جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « افراد دارای معلولیت » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Nowadays, social media has gained a crucial role in human life. Creating social branding stands out as one of the main concerns of people with disabilities. The media, especially social media, must assume different responsibilities towards people with disabilities. Informing, educating, and entertaining people with disabilities, as well as informing other sections of society about the low quality of life of people with disabilities, are among the most important missions of any media. Social networks have contributed to the integration of people with disabilities in society. Access to social networks has become easy for the public in recent decades. Therefore, it seems logical to investigate the role of social media in improving and promoting the individual and social life conditions of people with disabilities. This research aims to examine the way of representation of people with disabilities in social networks in improving their living conditions.

The research method was qualitative, and the main research tool was the in–depth and semi–structured interview. Iranian media elites were targeted for interviews. In this research, media elites are defined as persons with at least 10 years of experience in this field or who have a master's degree and higher university studies with fewer experiences. Eleven experts were selected for the interview. We used the triangulation technique and the "labeling" theory to validate the research. Triple coding (category, subcategory, code) was used to analyze the content of in–depth and semi–structured interviews.

The findings of this research uncovered 3 categories and 6 subcategories: the category of identifying and classifying the needs of disabled people (with the subcategories of public information, using social networks to share and reflect the activities of people with disabilities), improving the level of social communication of people with disabilities through virtual space (with the subcategories of teaching people with disabilities and society to create positive mutual interaction, and developing communication between people with disabilities and other people) and creating social branding (with the subcategories of creating a group in virtual space by people with disabilities and creating a channel in virtual space by people with disabilities).

According to the results of the research, the use of virtual space, especially social networks, can improve the social level of the lives of people with disabilities.

People with disabilities constitute a large population of society. Providing optimal rehabilitation services to people with disabilities has always been a primary concern of the health system in any country. One of the most essential duties of governments is to maintain and improve the health of all members of society. Considering the many factors affecting the realization of this goal, besides the serious will of the governments, we need the interdisciplinary work and cooperation of all the institutions of society and using all resources of various social, medical, and educational institutions. Another crucial factor lies in the adoption and application of laws supporting people with disabilities and planning to motivate them to find jobs, which is one of the priorities of governments. This study was conducted to compare the empowerment services for people with disabilities in different countries.

The present comparative study reviewed relevant qualitative studies on this topic in 2021. We used the library method to collect data, encompassing all articles related to the study subject. To conduct the study, the required data were collected by reviewing the relevant texts found in the library, websites of related organizations of selected countries in line with research questions, and a systematic search in reliable and specialized databases in English and Persian between 1995 and 2022. The extracted articles were evaluated and compared in a comparative table. Of 121 research articles and annual reports from the considered countries, we removed duplicate and unrelated articles and then applied the inclusion criteria. Finally, 49 articles and reports on managing empowerment services in 8 countries were selected and reviewed in full text.

The results revealed that in all studied countries, people with disabilities participate in planning empowerment services based on their nationality and citizenship. Regarding the hiring of human resources, all studied countries were working on training specialized human resources through their academic system. Unfortunately, Iran and India lacked comprehensive national data on this topic. In the meantime, the conditions were provided for planning and policymaking in America, Germany, China, South Africa, and Turkey. Funding for the services was primarily provided by the insurance system in Germany, America, China, and Turkey and taxes in England. However, the budget was provided through subsidies from public revenues and taxes in Iran. Investigations in the control area show that appraising the performance of the personnel providing empowerment services and monitoring by related institutions have been considered more by the relevant institutions. They use service quotas to control the empowerment services in Iran, Turkey, India, and China. Employment services for people with disabilities in Iran, Germany, England, Turkey, and India include a mandatory employment quota, and educational measures and income support are appropriate in all countries.

The empowerment system in Iran lacks the necessary integrity. In Iran, the university system trains human resources similarly to other countries. However, Iran has no access to comprehensive national data. Like most countries, the public budget and taxes provide financial resources in Iran. The dominant approach in most countries is the insurance system, but in Iran, the insurance system cannot cover the costs, and most of the expenses are paid by people with disabilities.

People with disabilities always face challenges in social fields, as well as in personal fields and social characterization. Despite the presence of millions of people with disabilities in the country, the official media, except for a handful of cases, have not paid sufficient attention to this section of society. In other words, regarding representing people with disabilities in the selected media, they have not followed the law or written instructions. Despite the activities carried out to cover the news and activities of people with disabilities in the media, the lack of media space is still clearly visible both in radio and television, in the performing arts space, theater and cinema, as well as in news agencies. Nowadays, Iranian media have poor attention to this important and non–written mission. So, this research was conducted to know the representation of people with disabilities in Iranian media.

The research method of this article is qualitative, based on Grounded theory and the main research tool is the deep semi–structured interview. Iranian media elites were targeted for interviews. In this article, media elites are defined as persons with at least 10 years of experience or who have a master's degree and higher university studies with lower experiences. Four experts were selected for the interview. These experts were all men. The validity of actual research is based on triangulation and two theories as labeling theory contributed by Goffman in 1963 and usage and gratification theory contributed by Katz and Blumer in 1974. Theories were selected for catching the validity of actual research.

