improvement of children's physical mobility and activity.

To accomplish this, the present study collected the perspectives of 450 children aged 9 to 13 (43.8% girls and 56.2% boys) regarding a specific set of these attributes within Mashhad City, Iran. Utilizing exploratory factor analysis, a model was constructed based on the children's responses to the survey measures.

This model identifies seven factors and 24 measures influencing the mobility and physical activity of children in their neighborhoods: 

Parents' Approval: 

Encompasses measures associated with "parents' permission and concern" and reflects "children's desire for independence and agency." Results suggest that parental concern about the autonomous presence of their children in neighborhood spaces significantly inhibits the children's mobility and independent activities.

Walking Path: 

Associated with measures conveying the concepts of "optimal and joyful mobility on paths," this factor emphasizes features like adequate width and appropriate flooring. The potential for 'playing along the route from home to school' is crucial for children's mobility. According to children, this pathway serves not only as a route for the essential journey to school but also should provide opportunities for social and optional activities, including play and enjoyment.

Social Security:

Linked to measures reflecting 'the sense of security regarding strangers and bullies' in neighborhoods. An interesting result is the association of "creating a pleasant atmosphere such as colored sidewalks" with social security. Children believe that the use of specific colors on sidewalks not only provides a fun atmosphere but also establishes spaces for local socialization, consequently reducing the threat of bullying and outsiders.

Environmental Affordance: 

Associated with activities reflecting children’s physical abilities, such as climbing trees and running in open spaces without obstacles. The results indicate that children test these capabilities through movement and exploration of their surroundings. Additionally, the inclusion of "night lighting" as a measure in this factor suggests a preference among children for exploratory play during the night.

Legibility: 

Aligned with Lynch's theory of legibility, this factor involves measures related to way-finding by architectural elements. The findings indicate that children use 'buildings' and 'stores on the ground floor' as landmarks for navigation in their neighborhoods.

Diverse Environment for Exploration: 

Associated with measures representing attractive routes, various play equipment, and nature connectedness. Children's positive assessment of the existence of winding paths in the neighborhood indicates that engaging in exploratory activities along these paths can increase their mobility in their community. Furthermore, integrating a variety of natural elements and play equipment in their neighborhood can enhance children's movement and exploration, making the experience deeper and more enjoyable.

Mobility Safety: 

The final factor is associated with measures indicating safe mobility in neighborhoods. In addition to the fear of a car accident, children's desire for age/gender-appropriate play equipment highlights their concern for their physical safety. The results indicate that inappropriate play equipment and car traffic have the least impact on children's mobility in their neighborhoods.

Interventions targeting these factors can significantly enhance children's mobility experiences, promoting not only physical activity but also social interaction and a deeper connection with their surroundings. The recurring theme of children's desire for playful activities emphasizes a fundamental need for quality movement and physical activities.

It is important to make urban communities resilient, especially the disorganized and run-down neighborhoods. Resilience can be defined as the degree of endurance of systems and its ability to absorb change and disruption while maintaining relationships between government variables or individuals Based on this, the current research seeks to measure and evaluate the resilience of Nazi Abad neighborhood in physical, economic, and social dimensions. Nazi Abad neighborhood is located in District 16 of Tehran Municipality and is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Tehran, which is located in the south of the city. Is. The purpose of this research is to investigate the status of the studied area in order to provide useful strategies. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and according to the purpose, it is applied research, and it is quantitative in terms of method. The findings of the research indicate that 68% of the neighborhood fabric is in a state of high vulnerability, and the rate of migration of native residents at the neighborhood level is on the rise, and the population growth rate has been accompanied by a downward trend. The results of the research in the physical dimension have been determined through the production of the vulnerability map of the neighborhood tissue in relation to the state of resilience, and a significant part of the neighborhood tissue has weak resilience. In the social dimension, the upward migration of native residents brings problems such as a decrease in the residents' sense of belonging, and this issue causes a decrease in the amount of social capital in critical situations. In the economic aspect, according to the land use map, the neighborhood has a significant commercial structure, and the business areas of Tehran's Sylvi and Bilor Factory have been registered as cultural heritage on a global scale, so there are many job opportunities that planning and presenting effective strategies will lead to. The progress and resilience of the neighborhood becomes economically, socially and physically.

Historical cities are living evidence of human civilization and culture. However, there is still much work to be done to identify and accurately understand such civilizational layers in Middle Eastern historical cities. One of the ambiguities associated with Islamic cities is the researchers’ emphasis on their unsystematic arrangement, to the point where some researchers have suggested that the lack of arrangement in the historical network of streets is proof of its chaos. Some scholars, on the other hand, have denied such disorganization and provided answers to prove that an arrangement exists in historical passages. However, the significance of passages in the historical city has yet to be completely examined and described. This study is an attempt to scrutinize the role of the passages in the historical city of Qazvin using a descriptive-analytical method. In addition, morphology and GIS tools were used to identify and analyze the characteristics of the passages in the historical neighborhoods of the Qazvin. The findings of the study show that the passages of the ancient city have been systematically developed and include perceptual, social, and economic components.

