جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جیوه » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Lead, mercury and cadmium are a serious threat to people. Since blood products are considered as hidden and potential sources of exposure to these heavy metals, systematic review of their concentration in blood donors helps make a decision about the necessity of such a blood donor screening. Therefore, the current protocol has been prepared with the aim of describing the method and steps of such a relevant systematic review.

English keywords "blood donor", Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Pb, Hg, Cd will be searched online in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest databases. After screening and selection of relevant articles by two referees, the necessary information will be extracted. If more than 5 primary studies are obtained, meta-analysis will be performed. The heterogeneity among studies will be evaluated by Cochran Q and I2 statistics. Fixed effects model or random effects model will be used to pool the means. Statistical analysis will be performed by meta package in R software.

This systematic review is ongoing and will be completed by March 19, 2024.

Conclusions :

This protocol has been prepared to describe the steps of conducting a systematic review of studies that have measured the blood concentration of lead, mercury and cadmium in blood donors with the aim of making a decision about the necessity of such a blood donor screening to obtain safer products and prevent the exposure of recipients.

Heavy metals, as one of the important groups of pollutants in the aquatic environment, enter aquatic ecosystems as a result of natural and human activities. These metals may be accumulated in the body of aquatic animals, including fish, and are a potential health hazard for ecosystems and living organisms, especially for humans. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the concentration of three heavy metals mercury, arsenic and copper in the muscle tissue, liver and skin in two species of two species of Otolithes ruber and Sphyraena forsteri in the fishing ports of Konarak and Pozm.

36 fish samples were collected from Kanarak and Pezem ports. After preparing the samples, the concentration of heavy elements mercury, arsenic and copper was determined by the atomic absorption method. Data analysis was done using SPSS statistical software, version 20 and covariance tests and Pearson correlation test at a significance level of 0.05.

There was no significant difference between the amounts of the studied metals in muscle tissue, liver and inflamed and cauterized skin (p<0.05). The average concentration of heavy metals copper, mercury, and arsenic in the muscle tissue of Otolithes ruber 3.61, 0.01, and 0.02 respectively, and Sphyraena forsteri 2.38, 0.01, and 0.02 μg / g, respectively.

The concentration of heavy metals in the muscle tissue was lower than the international standards of WHO and FAO.

The spread of pollutants, including heavy metals, in water resources, has negatively affected many marine and freshwater ecosystems and, consequently, their habitats, especially fish. Since the fisheries industry provides part of the food needs of society, the transfer of pollutants such as heavy metals through the food chain to the human body can be considered a threat to the health of human society. Therefore, the need to study this issue is felt like one of the research needs at the national and international levels.This narrative review examines the subject by reviewing library resources, articles, books, as well as reputable scientific databases. In this review, first, a perspective of the fisheries and aquaculture industry was presented and then, the accumulation of heavy metals in the tissues of fish and their transfer to the human food chain was considered. Also, the major effects of heavy metals on human health were investigated.In general, most heavy metals are toxic to the body at very low levels. However, among the studied metals, mercury, lead, and cadmium have a higher degree of toxicity, therefore, increasing these heavy metals in fish tissue to more than the allowable level is associated with many risks. The main mechanism of toxicity of heavy metals involves the production of free radicals to cause oxidative stress, which causes damage to biological molecules such as enzymes, proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA.Based on the results, increasing the levels of mercury, lead and cadmium in fish tissue compared to other metals can have more harmful effects on public health. Therefore, it is necessary to closely monitor the quality of consumables, especially fish sold in wholesale markets and retailers.

Contamination of milk and its products with heavy metals cause toxic and adverse effects on human health, especially in children. Therefore, the assessment of milk and its other products for the presence of these metals should be highly considered. Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess changes in the levels of mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic in raw milk samples during processes of milk powder production.

A total of 50 raw milk, skim milk, and cream samples from a dairy plant in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran, were assessed. These samples were collected in summers and winters, 2019–2020. Samples were analyzed to investigate their lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic using the elemental coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy method.