The results of the actual research were based on the semi–structured interview and are presented as opening coding, axial coding, and selective coding table. The findings emerged in the form of 13 subcategories and 6 main categories informing society to how to behave about persons with disability circumstances, informing and pedagogy of persons with disability about their capability, defining exact policies for media toward disabled people, categorizing the needs of persons with disability, using disabled people in the administration of media, publishing news of disable people in journals and news agencies, designing cinemas and theatres for using of persons with disability and using of persons with disability in artistic productions as theatre, cinema, and TV series were the main topics coded in three steps coding in actual research.

According to the results, the establishment of TV and radio stations, assigning of a section of news agencies and journals agenda to the persons with disability and applying this sort of persons through theatre and movies can improve the social situation of these people.

People with disabilities are highly vulnerable during disasters and their mortality is higher than normal population. The causes of this vulnerability, in addition to the physical problems and movement limitations, can be lack of their knowledge in facing with disasters. Such deficiencies can adversely affect their preparedness surviving in the disastrous situations and cause adverse consequences. Hence, this study aimed to identify the educational needs of people with physical disabilities and related groups in earthquakes, through understanding their views.

The study was done in a qualitative method. Participants were selected from people with physical disability who had an experience of earthquake, literate, and in the age range of 18-60 years, through purposive sampling in two methods of maximum variation and snowballing. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and data saturation was reached with the entry of 18 eligible individuals. Thematic analysis was applied for data analysis assisted by MAXQDA software V. 10.

According to the participants, education was an essential factor for improving their preparedness for earthquake. The educational needs were categorized as two main themes. The first main theme included two subthemes: 1. Basic educational needs such as saving life and prevention of secondary disabilities, keeping calm, stress management, and decision making; and 2. Empowerment educational needs such as coping with disabilities in critical situations, providing relief to other people in case of having enough ability, and educating other people with disabilities. The second theme included two subthemes: 1. General educational needs related to families and public, such as rescue of people with disabilities, saving self-life and prevention of disabilities, proper relief to public for prevention of disabilities, accompanying and psychological support of people with disabilities; and 2. The specialized educational needs for relief workers and disaster managers, including relief to people with disabilities, prevention of disability and injury while rescuing public, familiarity with different groups of people with disabilities and their needs, and considering the needs of people with disabilities in the response measures.. 

Based on the findings, the educational needs of people with physical disabilities and related groups, emerged in the form of preserving life, health and disability prevention, empowerment and improving the quality of services in the earthquake. Fulfilling the educational needs can increase the preparedness of these people in facing with earthquakes, although it requires the development of standard and practical educational programs by obtaining their opinions and implementing it in the situations before the disasters. On the other hand, considering that no serious and principled action has been taken so far in the field of education of people with disabilities, it is necessary for the planners and policymakers to formulate specialized policies in accordance with the countrychr('39')s conditions. This measures can be effective in reducing mortality and improving the health of these people in disaster situations.

Individuals With Disabilities (IWDs) are part of the society that, respecting their situation, have the greatest need for social support and the provision of desirable services. However, in underdeveloped and developing countries, the existence of a negative and incorrect view towards IWDs is effective in providing services to them, especially in care centers; accordingly, this condition makes this part of society encounter numerous challenges in receiving the necessary services. Factors, such as the number of IWDs in care centers, their age, their ratio to the number of caregivers, and the characteristics of caregivers, such as their professional skills and experience, are influential in the occurrence of abusive behaviors. Due to the necessity of providing efficient and effective service to IWDs, the present study aimed to identify the challenges of providing services in care centers for IWDs.

This qualitative study was conducted in 2020. The research setting consisted of all care centers for IWDs in Tehran City, Iran. Moreover, the study population included the managers of care centers for IWDs in Tehran. Using the purposive sampling method, 19 managers of the centers were selected and interviewed according to the objectives of the study. The interviews continued until reaching data saturation. For data collection, we used semi–structured interviews; the interviews were recorded, then transcribed, and analyzed with the consent of the study participants. For data confirmation, each interview was provided to the study participants after analysis, and their opinions were re–obtained concerning their interviews. The latent content analysis method was also used to analyze the collected data. For this purpose, after listening to each interview several times and reading the transcripts line by line, important phrases in the content of the data were identified; consequently, the appropriate concepts were determined and placed in the same categories. To observe ethical issues, verbal informed consent was obtained from all study participants before conducting the interviews. SPSS was used to investigate the frequency distribution of study participants respecting the demographic variables.