The concept of the neighborhood has undergone many transformations during the last two centuries, and from an unplanned phenomenon, which was often based on an organic order and the results of several thousand years of human trial and error and a physical manifestation of a coherent social structure, to a ; It was transformed by patterns imposed by urban planners and designers. In the presentation of these models, due to the exclusive and non-comprehensive view of their creators, only one or more limited components have been paid attention to, regardless of contextual differences. This limited view has brought a range of problems to urban life. This research aims to provide a platform for presenting the model of a neighborhood (desirable neighborhood from the perspective of Islam) by comprehensively identifying the constructive dimensions of the neighborhood concept. In this regard, firstly, with an interpretative-analytical approach, the concept of neighborhood and its transformation during the past two centuries are discussed. Then, by using the method of logical reasoning, while examining the criteria mentioned by theorists for the desirability of the neighborhood, the dimensions involved in presenting a neighborhood model are identified. In the following, in order to lay the groundwork for the realization of the desirable neighborhood model from the perspective of Islam, these components will be identified through open and semi-structured interviews with experts in this field. After reaching theoretical saturation; Coding and structuring are done on the interviews and finally, conceptual strategies under 8 dimensions (morphological, social, functional, visual, perceptual, environmental, economic and temporal) are extracted and presented, which can The basis for the realization of this concept in the vast geography of the Islamic world and based on the background conditions in each place.

Livability is one of the concepts that was raised at the same time as sustainability and is used together as a guiding principle for planning and urban planning policy. Paying attention to livability criteria in planning and designing cities and especially neighborhoods can create higher quality environments for citizens' lives. The purpose of this research is to investigate the livability level in two planned and unplanned contexts in Qazvin city. The current research has a descriptive-analytical quantitative approach. In this research, by studying the prevailing theoretical literature, seven main components were considered to measure the livability in residential areas, which are: social capital, economic justice, vitality, identity, compatible physical environment, access and context resilience. Then, using the available statistics, field survey and questionnaire, each of the parameters was measured in two contexts of the irregular (Ghiyasabad neighborhood) and pre-planned (Minoodar neighborhood). These two neighborhoods are at the same time in terms of their formation period, but different in terms of their formation method, and as a result, they have different physical, social, and cultural qualities, so they were selected for investigation. Then, for each of the 7 mentioned components, indicators and metrics were defined to make them measurable, and using the AHP technique, the components and indicators were weighted and the relative score of each of the target context was calculated. In the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) method, after drawing the hierarchical tree, the weight of each of the criteria and indicators was calculated using a questionnaire that was provided to 21 experts and specialists in this field. The obtained weight was multiplied by the unscaled number of each index and finally the final weight of the options (in this research, Ghiyasabad and Minoodar neighborhoods) was obtained. The difference in the nature and quality of the physical, social and functional environment of these tissues has caused the difference in the livability of the neighborhoods. Based on the results, the livability of Ghiyasabad neighborhood as a contemporary unplanned fabric of Qazvin city is higher than Minoodar neighborhood with a planned fabric. It seems that One of the important reasons for the low level of livability in planned neighborhoods is the lack of attention to social-cultural issues in the design phase. In addition to the low level of social capital, the lack of collective spaces with local identity in the newly designed context of Minoodar neighborhood and the lack of functions and symbols of local indicators have caused a decrease in the sense of belonging among citizens. This review identifies planning priorities in these two contexts to achieve higher livability. Therefore, in the designed context, attention was paid to solutions for improving social capital, improving the vitality of the city environment and creating a unique identity. In the undesigned context, planning to improve the level of resilience and eliminate incompatible uses should be prioritized.

Extended Abstract

After the industrial revolution, many changes have taken place in the housing system. Residential neighborhoods have become largely obsolete and have been replaced by residential complexes. What is considered in the creation of residential complexes in their design process; often there are big issues such as economic conditions, land value and etc. Thus, such foreign forces affect housing policies and ultimately the quality of human life. Since the house is one of the most important and main places of human presence, it has the most duty in provide the individual and social needs of humans. This study intends to investigate the differences of social interactions in two types of residential complexes, mid-rise apartment and villa complexes, based on Jan Gehl‘s theory. According to this theory, activities that can be performed among residents of residential complexes lead to the creation of social interactions among them. These activities can be categorized into three categories: necessary activities, optional activities, and social activities. Necessary activities which are some kind of activities that residents definitely do, such as entering and leaving the complex. Optional activities are activities that take place if suitable conditions and personal preferences exist, such as children playing or exercising in public spaces of residential complexes. Finally, social activities are activities that depend more than anything else on the presence of other residents in public spaces. Jan Gehl also emphasizes the design process should be: “First life, then spaces, then buildings - the other way around never works.” Therefore, this research discovers the level of social interactions resulting from these activities by examining the possibility of the occurrence of three categories of activities in two types of residential complexes.