Results showed that the residual quantities of heavy metals in various samples varied; hence, metals such as mercury and lead were more concentrated in the cream phase but cadmium and arsenic metals were more concentrated in skim milk (p < 0.05). Furthermore, residual quantities of all heavy metals in milk powder were much higher than those in cream and skim milk (p < 0.05). Based on the results of this study, international standards (Codex), and Iranian national standards, the average quantities of lead in all products were higher than those of standard levels (20 ppb). Quantities of cadmium in skim milk in the cold season and in condensed milk and milk powder in the two seasons were higher than the standard limits (10 ppb).

Based on the results of the present study, quantities of mercury, cadmium, and especially lead in dry milk are higher than the limit set by the Codex, which can be a potential risk for children consuming milk. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly monitor potential sources of contamination in raw milk and its products.

Recent studies show that exposure to heavy metals can affect thyroid function. This study aimed to assess heavy metals in breast milk during the first few days postpartum and their relationships with hyperthyrotropinemia in neonates.

In this case-control study, 82 mother-infant pairs, consisting of 21 pairs (neonates with hyperthyrotropinemia) in the case group and 61 pairs (healthy neonates) in the control group, were assessed at 3-5 days postpartum. Thyrotropin concentrations >5 mIU/L in the heel blood sample were considered as hyperthyrotropinemia. In the case group, thyrotropin concentration was also measured in the venous blood sample for confirmation. At the same time, to assess mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations, a breast milk sample was collected from each mother.

The median (interquartile range, IQR) thyrotropin concentrations in the heel blood sample of healthy neonates and neonates with hyperthyrotropinemia were 0.90 (0.40-1.85) and 6.80 (5.70-8.80) mIU/L, respectively (P<0.001). This value was 5.50 (5.00-6.75) mIU/L in the venous sample of neonates with hyperthyrotropinemia. None of the heavy metals in breast milk showed a significant correlation with thyrotropin concentration in the heel blood sample. However, there was a significant correlation between the concentration of Pb in breast milk and thyrotropin level in the venous blood sample (r=0.478, P=0.029). No correlations were observed between breast milk Hg and Cd concentrations and venous thyrotropin level.

The present findings indicate that the concentration of Pb in breast milk correlates with neonates' thyroid function. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our results.

Mercury is the most toxic element in the environment and human communities are mainly exposing with its toxic effects via marine foods and amalgam fillings. Efficiency comparison of non-invasive matrices (Hair and Nails) for Hg exposure in mercury monitoring programs was the research head.

Head hairs as well as finger and toenails were obtained from 40 students of TarbiatModares University. Total mercury determination was done by Advanced Mercury Analyzer 254, LECO (USA). The results were reported as Mean(SE) ng g-dw.        

Occipital and frontal hairs, finger and toenails had 644(48), 662(48), 565(70) and 375(39) ng g-dw, respectively. Head hairs showed the least Coefficient of variation meanwhile hand nails showed the most. A significant positive correlation among whole bio-monitors barring fingernails were observed. Although, Total Hg level was the least in toenail matrix, but its mercury concentration showed a significant positive correlation with all other matrices and had the median Coefficient of variation, comparing with hairs and fingernails.

According to the study results, toenail beside of scalp hairs were more reliable in mercury bio-monitoring. Total mercury in fingernail is not an approvable biomarker to monitor the public hygiene.

Today, fluorescent lamps are the most common light source in the world and Iran. Mercury in these lamps may enter the environment and cause harmful effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of heterotrophic wastewater bacteria on the mercury removal from fluorescent lamps.

In this study, different components of lamps were separated using a crushing machine and then mercury was separated from phosphorus powder by acid washing. Bacteria isolated from wastewater were exposed to mercury from acid wash and the mercury content in the lamps was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest concentrations of mercury extracted from lamps was 86.03 ppb in the ratio of 4 HCL: 1 HNO3, and the lowest mercury concentration was14.03 ppb in the 1HCL: 1HNO3 ratio.

The results of this study showed that heterotrophic bacteria can reduce mercury levels to less than 5 µg / L. 19 bacteria purified from wastewater were resistant to mercury chloride at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg. Also, 10 bacteria were able to reduce mercury. The highest rate of mercury reduction (92.24%) was related to Pseudomonas marginalis and the lowest rate (62.47%) was related to Pseudomonas simiae.

This study showed that heterotrophic sewage bacteria can be used as an efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method for detoxification of mercury from out-of-date fluorescent lamps.