The mean age of study participants was 41.13 years. The majority of the study participants (57.89%) were in the age group of 41–46 years. Their average work experience equaled 14.51 years and the majority (68.42%) were in the group of 13–20 years. Additionally, most of the respondents had a BA degree (68 .</span>42%). After analyzing the interviews with 19 managers of the centers, the first 321 separate codes were obtained; after analyzing, they were grouped under 15 sub–categories. Finally, after reviewing and analyzing these subcategories, 3 main categories, including cultural–educational factors, planning, and necessary resources, as well as facilities and infrastructures were developed. Cultural–Educational characteristics, included the lack of culture creating, the lack of promotion of public knowledge, the lack of individual and public education, not introducing resources about disability, no belief in the ability of IWDs, and the lack of education and training of human resources. Planning consisted of the lack of a database, no codified service delivery programs, no plan to increase service coverage, guidelines, and specific program for use by IWDs. Necessary resources, facilities, and infrastructures included the lack of adequate equipment and items, drug shortages, human and financial resources, the lack of interdepartmental supports to support IWDs.

According to the current research findings, factors related to culture–education, planning, and the necessary resources, facilities and infrastructures were the main challenges and obstacles in providing services to IWDs.

In the social model, disability is a type of phenomenon stemming from the socio-political structure that results from social approaches, the way of thinking, and the physical environment of individuals. In the medical model, it is based on the separation of persons with disabilities from the capable or capable society, and in the civil rights model, in addition to the social approaches, the emphasis is on the concept of right, and thus bringing the concept of disability closer to other elements known as human identity elements. The present research is a documentary and library research method and compares the tourism status available for disabled people between two adoptive adopters of Isfahan and Barcelona by examining six valid international documents and twenty three scientific-research articles. The results show that in comparison to the two metropolises of Isfahan and Barcelona, the metropolis of Isfahan, despite its high tourism potentials and capacities, has not achieved much success in becoming a "accessible city for all" The most important issue compared to the city of Barcelona is the inadequate tourism infrastructure for disabled people. Considering that the most important factors and criteria for Spain's success in leading tourism projects have been made available and with a socio-legal and medical approach, the present study concluded that laws and policies, availability of facilities and equipment, hospitals, accessibility Information, terminals, transport stations, accommodations, historical and tourist sites and buildings have been the focus of much attention by Barcelona's urban managers. Barcelona has taken fundamental steps to achieve public access, which can serve as a model for achieving the transformation of Esfahan into a publicly accessible city.   Please cite this article as: Noroozi GH, Dehghani H, Abassi A. Citizenship Rights of People with Disabilities in Accessible Tourism: Comparative Comparison of Barcelona and Isfahan. Iran J Med Law 2020; 14(52): 183-209.

The right to found a family is one of the fundamental rights of every man and woman which has been recognized by international and regional human rights law, and the states have positive and negative obligations to realize it. It has been suggested that it may be considered discriminatory to impose parenting criteria for having a child via an ART procedure and it is an arbitrary interference with the right of every one to found a family.
This paper examines the eligibility for access to the ARTs in some aspects, and in the light of the human rights principles, such as freedom, non-discrimination and the best interest of the child. It seems that in balancing the rights of applicants with the future baby, the best interest of the child shall be the paramount consideration, meanwhile the main reason for applying this technology shall be considered to prevent the dehumanization of it.

Analysis and Matching the legal system of Work for Persons with disability in Iran with Standards of International Labour Organization concerning to Decent Work. In this descriptive – Analytic study, After studying International efforts around Labour law for Persons With Disability, in the context of general and special Human rights documents and ILO ‘s Standards, the present Legal system for the work of persons with disability in Iran, Include Laws and Regulations has been considered by Using the Library – documentation method. In the scope of fundamental Rights, Iranian legal system; 1- About Disabled compulsory Work has enough guarantee like other workers, and there is not any deficiency. 2- About Freedom of syndicalism: there is not any deficiency too, and there is not any limitation for Disabled workers and employers membership in present association. 3- In subject of equal remuneration, despite of non ratification any special approval, but minimum wage has determined the same for disabled workers and the others in article 41 of labour law. 4- About non discrimination, Also based on present legal foundations, any kind of discrimination because of disability has prohibited, and in field of employment, by ratification the comprehensive law recently in 2004, and by joining to convention for persons with disability in 2008 has taken serious steps too. Specially the significant gap of facilities presented in various areas of rationing public sector employment, Direct and Indirect Educational services for entering the labour market, and self –employment for special disables of Islamic Revolution, and the imposed war (precious veterans) and normal disables – Innate or the persons who became disable after the birth is less. Based on Results of present comparative Research, legal principles for fundamental Rights of disabled work in Iran is in the Maximum line with Minimum standards of decent work,and thus it seems that this important matter by passing the legislative phase, needs to focus on a competent supervision on implementing of existing systems. In the field of employment also, the first legislative steps, First: within a comprehensive policy and elimination of any negative discrimination and accidentally, establishing positive discrimination, with joining to convention of disables. Second, In context of specific and applicable legislation with approval the comprehensive law, Of course requires completion and follow-up underway.