Considering the research objective, the desired studies and investigations focus on identifying the factors and activities that lead to social interactions. In this regard, in the first step, through library studies and examining previous research, the activities that lead to the formation of social interaction among individuals were extracted. Then, to investigate the occurrence of these activities with residents of the two residential complexes of “Sib” and “Saheli”, interviews were conducted. To this end, interviews were conducted with 14 residents of the complex, 57% of whom were male and 43% were female. In the next step, the information obtained from the interviews was interpreted using content analysis. In addition to answering the interview questions, the interviewees also expressed their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with interacting with some neighbors. For analysis, the dialogues were carefully examined, and significant points were discovered. Then, the significant points were categorized, and their commonalities were discovered. 

The results indicate that the occurrence of social interactions resulting from necessary activities in middle-class apartments is significantly higher than in villa complexes. The reason for this is the greater dependence of residential units on each other. This dependence is due to common spaces and dealing with common affairs and financial issues. It is worth mentioning that the presence of a guard in villa complexes is one influential factor in increasing social interactions. Regarding optional activities, it can be stated that familiarity and acquaintance among individuals in middle-class apartments occur more frequently, which is due to more face-to-face encounters between residents. This is while villa complexes, with wider central spaces and fewer design constraints compared to apartments, can create a more suitable spatial capacity for social interactions. Social activities also occur to a lesser extent in both types of complexes. Finally, it can be said that the most fundamental difference in creating social interactions in the two types of residential complexes, middle-class apartments and villa complexes, is related to necessary activities. Considering these differences, it is possible to take steps towards optimal design and increasing desirable social interactions in residential complexes. 

The The results show that the main difference between the two types of residential complexes is due to the necessary activities and its incidence rate in mid-rise apartment is higher than villa complexes. However, villa complexes with a wider middle space and less limitations in its design can create a suitable environment to increase social interactions. The results of study can lead designers and planners to eliminate existing deficiencies and users to choose housing tailored to their social needs.

Research on the relationship between lifestyle and urban context has revealed an interdisciplinary dialogue that is related to anthropology and sociology on the one hand and to the physical and semantic features of the city on the other. This study seeks to answer the questions of what physical differences the residents of Abadan experienced in the new urban context and which components of their lifestyle affected these differences? For this purpose, by reflecting on the concept of lifestyle, explains the relationship between lifestyle characteristics and the shape of the residence and examines the impact of the lifestyle of the people of Abadan on the shape and texture of the Abadan city company. This research, which has benefited from the qualitative strategy and method of documentary and library studies, is a fundamental-applied research that has used interpretive methods and correlation as a strategy. According to the results of the research, the lifestyle of the people of Abadan is affected by the different urban spaces in which they are housed, and the new urban context affects the habits, social relations and livelihood of the residents and by influencing cultural, economic and Their society has changed their consumption, behavioral patterns, tastes, leisure and social roles.

The physical space in the neighborhood is the bed of social activities in the social relations of the neighborhood. On the one hand, this space is formed during social relations, therefore, the architecture of the physical space and social relations are in a two-way relationship. On the other hand, social relations are the primary core of forming and strengthening social capital. Therefore, the architecture of the physical space is effective in the formation and strengthening of social capital, and not paying attention to it leads to many social problems, including reducing social participation, lack of security, increasing criminality, and finally, the loss of satisfaction and a sense of being pointed out. Today, despite the efforts of specialists to create sociable physical spaces, social relations have not expanded significantly, and following this reduction of relations, social capital has been in a downward trend. There has been no formation and strengthening of social relations in the neighborhood, and the decrease in presence in the neighborhood has led to a decrease in the possibility of social relations and ultimately an unprecedented decrease in local social capital. The review of the literature on the subject shows a lack of agreement between the most desirable physical space to promote social capital, so the purpose of this research is to explain a model of the architectural qualities of physical space at the neighborhood scale that will promote local social capital and reduce social problems, more precisely, the main question of the research is about the physical aspects of the neighborhood space, through which the social capital of the neighborhood is formed and increased. In this regard, to formulate the theoretical framework of the research, the theoretical texts related to social capital and the architecture of the body of space are examined. According to the findings of this section, the key component of promoting social capital is social relations in the form of social groups with purposeful joint activities. Then, the necessary samples for examination are identified and selected in four steps from among the neighborhoods of Tehran. In the continuation of the research method section, evaluation, and measurement of the level of social capital in selected samples were done. Evaluation of social capital was done by examining the composition of group social relations in the selected sample stations by counting group relations. It should be noted that the selected stations are selected by stratified random sampling. Finally, the analysis of the qualities of the physical space is carried out by the method of field perception and the evaluation of how these variables are related by the method of logical inductive reasoning which creates the final model of the research, and based on this model, the creation of public spaces with a small scale in the neighborhood space can be achieved. Both pedestrian axes and stopping places (independent variable), these spaces, while emphasizing the presence of residents (mediator variable) instead of temporary transit, lead to the promotion of local social capital (dependent variable); meanwhile, the qualities of these public areas are discussed in the final model.