It is essential to assess human health risk through fish consumption due to increased concentrations of pollutants. The aim of the present study was to determine the mercury concentration in the edible tissue of common carp and goldfish living in Anzali wetland, Iran, and to assess human health risk.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. 10 samples of each species were purchased from local fishermen. Muscle tissue was isolated and after acid digestion, the mercury concentration was measured using a graphite furnace. Comparison of mercury concentration between species, and with national and international standards, and the correlation between mercury concentration and morphological characteristics were respectively performed using independent t-test, one-sample t-test and Pearson test by SPSS software version 21.

The mean and standard deviation of mercury concentration in the muscles of common carp and goldfish were 26±16 and 32±18 μg/kg dry weight, respectively. The results showed no significant differences in the mercury concentration in two species. Also, no significant correlation was observed between mercury concentration with fish body weight and length. Mercury levels were below the permissible limits provided by national and international organizations. Hazard Quotient (HQ) values as a risk index were also within the safe limits (HQ<1) for both children and adults.

In general, there is no potential health risk to children and adults through consumption of these species. However, due to the presence of different types of pollutants in the anzali wetland, monitoring their concentrations is recommended in different aquatic species.

Today chr('39')s World is faced with the environmental problems associated with heavy metal contamination as one of the main issues of concern. Mercury, known as one of the most toxic heavy metals, has gained a lot of attention due to its sustainability and bioaccumulation in the food chain as well as having detrimental health problems such as kidney failure and gastrointestinal damages. This study is centered on the removal of Hg (II) ions from aqueous solutions using a magnetite/biosilica/sodium alginate nanocomposite as an efficient adsorbent.

Within this study, the magnetite/biosilica/sodium alginate nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a co-precipitation method. The structure and morphology of the prepared adsorbent were confirmed by SEM, XRD and VSM analyses. The parameters affecting the adsorption process such as pH, contact time, adsorbent amount, temperature and initial concentration of Hg (II) ions were all evaluated.

The optimum conditions obtained were as follows: pH 5, adsorbent dosage 0.2 g/L, contact time 80 min, temperature 45 °C. The results revealed that the removal efficiency dropped by increasing Hg(II) concentration. The adsorption of Hg (II) obeyed the Langmuir isotherm (R2 0.9998) and pseudo-second kinetic model (R2 0.9997). Additionally, the thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the adsorption process is of endothermic and spontaneous nature.

All in all, the synthesized adsorbent was applied for the removal of Hg (II) ions from the aquatic environment. Ease of separation from the aqueous solution due to its magnetic properties as well as high level of Hg (II) recovery are amongst the unique feature of the adsorbent.

The import of heavy metals into various sources of drinking water supply is one of the major problems of water quality, especially in industrial areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of mercury and arsenic metal pollutants to be removed from aqueous solutions using green oxide nanoparticles synthesized by green method. For this purpose, the extract from an indigenous lichen sample of Ardabil province was used as a sorbent for synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles.

For the preparation of magnetized iron oxide nanoparticles, a fast and common method called co-adsorption was used. In this method, a mixture of bivalent and trivalent iron salts with a specified stoichiometric ratio is added to a certain volume of the extract obtained from Sinensis Ramalina (SR). Due to the use of lichen in the process of synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, the method used in the present study is also referred to as the green synthesis method. UV-Vis spectrophotometry, XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDX elemental analysis were used to confirm the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles.

In the spectrophotometer spectrum, the peak appearing at 574±5 cm-1 indicates the transfer of oxygen electrons to the iron synthesized from SR lichens. The XRD spectrum also confirms the purity of the iron oxide nanoparticles, as the diffraction pattern was correctly obtained at 2θ=30.40, 35.75, 43.60, 57.90, 63.60. The uniform spherical nature of the iron oxide (III) nanoparticles with a size between 31.74 to 53.91 nm can be seen using SEM images. EDX analysis was also used to show the elemental structure of the synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles. Elemental analysis revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles contained 19.68% by weight of iron and 51.49% by weight of oxygen.

Studies showed that mercury follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (R2=0.998) and arsenic follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model (R2=0.968) and the removal process in both metals is spontaneous and exothermic. The data obtained from the kinetic studies of removal of both metals from aqueous solutions were fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with an appropriate correlation coefficient above 0.99. The ability to remove arsenic and mercury by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized by SR plant extract was 71.02% and 72.84% at pH=4 and initial concentration of 50 mg/l, respectively.

Vegetables have a high capability in absorbing and storing heavy metals and the gathering of these materials in the human body causes unpleasant effects. The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the density and pollution caused by the elements cadmium , lead, mercury, copper, and nickel in leek, potato, and tomato in some farms in Khorramabad city.
In one experimental study, after the sampling of farms and preparing samples, digestion and combination with HCL, the density of the elements cadmium , lead, mercury, copper and nickel were determined by means of atomic absorption apparatus in a graphite furnace. To statistically process the findings, Spss software was used, and Excel software was used to present the findings. Finally, the results were compared with WHO standards.
The results show that the average density in heavy metals in various vegetables: levels of lead in leek (0.252), in tomato (0.304), and in potato (0.155) and the cadmium levels in leek (0.147), in tomato (0.216), in potato (0.081). The levels of nickel are as the follows: leek(47,98), in tomato (34,612), in potato (32,04). The levels of copper were as follows: in leek (0.149), in tomato (0.155), and in potato (0.148)ppm. Mercury was either absent or in trace amounts in the investigated vegetables.
the reason for the high levels of lead and cadmium compared with the permissible limit is probably due to too much phosphate fertilizers being used by farmers, the use of sewage slime, insecticides, fungicides, the using of too much animal residues and urban waste and also the closeness of agricultural fields to roads.

Mercury, in different form can induce adverse effects on various organs especially central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine concentration of mercury in inhalation and urine of the exposed worker and to investigate the prevalence of probable neurobehavioral disorders.
Material and The present case-control study was conducted among workers of a unit in a petroleum industry. The study population consisted of 52 workers as case and 63 workers as control groups. The mercury concentration in air and urine was measured according to NIOSH 6009 standard and using the cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometer (CV-AAS). Demographic data and neurobehavioral disorders were collected using a self-reported questionnaire. Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression tests and SPSS v24 were used to analyze the data.
Air concentration of mercury was 0.062 ± 0.0014 mg/m3 which was higher than the recommended threshold by NIOSH and ACGIH. In addition, there was a significant difference between urinary concentration of mercury in the case (37.73 ± 13.01 µg/g cratinine) and control (5.93 ± 4.76 µg/g cratinine) groups (p=0.03 6). Based on the multivariate logistic regression model, significant relationships were found between memory loss, sleep disturbance, and urine mercurial concentrations and, between memory loss, moody, muscle weakness and air mercurial concentration.
The values of Hg in blood and urine workers who worked in investigated unit were significantly higher than recommended threshold values. In addition, the Hg concentration in urine was related to some of neurobehavioral disorders.

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of mercury in protein supplements and health risks of their consumption in athletes. In this research, the health risk of consumption of protein supplements was investigated by measuring the concentration of mercury in the supplements consumed by athletes.
In this study, 7 famous brands of protein supplements were purchased from sport shops in Shiraz city and the concentration of mercury was measured using ICP atomic absorption spectrophotometer and cold vapor technique with three replicates for each sample. Eventually, SPSS software version 21 was used to analyze the data.
Mean concentration of mercury in protein supplements was 0.17± 0.06 mg/kg dry weight, which was less than the permitted amount determined by the USEPA, WHO, FDA and the JECFA. Moreover, THQ Index was calculated as more than 1 in the samples.
The results of this research showed that consumption of protein supplements is a threat to the health of athletes and other consumers in regard to mercury accumulation. Therefore, special cautions should be taken in consumption of protein supplements by athletes.