Urban context and environment and changes thereto, are among the factors affecting place attachment that by itself influences different personal and social features like personal relationships and feelings. Depending on how environmental changes and place attachment influence each other, the way users perceive environmental changes is different regarding their attachment to place. The way of perception has different consequences and responses from the users. Few studies have been conducted on the way in which people perceive environmental changes regarding place attachment. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between place attachment and the way of perception of urban changes in most of the studies, and these studies are more descriptive than experimental, being more concerned with individual and their individual characteristics. The present paper aims to examine how people perceive, interpret, evaluate and respond to the various environmental changes especially physical, regarding people's attachment to place.
This study was conducted using content analysis and Grounded Theory methods and with inductive and interrogative strategy. Its purpose is to achieve a model related to how the residents of Daryan No and Eastern Marzdaran neighborhoods (located in District 2 of Tehran) perceive and respond to environmental changes by discovering concepts and categories and the relationship between them. Finally, based on the users' perception, it was found that place attachment caused by urban physical changes has dimensions including: non-physical factors, type of physical changes and its speed and extent, psychological responses (psychological feelings and motivations) and practical responses. It is formed in a specific time and place. Based on the results, the response to changes can be defined as two categories of either stay or move (displacement) with different physical to behavioral actions.

Urban managers have always tried to achieve their goals in order to achieve urban development and management by attracting people's participation at the neighborhood level. Participation of citizens at the neighborhood level is one of the important principles of stability and democracy in urban societies. Considering the importance of participation in neighborhood development and urban management, the aim of this research is to adopt a neighborhood-oriented participatory planning approach in the revitalization of worn-out urban tissues and to identify the most important criteria that have the greatest effect on neighborhood-oriented participation in the revival of worn-out tissues. The current research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. Sampling was purposeful and out of 308 households in the neighborhood, 50 heads of households were selected for questioning using Cochran's formula with a confidence level of 93%. The results were analyzed through SPSS software, including path analysis tests and factor analysis tests. The results of the analysis showed that the indicators related to social dimensions; Economic and management have had the greatest impact on worn-out tissues of Sartpoule neighborhood of Sanandaj city with weighted average (4.45, 3.739, 5.112). Also, through path analysis, the factors that have a direct and indirect effect on the improvement of the quality of the worn tissues of the target area were identified.

Julfa is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Isfahan, which was built to settle the Christians of Armenia on the south part of the Zayandehrood River during the Safavid period. Although its construction has undergone many changes, like the other parts of the city, it is one of the few neighborhoods that still carries the “neighborhood” prefix, and the citizens, as the city’s landscape audience, acknowledge it as “ a neighborhood.” The question is, what factor (s) has made this region withstand the anarchist pressures of the perceived concepts of the modern imported urbanism, while the similar neighborhood of Juibareh has failed in this regard? Undoubtedly, various factors contribute to an area’s identification and its transformation into a neighborhood, but in the present study, we encounter a special minority neighborhood that, contrary to the views of many reputable sociologists and anthropologists, still has its former prosperity. By examining library resources, documents, field visits and using a landscape holistic approach, and also with the help of sociology and historical anthropology, we found that in this region a threat like being a minority has changed into an opportunity that causes solidarity and a sense of belonging to the neighborhood. (Which is also confirmed by experts). Comparing Juibareh neighborhood (formerly Judea)  to another minority neighborhood of the same period in  Isfahan shows that minority solidarity is not enough for a neighborhood and when power, wealth, and freedom of action come together with cultural factors provided by the government (from outside the group) and reinforce the help of this solidarity (from within the group), the neighborhood will be full of dynamism and progress. The present study seeks to investigate and analyze some of the most important factors of success in Jolfa remaining a neighborhood compared to Juibareh and examines factors that may contribute to the prosperity and revitalization of the neighborhood concept.