Mercury (Hg) contamination in marine ecosystems is a major threat to human health in the developing countries like Iran. The main route of mercury exposure is from consumption of fish and seafood. Upon entering mercury in human bodies, Hg is converted into methyl mercury, which may lead to serious implications including neurological disorders, reproductive abnormalities, kidney failure, emotional instability, gingivitis and tremors. Therefore, research on mercury concentrations in marine ecosystems (water and fishes) can be help to protect human health and reduce the risks of mercury contamination.
In this study in order to evaluate the concentrations of Hg in water and fish, water samples (36 stations), fish tissue livers (n=33) and muscles (n=33) of four fish species from the Caspian Sea (southern coasts) were collected and analyzed. For determination of Hg in water and fish samples, Voltammetry and GF-AAS techniques were used, respectively.
The results showed that the average Hg concentration detected in water samples was 1.657 (μg/L) and in fish muscle and liver tissues were 68.636 and 125.606 (μg/g.dw), respectively. The bioaccumulation factor showed that mercury concentrations from water to fish are in the range of 14 to 80 times. The highest levels of mercury in water and fish were observed in the southwest coasts of the Caspian Sea.
According to USEPA and SPPA (China) standards, more than 58 % of the water samples collected from the southern coasts of the Sea was polluted by mercury. However, the average concentrations of mercury in fish samples were less than the standards by WHO and EPA.

Information about the history of exposed individuals to mercury and monitoring mercury levels in body can be obtained by analyzing the longitudinal section of hair. The aim of this study was to analyze changes of mercury concentrations in hair length and daily mercury intake in women living in Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Mahshahr cities.
In this cross-sectional and questionnaire study, 43 hair samples were randomly collected from women in fisher and non-fishermen families. Mercury concentrations were determined by LECO AMA 254, Advanced Mercury Analyzer (USA) according to ASTM standard NO.D-6722.
The mean mercury concentration in hair was 2.31 μg/g. ANOVA test showed that there is no significant difference among the mercury concentrations in the various parts of hairs. The mean daily mercury intake was 0.24 μg/kg/day. Age, fish consumption, city of residence, fishermen and non-fishermen family had a statistically significant effect on the daily mercury intake in the women but the number of dental amalgam filling variable had no significant effect on the daily mercury intake.
During the 6 month period that the study was conducted, the methyl mercury uptake in the women was steady. The daily intake of mercury in 23% of the women was exceeded JECFA guidelines. Also, according to possible risks for mercury exposure, it is necessary to study on mercury risk assessment, considering all possible routes for mercury exposure in these cities.

Background and Dentists are constantly exposed to mercury vapor and its role in the development of many chronic diseases has been proven. Therefore, this study aims to determine the mean concentrations of mercury in samples of blood, urine and area air among Iranian dentists.
This study was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines. Two authors searched Persian and English online databases including Magiran, Iranmedex, SID, Medlib, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, Web of Science and the Google Scholar search engine without time limit until 2016. To evaluate the heterogeneity of the studies, Cochran's Q test and I2 index were used. Data were analyzed using Stata 11.1 software based on random effects model.
12 studies with a sample size of 1,276 dentists were reviewed. The mean concentration of mercury in samples of blood, urine and area air was estimated to be 1.21 μg/dl (95% CI [confidence interval]: 0.67 to 1.75), 5.54 μg/l (95% CI: 4.03 to 7.06) and 7.58 μg/m3 (95% CI: 2.56 to 12.60), respectively. The standardized mean difference in the mercury concentration was 1.75 μg/dl (95% CI: -0.05 to 3.55) in blood and 1.79 μg/dl (95% CI: -1.40 to 4.99) in urine between the case and control groups (P>0.05).
The results of this study demonstrated that the 95% CI of the mean concentration of mercury in the urine samples of Iranian dentists is higher than the standard limit. Therefore, Iranian dentists should be examined annually in terms of urinary mercury concentration.

Heavy metals are one of the pollutants which are found in minor amounts in natural water and high concentration in industry waste water. Heavy metals poisoning effects are increasing in marine organisms especially fishes due to disposal of industrial wastes to marine environment and their bio accumulation. The aim of this study is to determine of mercury, cadmium and lead levels in canned fish sold in Mazandaran province of Iran.
This descriptive-cross sectional study was done on 12 types of canned tuna distributed, 3 numbers of each type and overall 36 sample. The concentration of 3 type heavy metals assessed with standard method by Atomic Absorption and then expressed based on µg/g of wet weight. The results were compared with WHO and Iran National Standard Organization.
The results show that, minimum and maximum of mercury level in 36 samples of canned tuna fish was 0.01 and 0.5 µg/g, cadmium 0.001 and 0.05 and lead 0.001 and 0.3 respectively. According to replicates experiments, the mean concentration of mercury in 12 such samples of canned tuna fish was from 0.106 to 0.31, cadmium from 0.006 to 0.022 and lead from 0.03 to 0.15µg/g.
that there was a significant difference in samples(p This research determined that the rate of mercury, cadmium and lead in canned tuna fish distributed in Mazandaran province were less than 0.5, 0.05 and 0.3µg/g and below the WHO/FAO- recommended levels.

Due to the ecological importance of the Shadegan wetland as a valuable international wetland and some studies reporting high mercury concentration in its water and bird's tissues, this study was done to measure and compare the concentration of accumulated mercury in different length groups of common carp muscle tissue and to determine the correlation of mercury concentration with morphological parameters such as standard length, total length and total weight.
In this cross-sectional study, 41 common carp fish were randomly captured in summer 2011 from the Shadegan wetland, and they were classified into three groups based on their lengths. Samples were prepared from their muscle tissues and mercury concentration was determined by Advanced Mercury Analyzer. The relation between mercury concentration in the samples and demographic characteristics was determined by Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient.
Mean (±Standard deviation) mercury concentration in groups of A, B and C were respectively 0.337±0.15, 0.556±0.21 and 0.798±0.19 µg gr-1 of dry weight basis. Comparison of mercury concentrations of muscle tissues among the three groups showed statistically significant difference (P=0.001); so that, mercury concentration was increased with increase of weight and length.
Mercury concentration in fish weighing more than 500 grams were higher than the limit allowed by WHO and EPA, it is necessary to be more careful about consuming this fish.

Water pollution is undoubtedly one of the major problems faced by the world today. Water pollution by heavy metals is one of the most important environmental problems., mercury is a highly toxic metal Among the heavy metals. it can cause nerve damage in humans irreversibility. It can easily cross the brain-blood barrier and affect fetal brain. High concentrations of Hg+ 2 due to respiratory and renal dysfunction and pain in the chest as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of multi-walled carbon nanotubes Combined with iron oxide to remove mercury in aqueous solutions. This experimental study the multi-walled nanotubes combined with iron oxide and used for removal mercury. the effects of parameters such as pH solution, contact time, stirring speed, amount of nano-composite and interference (nitrate and chloride) were investigated and the optimum conditions were determined for each of these parameters by using minitab software and analyzed by Taguchi statistical method. The findings of this study showed that the neutral pH than acidic and alkaline pH is more suitable for the removal of mercury, and the best stirring speed is 150 rpm, 60 minutes Contact time, is a good time. At this time can be removed 93% of the mercury depending on the nano composite. the Best of nano composite is 60 mg per liter to achieve the desirable removal of mercury. In addition, at low concentrations (less than one milligram per liter) nanocomposites can be 87 percent remove mercury mercury. In this study, the addition of interfering factors (nitrate and chloride), decreased mercury removal by 10%. The results of this study showed that use of the nanotubes coated with iron oxide without at neutral pH, contact time 60 min, stirring rate of 150 rpm, and the nano-composite 60 mg, can be achieved mercury removal 93%. also according to the results this nano-composite considered as a suitable choice for treatment of drinking water and industrial wastewater.

With Regard to importance of environmental health issues in recent decades, coherent and planned efforts to identify environmental health indicators and values and how it is controlled. Primarily for evaluation and monitoring for each subject should be determined the indicators also indicators for the evaluation of air quality should be considered. In the present study Addressed to survey of indicators of air quality, radiation, sound and heavy metals to Iran.
In the present study is that all countries in the world in terms of air quality, Radiation, sound and heavy metals (lead and mercury) are to be examined And according to these criteria, indicators that are commensurate with our country elected. For each of these indicators, the indicators and methods of calculation are determined.
During this study was about 35 indicator Given the importance of health and the environment, it is calculated and information about the index, an indicator of air quality, radiation, sound and heavy metals, 16, 1, 1 and 0 in the first two years of the first respectively.
Among the indicators selected at the beginning of what exists and what indicators in this study were obtained, As can be seen from the 35 indicators surveyed, There are 13 indicators in the country and 22 of the present investigation was added.